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Article

The Silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 Weakens Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

by
Pingjie Ling
1,
Jisheng Ju
1,
Xueli Zhang
1,
Wei Wei
1,
Jin Luo
1,
Ying Li
1,
Han Hai
1,
Bowen Shang
1,
Hongbo Cheng
1,
Caixiang Wang
1,
Xianliang Zhang
2,3,* and
Junji Su
1,3,*
1
College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Anyang 455000, China
3
Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031511
Submission received: 21 November 2023 / Revised: 9 January 2024 / Accepted: 12 January 2024 / Published: 26 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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Abstract

:
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks), essential enzymes in the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway, are crucial for the abiotic stress responses and the overall growth and development of plants. However, the GhPIP5Ks had not been systematically studied, and their function in upland cotton was unknown. This study identified a total of 28 GhPIP5Ks, and determined their chromosomal locations, gene structures, protein motifs and cis-acting elements via bioinformatics analysis. A quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR) analysis showed that most GhPIP5Ks were upregulated under different stresses. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay indicated that the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly increased in GhPIP5K2- and GhPIP5K22-silenced upland cotton plants under abiotic stress. Furthermore, the expression of the stress marker genes GhHSFB2A, GhHSFB2B, GhDREB2A, GhDREB2C, GhRD20-1, GhRD29A, GhBIN2, GhCBL3, GhNHX1, GhPP2C, GhCBF1, GhSnRK2.6 and GhCIPK6 was significantly decreased in the silenced plants after exposure to stress. These results revealed that the silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 weakened the tolerance to abiotic stresses. These discoveries provide a foundation for further inquiry into the actions of the GhPIP5K gene family in regulating the response and resistance mechanisms of cotton to abiotic stresses.

1. Introduction

Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns (4,5) P2] is produced by the phosphorylation of phosphatidyl inositol phosphate 4 [PtdIns (4) P] or phosphatidyl inositol 5 phosphate [PtdIns (5) P] through the action of phosphatidyl inositol phosphate kinase (PIP kinase) [1] and plays a crucial role as a signaling molecule in salt and osmotic stress resistance [2], vesicle transport [3], actin tissue [4,5], and vanadate-sensitive H+-ATPase [6] to regulate the plasma membrane and ion channel activity [7]. PtdIns (4,5) P2 serves as both a lipid signal that interacts with effector proteins and a substrate for phospholipase C signaling. This signaling pathway regulates various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization and membrane trafficking [8,9,10,11,12,13,14], through signal transduction, guard cell movements [15] and pollen tube growth [16,17]. The relevance of the signaling function of PtdIns (4,5) P2 relied strongly on its spatiotemporal distribution, which was predominantly determined by its metabolic activity within specific membrane regions. The spatial-temporal configuration of PtdIns (4,5) P2 was determined primarily by the enzymatic processes involved in its synthesis and breakdown. Among these processes, the presence of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks), members of the PIPK family, played a crucial role in shaping the pattern of PtdIns (4,5) P2 [18,19,20,21,22]. Various isoenzymes of PIP5K have been detected [18,23,24,25], and mammals possess three distinct PIP5K isozymes that played crucial roles in diverse physiological processes, such as regulating the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, facilitating endocytosis and exocytosis, promoting cytokinesis, influencing apoptosis, and participating in nuclear processes [18,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. These isozymes of PIP5K also made significant contributions in fungi. For instance, yeast Fab1p, which shared similarities with human type II PIP5K, had an impact on both vesicle function and morphology [33]. These results suggested that the PIP5K genes played an essential role in the physiological processes of animals and fungi.
Higher plant genomes encoded relatively more PIP5Ks than animal and fungal genome [34,35]. PIP5K genes had been identified in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice [36,37]. A total of 11 PIP5K genes had been found in A. thaliana, and these genes exhibited high similarity to animal-derived type I PtdInsP kinases. These proteins were further classified into types A (PIP5K10 and PIP5K11) and B (PIP5K1-9) based on their structural differences, namely, the presence or absence of membrane occupancy or a repeating MORN motif at the N-terminus. The nine genes of A. thaliana categorized as type B were classified into three subgroups based on their sequence similarity, which is functionally conserved, and these subgroups comprised PIP5K1-3, PIP5K4-6 and PIP5K7-9 [34].
In recent years, several studies had reported discoveries regarding the biological functions of certain PIP5Ks. For instance, the expression of AtPIP5K1 in A. thaliana could be rapidly induced by external stimuli such as drought, salt, and abscisic acid (ABA) [36,38], and its regulation was also associated with soluble protein kinases [39]. AtPIP5K1 and AtPIP5K2 were involved in pollen development [36,40,41]. In PIP5K1 and PIP5K mutant pollen grains, they significantly contributed to the formation of vacuoles and the development of pollen, resulting in defective vacuoles and compromised outer wall formation. AtPIP5K4 and AtPIP5K5 had been found to contribute to the facilitation of pollen germination and tube elongation [42]. AtPIP5K4, AtPIP5K5 and AtPIP5K6 were redundantly involved in pollen germination [43]. Furthermore, AtPIP5K3 regulated the elongation of root hairs through specific expression in the roots [44]. AtPIP5K9 interacted with the cytoplasmic enzyme CINV1 and thus exerted an inhibitory effect on root cell elongation via sugar regulation [45]. AtPIP5K7, AtPIP5K8, and AtPIP5K9 redundantly participated in root growth under osmotic stress conditions [46]. A single gene, OsPIP5K1, had been found to play a crucial role in the heading process of rice [37]. The PIP5K genes involved in pollen development in wheat [47] and pepper [48], and overexpression of soybean GmPIP5K enhanced the drought stress tolerance of A. thaliana [49]. These results indicated that PIP5Ks played a crucial role in the adaptation of plants to abiotic conditions, and in their growth and development processes.
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is an important source of natural renewable fiber, edible oil and proteins and holds immense economic value as one of the foremost global cash crops. The reproduction of cotton plants is easily affected by many types of unfavorable conditions, which could lead to low yields. Compared with those of other crops, cotton has better abiotic stress tolerance, but its yield under extreme temperature, salinity and drought stress conditions remains threatened. The PIP5K genes were crucial for regulating stress responses and pollen generation and served as a key component in signaling pathways. However, the exact role of GhPIP5Ks in the regulation of the stress response and growth of cotton plants had not been determined. Through a genetic analysis of upland cotton, we successfully identified 28 GhPIP5Ks. This paper reported the taxonomy, chromosome distribution and evolution of GhPIP5Ks. We employed a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR) assay to assess the expression patterns of GhPIP5Ks and thus investigated their responses to various abiotic stressors. The virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique was applied to silence the target gene, and various physiological and biochemical indicators and stress marker genes were then detected to validate the function of the target gene.

