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Communication

5-Fluorouracil/Coumarin and 5-Fluorouracil/Chromone Hybrids: Synthesis and Drug-Likeness Modeling

by
Laura Giraldo-Arroyave
,
Andrés F. Yepes
and
Wilson Cardona-Galeano
*
Chemistry of Colombian Plants Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, A.A 1226, Medellín 050010, Colombia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2024, 2024(1), M1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/M1779
Submission received: 6 February 2024 / Revised: 23 February 2024 / Accepted: 26 February 2024 / Published: 28 February 2024
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Abstract

:
A series of 5-fluorouracil/coumarin and 5-fluorouracil/chromone hybrids were synthesized with good yields using click chemistry as the key step. The structures of these compounds and all intermediates were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic and drug-like computations taken together indicated that the novel hybrids have a strong possibility to advance to further biological studies.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Coumarins and chromones are widely distributed in nature. Herbal-based beverages containing high levels of these compounds have been used since ancient times in traditional medicine. Coumarins and chromones also are well known because of their diversity of pharmacological properties [1,2,3,4], including anti-cancer activity [5,6,7,8], particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC) [9,10,11,12]. CRC, which makes up 10% of all cancer cases, is the second most common and deadliest kind of cancer worldwide [13]. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the basis of the clinically utilized treatment for CRC; while effective, it has a high rate of toxicity and poor tumor selectivity [14]. Consequently, it has undergone modifications to produce conjugates and hybrid compounds, potentially increasing its therapeutic index and lowering its adverse effects [15].
Accordingly, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic molecules and/or approaches to treat CRC. In this regard, molecular hybridization is a promising strategy that has emerged in medicinal chemistry in the search for new therapeutic alternatives. Hybrid molecules bear two distinct pharmacophores with different biological functions [16,17,18,19]. In this context, the CuI-mediated Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides with terminal alkynes to make 1,2,3-triazoles is a synthetic approach that has been used to create a variety of pharmaceutical agents, including hybrid compounds and drug discovery [20,21,22,23,24,25]. Using a triazole ring and alkyl chains as linkers, we designed and synthesized a variety of 5-FU-Coumarin and 5-FU-Chromone hybrids in the hunt for novel therapeutic alternatives to treat colorectal cancer (Figure 1). Additionally, pharmacokinetic modeling research was carried out to explore the synthesized hybrids’ potential as drug-like compounds.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The synthesis of the hybrids began with the obtention of coumarin-bromoalkyl 3a–d and chromone-bromoalkyl 4a–d by means of the Williamson ether synthesis of 7-hydroxycoumarin (1) and 7-hydroxychromone (2) with 1,ω-dibromoalkanes (ω = 3, 4, 5, 6), with yields ranging between 66 and 71% for 3a–d and 70 and 76% for 4a–d [26,27]. Compounds 3a–d and 4a–d were treated with sodium azide, leading to the formation of the coumarin-alkyl azides 5a–d (64–70% yields) and chromone-alkyl azides 6a–d in 67–72% yields [28,29]. Similarly, the reaction of 5-FU with propargyl bromide led to propargyl-5-FU (7) with a 40% yield [30]. Finally, the click reaction between compounds 5a–d and 6a–d with the alkyne 7 led to the formation of hybrids 8a–d and 9a–d with 71–96% and 70–92% yields, respectively [28,31] (Scheme 1). The structures of all compounds were established by a combined study of ESI-MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR.