2. Results

2.1. Identification of GhPIP5K Genes and Their Biophysical Properties

In this study, we identified 28 G. hirsutum genes that possess uniform structural domains and these GhPIP5Ks were designated GhPIP5K1-28 based on their chromosomal location in G. hirsutum (Table 1). The protein size of the GhPIP5Ks ranged from 384 (GhPIP5K27) to 825 (GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K16) amino acids (AAs), and the molecular weights varied between 44,353.16 (GhPIP5K27) and 93,092.51 (GhPIP5K2). The aliphatic indices of the GhPIP5Ks ranged from 59.79 (GhPIP5K24) to 86.58 (GhPIP5K13), and the protein instability indices ranged from 28.89 (GhPIP5K12) to 55.42 (GhPIP5K25). Additionally, the aliphatic indices of the GhPIP5Ks varied between 59.79 (GhPIP5K9 and GhPIP5K24) and 86.58 (GhPIP5K13) and the grand average of hydropathicity was negative. The subcellular localization of 28 GhPIP5Ks were predicted, and the genes of this family were found to be localized mainly in the nucleus. Among the GhPIP5K genes, 78.57% were found to be present in the nucleus (22), 17.86% GhPIP5Ks were localized in the cytosol (5), and only one gene (GhPIP5K24) was found in the chloroplast. These findings suggest that GhPIP5Ks are predominantly expressed in the nucleus and cytosol.

2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of the GhPIP5K Genes

To explore the evolutionary connections among PIP5Ks derived from seven plant species, we constructed a phylogenetic tree (Figure 1) with the PIP5K proteins from G. raimondii (14), G. arboreum (14), G. hirsutum (28), A. thaliana (11), Z. mays (9), O. sativa (10) and T. cacao (12) (Table S1). According to the phylogenetic tree of PIP5K genes, 98 PIP5Ks were clustered into three groups, namely, I, II and III, and group III was unevenly subdivided into three subgroups, namely, III-1, III-2 and III-3. Group III was the largest clade, with 24 GhPIP5Ks from G. hirsutum, whereas group II had only 4 members, namely, GhPIP5K11, GhPIP5K13, GhPIP5K25 and GhPIP5K27. Group I lacked GhPIP5Ks and consisted of only two genes, OsPIP5K7 and OsPIP5K8. The PIP5K genes originated from both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous species. Some of the PIP5K genes in the III-3 subgroup, were derived from monocotyledonous plants, including five genes originating from maize and five genes originating from rice. The PIP5K genes in monocotyledonous plants (rice and maize) tended to cluster together, whereas those in dicotyledonous plants (A. thaliana, T. cacao and Gossypium) exhibited comparable characteristics. These findings indicated that the distribution of PIP5K members in G. hirsutum varied among the different groups. In addition, the phylogenetic tree showed that the PIP5K genes underwent a series of genomic amplification events during evolution from diploid to tetraploid cotton, which resulted in causing the allotetraploid cotton species G. hirsutum having twice as many PIP5K genes as G. arboreum and G. raimondii.

2.3. Chromosome Localization and Duplication Analysis of GhPIP5Ks

To ascertain the chromosomal positions of the GhPIP5Ks in G. hirsutum, we examined their physical distribution across chromosomes utilizing location data files obtained from the Cotton Functional Genomics Database (CottonFGD) website. The 28 GhPIP5Ks were unevenly distributed on the chromosomes (Figure 2). The 28 GhPIP5Ks were deposited on 18 homologous chromosomes, except for A06, A07, A09, A11, D06, D07, D09 and D11. Among all the chromosomes, chromosome A05 had the highest number of GhPIP5Ks, with a total of 4. In contrast, only one GhPIP5K was found on each of the following chromosomes: A02, A03, A08, A10, A12, A13, D02, D03, D08, D10, D12 and D13. Two or three GhPIP5Ks were found on the other chromosomes.
We analyzed the duplication patterns of 28 GhPIP5Ks, and 41 homologous duplicated gene pairs were found (Figure 3a). Among these replicated gene pairs, 3 formed between chromosomes A05 and D05 (GhPIP5K7/8, GhPIP5K9/10 and GhPIP5K22/23) by tandem replication and the other 39 pairs originated from fragment replication. These findings indicated that the evolution of GhPIP5Ks were significantly influenced by the occurrence of segment repetition and tandem replication and that segment repetition played a dominant role relative to tandem replication in the development of GhPIP5Ks. Furthermore, to improve the understanding of the functional and evolutionary relationships of PIP5Ks, we performed a comparative analysis of the intergenomic synteny between G. hirsutum and two additional cotton species (Figure 3b). A collinearity analysis revealed 165 pairs of genes that exhibited collinearity between G. hirsutum and both G. arboreum and G. raimondii. These findings suggested that genomic rearrangements might have occurred in PIP5K genes during polyploidy events. To understand the factors that shape the differentiation of GhPIP5Ks, we calculated the nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka), synonymous substitution rate (Ks), and nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution ratio (Ka/Ks). Interestingly, all pairs of duplicated GhPIP5Ks had Ka/Ks ratios lower than 1, indicating the occurrence of strong purifying selection on these gene pairs (Table S2).

2.4. Gene Structure and Conserved Motifs of GhPIP5K Proteins

To explore the structural diversity of the GhPIP5K proteins, their conserved patterns were examined. A total of 10 motifs in the GhPIP5Ks were labeled motifs 1–10. The number of these conserved motifs varied among different GhPIP5K proteins, and the motif compositions tend to be similar among members of the same subfamily, suggested functional differentiation among GhPIP5K proteins (Figure 4b).
To comprehensively study the similarity and diversity of the GhPIP5K proteins, we explored the variation and evolutionary process of the structure of genes within the PIIP5K family in upland cotton through a detailed investigation of introns and exons. The analysis revealed differences in the lengths of the GhPIP5Ks. Specifically, GhPIP5K5 had the longest genome sequence (11.88 kb), whereas GhPIP5K11 had the shortest (Figure 4c). Within the same subclass, most GhPIP5Ks exhibited similar gene structure characteristics regarding the number and length of introns and exons (Figure 4a). These findings indicated that the GhPIP5Ks exhibit significant conservation throughout plant evolution and potentially played analogous roles in both plant development and defense mechanisms.