2.2. Theoretical Pharmacokinetic and Drug-Likeness Studies for Hybrids 8a–d and 9a–d

Biopharmaceutical parameters and drug-like properties for a promising drug candidate play important roles in every stage during the drug development process; in fact, a rule-based filter of drug-likeness could be used for distinguishing an attractive and safer new bioactive molecule in all therapeutic areas. In this section, for hybrids 8–9(a–d), we carried out early predictions of the twelve biopharmaceutical parameters that most significantly impact a molecule’s drug-like characteristics, which are as follows: molecular mass (MW), number of H-bond donors/acceptors, number of rotatable bonds, topological polar surface area (TPSA), partition coefficient (as log Po/w), Caco-2 and MDCK permeability values, and human serum albumin (HSA) binding (as logKHSA), the fraction of sp3 carbon atoms, and the number of aromatic/heteroaromatic rings. In addition, the pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) filter, which is frequently a serious alert in contemporary drug discovery, was applied for compounds 8–9(a–d). Table 1 shows the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic profile predictions provided by the application of the SwissADME program for 8–9(a–d).
In general, optimal pharmacokinetic parameters were found for hybrids 8–9(a–d) compared to major of oral FDA-approved drugs. An advantageous level of lipophilicity (represented as logPo/w) was calculated for 8–9(a–d), which falls well inside the ideal range (–2.0 to 6.0) for formulations based on orally administered drugs [32]. Additionally, hybrids 8–9(a–d) had a good predicted permeability index of approximately 141 to approximately 94 nm/s when conventional Caco-2 and MDCK cell models were used, respectively [33,34,35], indicating that these compounds may have a better chance of being absorbed throughout the intestinal segments when taken orally. The total polar surface area (TPSA), another extremely useful metric that is frequently acknowledged as a good indicator in permeating cell membranes [36], was also computed. The compounds exhibited a TPSA value of 125.01 Å2, which is deemed to be a favorable indicator of strong intestinal penetration and falls within the optimal range of less than 140 Å2. Additionally, the most important metric for the distribution and transport of drugs and drug candidates in systemic circulation was also predicted for the hybrids: the binding capacity of human serum albumin (measured as logKHSA). Potential medications should have logKHSA values between −1.5 and 1.5, according to therapeutic recommendations [37,38]. The compounds had favorable logKHSA numbers in the range of −0.034 to −0.314, which is within the advantageous therapeutic range.
We also investigated both the fraction of carbon atoms that were sp3-hybridized (Fsp3) and the aromatic ring count (#ArRNG), which are two key new drug-likeness parameters relating to the possibility of lability or movement of a molecule through a biological barrier [39,40,41,42,43]. Major commercially available drugs have an Fsp3 of < 0.5. In this context, optimal Fsp3 values (0.21–0.32) were found for 8–9(a–d). Further, the number of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings (#ArRNG) was also taken into consideration. Note that our hybrids contained three aromatic rings (∼96% of marketed drugs meet this criterion), which means they have better chances during drug development [42]. Lastly, we employed pan-assay interference compound (PAINS) filters on compounds 8–9(a–d) in order to examine possible early warning indications of toxicity [44]. This analysis showed that there were no PAINS alerts for any compounds. Altogether, according to the computed data, an ideal pharmacokinetic profile appears to be produced when 5-FU and coumarin/chromone fragments are combined into a unique structural core. In silico results allowed us to infer that this innovative hybrid scaffold should be taken into account for subsequent biological investigations.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemical Synthesis