2.5. Exploration of the Regulatory Elements within the Promoter Regions of GhPIP5K Genes

The regulation of downstream genes was significantly influenced by the presence of cis-acting elements in the initiator region of genes. To gain insight into the role of the GhPIP5Ks, we obtained cis-acting elements from the 5’-upstream region 2000 bp of each gene. We categorized the cis-acting elements in the GhPIP5K promoter into four groups, namely, hormone-responsive, light-responsive, abiotic stress-responsive, and growth and development-related promoters (Figure 5). As part of the abiotic stress response, various elements, including ARE (84), GC-motif (6), LTR (17), MBS (14), TC-rich repeats (10) and the WUN-motif (29), had been detected in G. hirsutum. These findings suggested that GhPIP5Ks might participate in diverse regulatory mechanisms in cotton plants under various stress conditions, providing clues for the selection of candidate genes for subsequent experiments. Many light-responsive elements were also detected in these GhPIP5Ks. Among these genes, box 4 was the most common detected light-responsive element and exhibited the highest frequency 107 in 28 promoters of GhPIP5K. Various elements, such as ABA response element (ABRE), the CGTCA and TGACG motifs (MeJA-responsive element), the P-box, the TATC-box and GARE-motif (GA-responsive element), and the TCA-element (salicylic acid-responsive element), exhibited responsiveness to phytohormones. These findings suggested that the regulation of GhPIP5K expression was influenced by a multitude of plant hormones. Other identified cis-regulatory elements implicated in plant growth and development included RY elements (3), which were associated with seed-specific regulation; O2 sites (13), which were involved in metabolic modulation; CAT boxes (8), which were linked to meristem expression; and GCN4 motifs (3), which participated in endosperm expression. These findings suggested that GhPIP5Ks might play essential roles in plant growth and development.

2.6. Expression Profiling of GhPIP5K Genes in G. hirsutum

To investigate the expression patterns of GhPIP5Ks in distinct upland cotton tissues, we examined the expression levels of GhPIP5Ks using transcriptome data with the aim of exploring their biological functions. The analysis included a range of tissues, such as roots, stems, leaves, torus, petals, sepals, bracts, anthers, filaments and pistils. Additionally, we examined various developmental stages, ranging from 3 days before to 5 days after anthesis (dpa), as well as fibers and ovules at 10–25 dpa (Figure S1). We found that the GhPIP5Ks in subfamily III were expressed mainly in floral organs and flowering-related tissues. Among them, GhPIP5K1, GhPIP5K10, GhPIP5K14, GhPIP5K24, GhPIP5K25, GhPIP5K26, GhPIP5K27 and GhPIP5K28 were expressed mainly during anthesis, whereas GhPIP5K5 and GhPIP5K13 were expressed mostly in the roots. Other genes were found to be expressed in various tissues. The data indicated that GhPIP5Ks were not only involved in controlling the growth of both the above and belowground parts sections of cotton but also had an impact on its reproductive processes.
To verify the RNA-seq data, we conducted a qRT‒PCR analysis of eight specific PIP5K genes derived from G. hirsutum, which allowed us to examine the expression patterns of these genes in various plant tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, bracts, petals, sepals, pistils, stamens and fibers (Figure 6). The results showed that six genes (GhPIP5K2, GhPIP5K6, GhPIP5K10, GhPIP5K15, GhPIP5K17 and GhPIP5K25) exhibited increased expression in the stamens. The petals displayed notable increases in the expression of three genes, namely, GhPIP5K7, GhPIP5K15, and GhPIP5K22. High expression levels of GhPIP5K6, GhPIP5K15 and GhPIP5K17 high were also detected in root tissues. These findings suggested that GhPIP5Ks are strongly linked to floral organ development, especially in stamen tissue. The tissue expression levels of 8 specific genes in G. hirsutum were investigated by qRT‒PCR analysis, and the results exhibited a high degree of concordance with the RNA-seq data.