5-FU (≥98.0%) was purchased from AK scientific and chemicals (Union City, CA, USA). Coumarin and chromone were obtained following the methods reported elsewhere [45,46]. In sealed vessels, microwave reactions were conducted using a CEM Discover microwave reactor (maximum power of 300 W, temperature control via infrared sensor, and constant temperature). The reactions were aided by the use of BRANSON ultrasound technology. An AMX 300 device (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) running at 300 MHz for 1H and 75 MHz for 13C was used to record the NMR spectra. The chemical shifts (δ) were shown in parts per million (ppm) and the signals of the deuterated solvents served as references. TMS served as the internal benchmark. Coupling constants (J) are given in Hertz (Hz). Using a Bruker Impact II UHR-Q-TOF mass spectrometer in positive mode (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), HRMS was obtained.
General Procedure for the synthesis of bromoalkyl derivatives 3a–d and 4a–d.
A mixture of 1 mmol of coumarin or chromone, 1.5 mmol of K2CO3, and 10 mL of acetone was added to a 25 mL flask with a flat bottom and a magnetic stirring bar. The mixture was then stirred for 30 min. After adding 1.2 mmol of 1,ω-dibromoalkane, the mixture was sonicated for one hour at 25 °C. This was followed by the addition of water, the transfer of the mixture to a separating funnel, and extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The liquid phase was concentrated using a rotatory evaporator at low pressure, and the residue was purified using flash chromatography on silica gel with an eluent combination of varying ratios of hexanes and ethyl acetate. Bromoalkyl derivatives were obtained in yields ranging between 66 and 71% for 3a–d and 70 and 76% for 4a–d.
7-(3-bromopropoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (3a): Orange oil; yield: 68%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.91–6.85 (m, 2H), 6.30 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.46–2.34 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.88 (Ar-O-), 161.23 (C=O), 155.85 (Ar-O-), 143.44, 128.87, 113.27, 112.79, 112.75, 101.55, 65.88 (-OCH2-), 31.97, 29.64 (-CH2-Br).
7-(4-bromobutoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (3b): Orange oil; yield: 71%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.90–6.82 (m, 2H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19–1.97 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.08 (Ar-O), 161.27 (C=O), 155.89 (Ar-O), 143.47, 132.52, 128.82, 113.14, 112.90, 112.59, 101.87, 101.35, 67.54 (-CH2-O-), 33.29 (-CH2-Br), 29.33, 27.67.
7-((5-bromopentyl)oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (3c): Orange oil; yield: 68%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.91–6.81 (m, 2H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.06–1.83 (m, 5H), 1.81–1.63 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.23 (Ar-O), 161.33 (C=O), 155.90 (Ar-O), 143.52, 128.79, 113.04, 112.97, 112.50, 101.33, 68.24 (-CH2-O-), 33.56 (-CH2-Br), 32.40, 28.20, 24.77.
7-((6-bromohexyl)oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (3d): Orange oil; yield: 66%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.92–6.82 (m, 2H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.48 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.03–1.81 (m, 2H), 1.72–1.49 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.33 (Ar-O), 161.35 (C=O), 155.92 (Ar-O), 143.51, 128.76, 113.00 (2C), 112.46, 101.32, 68.40 (-CH2-O-), 33.81 (-CH2-Br), 32.63, 28.84, 27.90, 25.26.
7-(3-bromopropoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (4a): Orange solid; yield: 76%; mp: 91–93 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.46–2.36 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.06 (C=O), 163.14 (Ar-O-), 158.21 (Ar-O-), 154.95 (-CH=CH-O-), 127.31, 118.94, 114.77, 112.99, 101.02, 65.92 (-CH2-O-), 31.94 (-CH2-Br), 29.63.
7-(4-bromobutoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (4b): Orange solid; yield: 74%; mp: 89–92 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.14 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.20–1.98 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.09 (C=O), 163.35 (Ar-O-), 158.24 (Ar-O-), 154.91 (-CH=CH-O-), 127.26, 118.80, 114.79, 112.97, 100.89, 67.57 (-CH2-O-), 33.26 (-CH2-Br), 29.29, 27.63.
7-((5-bromopentyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (4c): Orange solid; yield: 72%; mp: 80–82 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.14 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.06–1.84 (m, 4H), 1.83–1.63 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.11 (C=O), 163.49 (Ar-O-), 158.25 (Ar-O-), 154.89 (-CH=CH-O-), 127.21, 118.71, 114.83, 112.95, 100.87, 68.29 (-CH2-O-), 33.53 (-CH2-Br), 32.38, 28.19, 24.76.
7-((6-bromohexyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (4d): Orange solid; yield: 70%; mp: 65–68 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.14 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.02–1.81 (m, 6H), 1.62–1.48 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.12 (C=O), 163.58 (Ar-O-), 158.27 (Ar-O-), 154.89 (-CH=CH-O-), 127.18, 118.66, 114.86, 112.94, 100.85, 68.44 (-CH2-O-), 33.81 (-CH2-Br), 32.62, 28.82, 27.87, 25.24.
General Procedure for the Synthesis of Alkyl Azide Derivatives 5a–d and 6a–d.
A 10 mL flask with a flat bottom and a magnetic stirring bar was filled with compounds 3a–d and 4a–d (1 mmol), sodium azide (3 mmol), and DMF (5 mL). Following that, the mixture was microwave-heated for 15 min at 200 W to 100 °C. Following the addition of water, the mixture was moved to a separating funnel and ethyl acetate was used for extraction. To dry the organic phase, anhydrous sodium sulfate was utilized. Using a mixture of hexanes/ethyl acetate in varying ratios as the eluent, flash chromatography was used to purify the residue after the liquid phase was concentrated under decreased pressure on a rotatory evaporator. Alkyl azide derivatives were obtained in yields ranging from 64 to 70% yields for 5a–d and 67 to 72% yields for chromone-alkyl azides 6a–d.
7-(3-azidopropoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5a): Orange oil; yield: 70%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.97–6.79 (m, 2H), 6.29 (dd, J = 9.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.20–2.05 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.85 (C=O), 161.25 (Ar-O-), 155.84 (Ar-O-), 143.46, 128.88, 113.25, 112.81, 112.74, 101.47, 65.13 (-CH2O-), 48.04 (-CH2N3), 28.56.
7-(4-azidobutoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5b): Orange oil; yield: 67%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91–6.82 (m, 2H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.03–1.73 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.09 (C=O), 161.28 (Ar-O-), 155.88 (Ar-O-), 143.49, 128.83, 113.12, 112.92, 112.58, 101.33, 67.85 (-CH2O-), 51.13 (-CH2N3), 26.31, 25.69.
7-((5-azidopentyl)oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5c): Orange oil; yield: 65%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.91–6.80 (m, 2H), 6.28 (d, J = 9.5 Hz,1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (dp, J = 19.4, 7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.79–1.54 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.24 (C=O), 161.33 (Ar-O-), 155.90 (Ar-O-), 143.52, 128.80, 113.03, 112.97, 112.50, 101.31, 68.24 (-CH2O-), 51.31 (-CH2N3), 28.64, 28.58, 23.36.
7-((6-azidohexyl)oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5d): Orange oil; yield: 64%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.92–6.81 (m, 2H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.95–1.81 (m, 2H), 1.77–1.63 (m, 2H), 1.62–1.43 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.32 (C=O), 161.34 (Ar-O-), 155.92 (Ar-O-), 143.52, 128.77, 112.99 (2C), 112.46, 101.31, 68.39 (-CH2O-), 51.37 (-CH2N3), 28.88, 28.81, 26.50, 25.65.
7-(3-azidopropoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (6a): Orange oil; yield: 72%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.06–1.83 (m, 4H), 1.79–1.62 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.22 (C=O), 163.18 (Ar-O-), 158.24 (Ar-O-), 155.06 (-CH=CH-O-), 127.33, 118.86, 114.83, 112.92, 100.99, 65.19 (-CH2-O-), 48.01 (-CH2-Br), 31.00, 28.54.
7-(4-azidobutoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (6b): Orange oil; yield: 70%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.15 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dapp, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (sapp, 1H), 6.33 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.20–1.98 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.20 (C=O), 163.40 (Ar-O-), 158.26 (Ar-O-), 155.00 (-CH=CH-O-), 127.26, 118.74, 114.84, 112.92, 100.90, 67.90 (-CH2-O-), 51.11 (-CH2-Br), 26.29, 25.67.
7-((5-azidopentyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (6c): Orange oil; yield: 69%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.14 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.97–1.80 (m, 4H), 1.77–1.55 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.16 (C=O), 163.51 (Ar-O-), 158.27 (Ar-O-), 154.93 (-CH=CH-O-), 127.21, 118.69, 114.85, 112.93, 100.86, 68.29 (-CH2-O-), 51.31 (-CH2-Br), 30.99, 28.63, 23.36.
7-((6-azidohexyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (6d): Orange oil; yield: 67%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.14 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.95–1.79 (m, 4H), 1.77–1.63 (m, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.61–1.45 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.13 (C=O), 163.58 (Ar-O-), 158.27 (Ar-O-), 154.89 (-CH=CH-O-), 130.64, 127.18, 114.86, 112.93, 100.84, 68.43 (-CH2-O-), 51.37 (-CH2-Br), 28.87, 28.81, 26.49, 25.64.
General procedure for the synthesis of 5-FU-Coumarin (8a–d) and 5-FU-Chromone hybrids (9a–d) was as follows: hybrids were synthesized according to the following procedure [7].
Coumarin-alkyl azides (5a–d) or chromone-alkyl azides (6a–d) (1 mmol), propargyl-5-FU (7) [25] (1 mmol), and DMF (5 mL) were added to a 10 mL flask with a flat bottom. The mixture was then sonicated for five minutes at 40 °C. Following this, 0.5 mmol of ascorbic acid, 0.5 mmol of copper acetate, 1 mL of DMF, and 1 mL of water were added, and the reaction mixture was sonicated for 1 h at 40 °C. Next, 10% HCl was applied, and ethyl acetate was used for extraction. After the organic phase was dried on anhydrous sodium sulfate, it was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was crystallized in a 1:1 ratio of MeOH to H2O. Finally, the solid obtained was purified by preparative chromatography on silica gel to obtain compounds 8a–d and 9a–d. The 1H, 13C NMR, and MS spectra of all hybrids can be found in the Supplementary Materials.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(3-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)propyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (8a):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i001
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 71%; mp: 175–178 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.17 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.99 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.53 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 161.88 (Ar-O), 160.76 (C=O, coumarin), 158.08 and 157.74 (F-C-C=O), 155.78 (Ar-O), 149.82 (N-C=O), 144.79, 142.64 (triazolyl), 141.61 and 138.57 (F-C), 130.61 and 130.17 (CH-C-F), 129.95, 124.18 (triazolyl), 113.14, 113.01, 112.90, 101.62, 65.85 (-CH2-O-), 47.06 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.18 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 29.60. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H16FN5O5 [M+H]+: 414.1226; found: 414.1229.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(4-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)butyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (8b):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i002