2.7. Verification of the Response of GhPIP5Ks to Four Types of Abiotic Stress by qRT‒PCR

Considering the functional roles of genes under different environmental constraints, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of 28 GhPIP5Ks under stress treatments (PEG, NaCl, and high and low temperature) (Figure S2). The results revealed that the various GhPIP5Ks exhibited different responses to these stress treatments. In the present research, we examined the expression profiles of GhPIP5Ks in response to four abiotic stress conditions, taking XinshiK25 as the research object. We used qRT‒PCR to determine whether the PIP5K genes were involved in the abiotic stress response of cotton. Eight genes were selected for analysis of their expression in materials treated with salt, drought, heat and cold (Figure 7). Compared with that in the control, the expression of seven genes in the drought stress, treatment was significantly increased; for example, the expression of GhPIP5K2 was significantly increased by hundreds of times, whereas the expression of GhPIP5K25 was significantly decreased. Under NaCl stress, the expression of GhPIP5K2, GhPIP5K6 and GhPIP5K17 increased exponentially, peaking at 12 h, whereas the expression of GhPIP5K25 significantly decreased, and the expression of the other genes did not significantly change. Heat stress significantly increased the expression of GhPIP5K2, GhPIP5K10, GhPIP5K17, GhPIP5K22 and GhPIP5K25 and significantly decreased the expression of GhPIP5K7. In addition, the expression of GhPIP5K6 and GhPIP5K15 first increased and then decreased, peaking at 1 h. With the exception that of GhPIP5K7 and GhPIP5K15, the expression of the other 6 genes was significantly upregulated under cold stress.
In general, the expression of GhPIP5K2 increased hundreds of times under drought, NaCl and heat stress, and tens of times under cold stress. Similarly, the expression of GhPIP5K17 increased approximately tenfold under the four abiotic stresses. These findings indicated that these two genes are broadly related to four abiotic stresses and could be regarded as potential candidate genes for improving the stress tolerance of cotton. The expression of GhPIP5K22, significantly increased hundreds of times under heat stress and cold stress conditions. Similarly, the expression of GhPIP5K15 was significantly upregulated, especially under cold stress conditions. These results showed that these two genes strongly respond to temperature changes and can be used as candidate genes for improving the tolerance of cotton.

2.8. The Silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 Compromises the Tolerance of Cotton to Stress

In addition, we preliminarily explored the function of GhPIP5K2 under four stress conditions (high and low temperature, drought and NaCl) and GhPIP5K22 under two stress conditions (high and low temperature) by the VIGS technique. Nine days after infection, the cotton leaves exhibited a phenotype characterized by an albino appearance (Figure 8a). TRV:GhCLA1 was used as the positive control to validate the efficacy of the VIGS technique. We then analyzed the function of GhPIP5K2 under high temperature (42 °C), low temperature (12 °C), drought and NaCl (200 mmol/L) conditions and that of GhPIP5K22 under high temperature and low temperature treatments. The silenced and normal plants were compared, and the results showed that the plants in which the two target genes were silenced exhibited characteristics such as wilting, yellowing of leaves, and lack of water (Figure 8c,d and Figure 9e). The new leaves of the TRV:GhPIP5K2-silenced plants exhibited blackening under cold stress compared with those of the control plants (Figure 8d). These results indicated that GhPIP5K2 had a positive effect on the responses of cotton to abiotic stress, whereas GhPIP5K22 had a positive effect on the responses to heat and cold conditions.
To explore the impact of abiotic stress on GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22, we assessed the variations in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the TRV:GhPIP5K2- and TRV:GhPIP5K22-silenced cotton plants. Our findings revealed significant decreases in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) in the silenced plants compared with the TRV:00 plants. Conversely, a notable increase in the MDA content was detected (Figure 10). The above-described findings suggested that the silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 impaired the tolerance of cotton plants to abiotic stress. In addition, compared with the control plants, the TRV:GhPIP5K2 and TRV:GhPIP5K22 plants exhibited significant changes in the expression of stress-related genes before and after stress treatment. Notably, the expression of GhBIN2, GhCBL3 and GhNHX1 was upregulated, in the TRV:GhPIP5K2 plants and significantly downregulated in the silenced plants following stress treatment. The expression levels of GhDREB2A, GhHSFB2C, GhRD20-1, GhPP2C and GhSnRK2.6 were lower in the silenced plants than in the control plants both before and after treatment. Similarly, the expression of GhHSFB2A, GhDR29A and GhCBF1 was downregulated in the silenced plants compared with the control plants before treatment, whereas the expression of these genes in the silenced plants after at least one stress treatment was significantly lower than that in the control plants (Figure 11a). These results suggested that GhPIP5K2 might positively regulate abiotic stress. GhHSFB2B expression was upregulated in the TRV:GhPIP5K22 (control) plants, but was significantly downregulated in the silenced plants following high-temperature stress treatment. Three other stress-related genes (GhDREB2A, GhDREB2C and GhRD29A) exhibited similar patterns. Conversely, the expression levels of GhRD20-1, GhCIPK6 and GhCBF1 were lower in the silenced plants than in the control plants both before and after treatment (Figure 11b). These findings suggested the direct impact of the silencing of GhPIP5K22 on the expression levels of GhRD20-1, GhCIPK6 and GhCBF1. In summary, we proposed that GhPIP5K22 might play a positive regulatory role during the response to temperature stress.