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 90%; mp: 172–175 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.19 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.04–1.89 (m, 2H), 1.78–1.63 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 162.15 (Ar-O), 160.76 (C=O, coumarin), 158.09 and 157.74 (F-C-C=O), 155.84 (Ar-O), 149.84 (N-C=O), 144.81, 142.60 (triazolyl), 141.62 and 138.59 (F-C), 130.65 and 130.20 (CH-C-F), 129.94, 124.00 (triazolyl), 113.17, 112.91, 112.78, 101.61, 68.05 (-CH2-O-), 49.51 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.24 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 26.87, 25.90. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H18FN5O5 [M+H]+: 428.1416; found: 428.1420.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(5-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (8c):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i003
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 96%; mp: 164–166 °C; 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.17 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.37 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.43–1.36 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 162.24 (Ar-O), 160.78 (C=O, coumarin), 158.09 and 157.75 (F-C-C=O), 155.85 (Ar-O), 149.83 (N-C=O), 144.81, 142.54 (triazolyl), 141.62 and 138.58 (F-C), 130.64 and 130.19 (CH-C-F), 129.92, 123.92 (triazolyl), 113.18, 112.84, 112.71, 101.55, 68.48 (-CH2-O-), 49.76 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.23 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 29.78, 28.22, 22.90. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C21H20FN5O5 [M+H]+: 442.1512; found: 442.1516.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(6-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)hexyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (8d):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i004
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 90%; mp: 160–163 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.18 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.89–1.76 (m, 2H), 1.75–1.64 (m, 2H), 1.49–1.36 (m, 2H), 1.35–1.20 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 162.28 (Ar-O), 160.80 (C=O, coumarin), 158.09 and 157.75 (F-C-C=O), 155.85, 149.82, 144.82 (triazolyl), 141.60 and 138.59 (F-C), 130.63 and 130.20 (CH-C-F), 130.20, 129.93, 123.94 (triazolyl), 113.16, 112.82, 112.68, 101.54, 68.60 (-CH2-O-), 49.83 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.26 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 29.99, 28.66, 26.00, 25.28. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H22FN5O5 [M+H]+: 456.1687; found: 456.1690.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(3-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)propyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (9a):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i005
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 70%; mp: 186–188 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.21 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 8.19–8.15 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.54 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.13 (C=O, chromone), 163.18 (Ar-O), 158.15 (-CH=CH-O-), 158.08 and 157.75 (F-C-C=O), 156.96, 149.84 (N-C=O), 141.62 and 138.58 (F-C), 130.62 and 130.17 (CH-C-F), 126.87 (triazolyl), 124.27 (triazolyl), 118.57, 115.31, 112.61, 101.77, 66.08 (-CH2-O-), 47.14 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.20 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 29.53. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H16FN5O5 [M+H]+: 414.1186; found: 414.1188.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(4-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)butyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (9b):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i006
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 82%; mp: 168–170 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.86 (N-H), 8.27–8.08 (m, 3H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.43 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.05–1.89 (m, 2H), 1.79–1.64 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.13 (C=O, chromone), 163.43 (Ar-O), 158.20 (-CH=CH-O-), 158.08 and 157.74 (F-C-C=O), 156.94, 149.84 (N-C=O), 141.62 and 138.52 (F-C), 130.67 and 130.21 (CH-C-F), 126.83 (triazolyl), 124.18 (triazolyl), 118.46, 115.39, 112.61, 101.74, 68.21 (-CH2-O-), 49.53 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.27 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 26.84, 25.85. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H18FN5O5 [M+H]+: 428.1347; found: 428.1350.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(5-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (9c):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i007
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 92%; mp: 160–163 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.86 (N-H), 8.26–8.10 (m, 3H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.37 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.94–1.82 (m, 2H), 1.81–1.71 (m, 2H), 1.46–1.42 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.13 (C=O, chromone), 163.53 (Ar-O), 158.22 (-CH=CH-O-), 158.09 and 157.74 (F-C-C=O), 156.92, 149.83 (N-C=O), 141.55–138.51 (F-C), 130.65 and 130.18 (CH-C-F), 126.81 (triazolyl), 124.00 (triazolyl), 118.41, 115.39, 112.60, 101.69, 68.64 (-CH2-O-), 49.77 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.25 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 29.75, 28.16, 22.88. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C21H20FN5O5 [M+H]+: 442.1505; found: 442.1509.
5-fluoro-1-((1-(6-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)hexyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (9d):
Molbank 2024 m1779 i008
Pale-yellow solid; yield: 90%; mp: 156–158 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.84 (N-H), 8.23–8.09 (m, 3H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.33 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.92–1.77 (m, 2H), 1.76–1.63 (m, 2H), 1.49–1.36 (m, 2H), 1.35–1.18 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.16 (C=O, chromone), 163.57 (Ar-O), 158.23 (-CH=CH-O-), 156.93, 149.83 (N-C=O), 158.09 and 157.72 (F-C-C=O), 141.50 and 138.43 (F-C), 130.94 and 130.19 (CH-C-F), 126.82 (triazolyl), 123.57 (triazolyl), 118.38, 115.40, 112.59, 101.67, 68.78 (-CH2-O-), 49.82 (triazolyl-(N)-CH2-), 43.14 (5-FU-(N)-CH2-), 29.99, 28.61, 26.00, 25.27. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H22FN5O5 [M+H]+: 456.1685; found: 456.1688.

3.2. Theoretical Drug-Likeness Studies

Novel hybrids 8–9(a–d) were screened for their pharmacokinetic properties using the opensource SwissADME cheminformatics toolkits [47]. For 8–9(a–d), eleven relevant biopharmaceutical properties were accessed: topographical polar surface area (TPSA), MW and rotatable bonds, log Po/w, binding to human serum albumin (logKHSA), apparent predicted intestinal permeability (App. Caco-2 and MDCK models), the fraction of sp3 carbon atoms, and the number of aromatic/heteroaromatic rings. Finally, SwissADME was also used to investigate substructural alerts to identify pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS). The fact that these vital biopharmaceutical indices control oral exposure, absorption, motility, and permeability of novel drugs candidates is noteworthy.

4. Conclusions

In this work, we synthesized eight new hybrids based on 5-FU (four 5-fluorouracil-coumarin and 5-fluorouracil-chromone hybrids), using Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, a type of click chemistry, as the key step, with good yields. These compounds and the intermediates of synthesis were characterized by spectroscopic analysis. Afterward, computer-aided prediction of the drug-like and pharmacokinetic indices for hybrids 8–9(a–d) suggested that this class of compounds would tend to have favorable biopharmaceutical parameters, making them eligible for entry in further biological studies.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary data (1H, 13C NMR and MS spectra of all hybrids (8a–d and 9a–d) associated with this article) can be found in the online version. The supplementary data include the following: Figure S1a: 1H NMR of compound 8a, Figure S1b: 13C NMR of compound 8a and Figure S1c: MS spectra of compound 8a; Figure S2a: 1H NMR of compound 8b, Figure S2b: 13C NMR of compound 8b and Figure S2c: MS spectra of compound 8b; Figure S3a: 1H NMR of compound 8c, Figure S3b: 13C NMR of compound 8c and Figure S3c: MS spectra of compound 8c; Figure S4a: 1H NMR of compound 8d, Figure S4b: 13C NMR of compound 8d and Figure S4c: MS spectra of compound 4d; Figure S5a: 1H NMR of compound 9a, Figure S5b: 13C NMR of compound 9a and Figure S5c: MS spectra of compound 9a; Figure S6a: 1H NMR of compound 9b, Figure S6b: 13C NMR of compound 9b and Figure S6c: MS spectra of compound 9b; Figure S7a: 1H NMR of compound 9c, Figure S7b: 13C NMR of compound 9c and Figure S7c: MS spectra of compound 9c; Figure S8a: 1H NMR of compound 9d, Figure S8b: 13C NMR of compound 9d and Figure S8c: MS spectra of compound 9d.