3. Discussion

PIP5Ks are phosphor ester kinases, and their numbers vary among different plants. PIP5K genes have been discovered in various dicotyledonous crop species, such as A. thaliana [34], Glycine max [35], and Capsicum annuum [48], which contain 11, 22, and 19 genes, respectively. Additionally, these genes had been found in monocotyledonous crops such as O. sativa, which contains a total of 10 genes [35]. Fifty-six PIP5Ks were identified in G. hirsutum (28), G. raimondii (14) and G. arboreum (14) in this study. Interestingly, the number of GhPIP5Ks were the aggregate of the amounts of GaPIP5K and GrPIP5K genes, probably because G. hirsutum were a heterotetraploid crop produced by crossing the ancestors of the A and D genomes. In upland cotton, both At and Dt subgenomic donors were directly homozygous, leading to duplication of the GhPIP5Ks [50]. The replication and amplification of GhPIP5Ks had led to a higher abundance of GhPIP5Ks compared with that of the GaPIP5K and GrPIP5K genes. Nearly twice as many genes had been detected in the tetraploid plants G. hirsutum and G. max as in the diploid plants A. thaliana and O. sativa.
An in-depth study was conducted to identify the PIP5Ks across the cotton genome, and the evolutionary relationships among G. hirsutum, two other cotton species, A. thaliana, maize, O. sativa, and T. cacao, were then analyzed. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, PIP5K proteins could be classified into three main categories: I, II, and III. Moreover, group III could be divided into three distinct subgroups, namely, III-1, III-2, and III-3, which were formed by 98 genes. Notably, Figure 2 and Figure 5 illustrated the conserved characteristics of each subgroup, including motifs, gene structures, and domain features. These findings suggested a potential correlation between these groups and their involvement in plant growth and developmental processes. The majority of the GhPIP5Ks in group III exhibited structural domains such as MORN repeat motifs and PIPKc. The origin of the MORN structural domain in plants could be traced back to a primitive protein. Notably, the MORN structural domains found in plant PIP5K proteins exhibit significant dissimilarities compared with those observed in other protein variants [51]. The SMART database revealed that all 13 members of group I and II possess typical PIPKc domains, indicated that the gene architecture and domain characteristics exhibit a consistent pattern within the same group.
Duplicated genes serve as the fundamental building blocks for generating novel genes, thereby enabling the emergence of new functionalities. Gene duplication was widely recognized as a major contributor to the proliferation of plant gene families, and fragment replication and tandem replication had been identified as the primary mechanisms driving this expansion [52]. In this study, we investigated the correlation of GhPIP5Ks with chromosomes in upland cotton and noted that segment and tandem duplications were responsible for the amplification of the PIP5K family. Tandem duplication events between the genomes were found on chromosomes A05 and D05. Chromosomal fragment duplication events occurred more frequently in different genomes. Segment duplications of GhPIP5Ks were more abundant in G. hirsutum than in G. max [35]. However, in heterozygous hexaploid wheat, only fragment replication events occurred, with no tandem duplication [35]. The analysis of Ka/Ks ratios indicated that the PIP5K protein family underwent selective purification, indicated its stability throughout long-term evolution.
The presence of PIP5Ks had been documented in diverse dicotyledonous crop species, such as A. thaliana, G. max and C. annuum, and in monocot species, such as wheat and rice. Among these species, these genes had most widely been reported in A. thaliana and the PIP5K genes in A. thaliana were previously demonstrated to play a crucial role in various physiological processes. Specifically, these genes govern lateral root growth and hair tip elongation, facilitate stomatal opening, regulated then intracellular calcium ion levels, respond to water stress, and participated in the regulatory pathway for ABA signaling. In the context of the plant stress response, the involvement of cis-regulatory elements at the promoter site was crucial [53]. In this study, a promoter assay revealed that GhPIP5K contains cis-acting elements that respond to phytohormones and abiotic stresses, such as ABA and low temperature, suggested a potential role for GhPIP5K in modulating diverse responses to plant hormones, environmental stresses and development. These findings were comparable to the outcomes obtained from a gene promoter analysis of maize PIP5Ks [54]. In addition, most of the GhPIP5Ks contained growth- and development-related elements and light-responsive elements, which was consistent with the findings from previous studies of pepper [48]. Several studies had investigated stress-related PIP5Ks. In A. thaliana, the genes AtPIP5K1, AtPIP5K7, AtPIP5K8 and AtPIP5K9 were reportedly associated with salt and drought stress. In this study, we found that GhPIP5K7, GhPIP5K22 and AtPIP5K1; GhPIP5K2, GhPIP5K6, GhPIP5K17 and AtPIP5K7, AtPIP5K8 and AtPIP5K9 were clustered in the same subgroups in the evolutionary classification tree. Thus, we predicted that these five genes in G. hirsutum also had functions related to the responses to abiotic stresses. An examination of gene expression models could be used for the prediction of gene functions [55]. The expression patterns of GhPIP5Ks during diverse tissue development stages and under abiotic stress were investigated based on RNA-seq data and real-time fluorescence quantitative preliminary verification in upland cotton. A heatmap revealed that the expression of GhPIP5K2, GhPIP5K6, GhPIP5K7, GhPIP5K10, GhPIP5K15, GhPIP5K17, GhPIP5K22 and GhPIP5K25 changed under salt stress, drought stress, heat stress and cold stress conditions. These predictions were also verified by real-time fluorescence quantification. Among these genes, the GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K17 exhibited the most significant changes in expression under drought, salt, heat and cold stresses, whereas GhPIP5K22 exhibited the most significant changes in expression under temperature stress. These three genes could serve as candidates for future research on gene editing for breeding applications.
Upon exposure to stress, plants undergo a rapid increase in their intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently disrupts the normal physiological and metabolic functions of plant cells [56]. The synthesis of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes serves as an indispensable protective mechanism against the deleterious effects induced by harsh environmental conditions because these enzymes effectively scavenge ROS within plant cells. To further explored the impact of GhPIP5Ks on cotton plants in response to abiotic stress, we silenced GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 using VIGS technology. Our findings showed that knock down of the target gene resulted in heightened sensitivity to drought and temperature and accelerated the yellowing and wilting of leaves in cotton plants. We then assessed the levels of SOD, POD and CAT activities and the MDA content in response to exposure to abiotic stress. Taken together, our findings suggested that the TRV:GhPIP5K2 and TRV:GhPIP5K22 plants exhibited lower SOD, POD and CAT activities and a higher MDA content than the negative control plants. These findings indicated that GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 could modulate the adaptation to abiotic stress by augmenting the ability of cotton to eliminate ROS. Previous research had yielded comparable findings [57]. We further tested the expression levels of stress marker genes (GhHSFB2A, GhHSFB2B, GhDREB2A, GhDREB2C, GhRD20-1, GhRD29A, GhBIN2, GhCBL3, GhNHX1, GhPP2C, GhCBF1 and GhCIPK6) in the negative control and silenced plants and found significant decreases in their expression levels in the silenced plants in response to exposure to at least one stress condition [58,59,60]. These findings strongly suggested that suppression of the target genes decreased the tolerance of plants to abiotic stress. Based on the abovementioned findings, it could be inferred that GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 played positive regulatory roles in regulating the responses of cotton to abiotic stress. In summary, as proteins with positive regulatory effects, GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 could potentially enhance the ability of terrestrial cotton ability to withstand abiotic stress by promoting stress-related gene expression and increasing the CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities. Specifically, after further VIGS validation, the findings obtained for GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22s were consistent with earlier predictions that these genes positively regulated the response to abiotic stress. Further comprehensive investigations and analytical tests were important for improving the agricultural production and stress tolerance of cotton plants.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Identification of Members of the PIP5K Gene Family

We obtained genomic sequence and annotated data for three cotton species, namely Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboretum and Gossypium raimondii from the CottonFGD [61] (https://cottonfgd.org/, accessed on 10 March 2023). Eleven AtPIP5Ks of A. thaliana were retrieved from the A. thaliana Information Resource [62] (TAIR, http://www.arabidopsis.org, accessed on 10 March 2023). One of these eleven AtPIP5K proteins was used to obtain the hidden Markov model profile (PF01504) of the AtPIP5K structural feature sequence from Pfam online software [63] (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 11 March 2023). We then utilized HMMER 3.0 software to retrieve the cotton protein sequence with the seed file as the index, set the E-value cutoff to 1.0 × 10−5 to ensure confidence, and obtained the sequence matching the structural characteristics of the protein, which was the candidate member of the PIP5K gene family. The protein sequences of all candidate PIP5Ks were analyzed using SMART [64] (https://smart.embl.de/, accessed on 11 March 2023) and NCBI Batch CD-Search [65] (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi, accessed on 11 March 2023) to identify their respective domains. The GhPIP5K proteins in upland cotton were analyzed using ExPASy [66] (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 12 March 2023), an online tool. The GhPIP5Ks were predicted using a subcellular localization site called WoLF PSORT [67] (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp/, accessed on 13 March 2023) to determine their location in the cell.