Author Contributions

L.G.-A.: synthesis and characterization of hybrid molecules. A.F.Y.: in silico studies, analysis, writing—original draft. W.C.-G.: resources, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the University of Antioquia and the Ministry of Science MINCIENCIAS through the program NanoBioCáncer 2.0 GAT 2.0; código: 121092092332, grant: 621-2022, project number: 92355.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in this article and the Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the University of Antioquia and MINCIENCIAS for their support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Molbank 2024 m1779 g001
Figure 1. Design of 5-FU-Coumarin and 5-FU-Chromone hybrids.
Figure 1. Design of 5-FU-Coumarin and 5-FU-Chromone hybrids.
Molbank 2024 m1779 g001
Molbank 2024 m1779 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthesis of hybrids based on 5-FU, coumarin, and chromone.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of hybrids based on 5-FU, coumarin, and chromone.
Molbank 2024 m1779 sch001
Table 1. Computed biopharmaceutical and drug-likeness indices for hybrids 8–9(a–d).
Table 1. Computed biopharmaceutical and drug-likeness indices for hybrids 8–9(a–d).
PropertiesHybrid
8a8b8c8d9a9b9c9d
MW a413.364427.391441.418455.44413.364427.391441.418455.44
TPSA b125.01125.01125.01125.01125.01125.01125.01125.01
n-RB c7891078910
n-ON d88888888
n-OHNH e11111111
log Po/w f1.311.702.092.481.311.702.092.48
logKHSA g−0.314−0.216−0.231 −0.034−0.314−0.216−0.231 −0.034
Fsp3 h0.210.250.290.320.210.250.290.32
#ArRNG i33333333
Caco-2 j1411119411514111194115
App. MDCK k106814684106814684
PAINS l00000000
a Molecular weight of the compound (150–500). b Polar surface area (PSA, Å2) (<140 Å2). c Number of rotatable bonds (optimal: <10). d n-ON number of hydrogen bond acceptors <10. e n-OHNH number of hydrogens bond donors ≤5. f Octanol–water partition coefficient (–2.0 to 6.5). g Binding serum albumin (−1.5 to 1.2). h Fraction of sp3 carbon atoms (optimal: Fsp3 < 0.5). i The number of aromatic/heteroaromatic rings (optimal: ≤ 3). j Human intestinal permeation, nm/s (<25 is poor, >500 is great). k Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell permeation, nm/s (<25 is poor, >500 is great). l Identification of potentially problematic fragments for pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS).
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Giraldo-Arroyave, L.; Yepes, A.F.; Cardona-Galeano, W. 5-Fluorouracil/Coumarin and 5-Fluorouracil/Chromone Hybrids: Synthesis and Drug-Likeness Modeling. Molbank 2024, 2024, M1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1779

AMA Style

Giraldo-Arroyave L, Yepes AF, Cardona-Galeano W. 5-Fluorouracil/Coumarin and 5-Fluorouracil/Chromone Hybrids: Synthesis and Drug-Likeness Modeling. Molbank. 2024; 2024(1):M1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1779

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giraldo-Arroyave, Laura, Andrés F. Yepes, and Wilson Cardona-Galeano. 2024. "5-Fluorouracil/Coumarin and 5-Fluorouracil/Chromone Hybrids: Synthesis and Drug-Likeness Modeling" Molbank 2024, no. 1: M1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1779

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