4.2. Chromosomal Localization and Collinearity Analysis

Chromosome location information for the GhPIP5Ks were obtained by downloading the gene annotation files from the CottonFGD website [61] (https://cottonfgd.org/, accessed on 10 March 2023). An analysis of the spatial arrangement of the GhPIP5Ks across chromosomes were conducted with TBtools v1.116 software [68]. We used whole-genome sequences and gene annotations of G. hirsutum, G. raimondii and G. arboreum to pinpoint tandem and segmented replication events in PIP5K genes. The PIP5K proteins were subjected to multiple sequence analysis using MCScanX. TBtools software was subsequently applied to display the multicollinearity of the repeating genes and thus determined their relationships.

4.3. Sequence Alignments and Phylogenetic Analysis of the PIP5K Genes

We performed multiple sequence comparisons of PIP5K protein sequences from three cotton varieties using DNAMan 2.0 software. To analyze the phylogenetic relationships, we compared the protein sequences of four species (Arabidopsis, Zea mays, Oryza sativa and Theobroma cacao) and three cotton varieties (G. hirsutum, G. raimondii and G. arboretum). The MEGA 11.0 [69] algorithm was used to search for the optimal model and to construct a tree via the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The tree was subjected to 1000 iterations using the bootstrap method. The Poisson model with default parameters was employed to determine substitutions.

4.4. Analysis of the Gene Structure, Conserved Motifs and Cis-Acting Elements

To enhance our understanding of the conservation of PIP5K genes, we predicted the gene structures using the Gene Structure Display Server 2.0 [70] (http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/, accessed on 14 March 2023) online tool. The conserved motifs in the PIP5K genes were analyzed using the MEME database [71] (http://meme-suite.org/, accessed on 14 March 2023), with the selection of 10 motifs as parameters. We utilized the Gtf/Gff3 sequence extraction tool (Gtf/Gff3 sequence extraction) within TBtools software to retrieve a 2000bp promoter sequence located upstream of the coding DNA sequence for each GhPIP5Ks. These extracted sequences were subsequently subjected to cis-element prediction using PlantCare [72] (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 15 March 2023).

4.5. Transcriptome Analysis of PIP5K Genes during Growth and Development and under Abiotic Stress Conditions

The expression patterns of the GhPIP5Ks were studied by obtaining RNA-seq data of TM-1 tissue and abiotic stress (ZJU)-treated plants from the cotton website (http://cotton.zju.edu.cn/, accessed on 17 March 2023). The TM-1 RNA-seq dataset encompasses diverse developmental phases, including those involving roots, stems, leaves, tori, petals, anthers and pistils. Additionally, the dataset included developmental stages: 0 to 20 dpa-ovule and 10 to 25 dpa-fibers. Furthermore, the dataset encompassed abiotic stress treatments involving salt, drought, cold and heat conditions. Heatmaps of all 28 GhPIP5Ks were generated using TBtools software.

4.6. Experimental Materials and Treatments

The upland cotton variety XinshiK25 was subjected to different abiotic stress treatments. Each small pot was filled with an equal amount of nutrient soil (substrate:vermiculite = 1:1) and placed in large pots filled with tap water for immersion until the water was absorbed to the surface of the pots to promote cottonseed germination. Seeds of Neolith K25 were planted in the abovementioned pots, and the depth of seed planting was maintained at 1.5 cm to achieve consistent seedling emergence. The plants were cultivated in an artificial climate incubator (16 h light, 8 h dark, 28 °C temperature, 70% humidity). Once the cotton plants had grown to the four-leaf stage, they were treated with either natural water loss or 200 mmol/L NaCl or subjected to a temperature of 12°C or 42 °C. Leaf samples were collected after treatment for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h and stored at −80 °C. The roots, stems, leaves, bracts, petals, sepals, pistils, stamens and fibers of the normally growing experimental material XinshiK25 were collected, and the samples were first rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently stored at −80 °C for later use.

4.7. Extraction of RNA and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT‒PCR) Analysis

RNA was isolated from the apical meristem and juvenile foliage of the plants and from nine distinct organs using a polysaccharide-polyphenol-based RNA extraction kit (Tiangen, Tianjin, China). A NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to assess the RNA quality of all the samples. The specimens were cryogenically preserved and maintained at a temperature of −80 °C. The RNA was then used as the template for generating cDNA through reverse transcription via the First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Tiangen, China). The qRT‒PCR primers (Table S3) for the PIP5K genes were designed using Primer-BLAST (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/index, accessed on 19 March 2023). The internal control gene β-actin was utilized for housekeeping purposes. The real-time PCR experiment was performed with a 20 µL reaction mixture comprising 2.4 µL of each primer (at a concentration of 2.5 µM), 2 µL of cDNA (100 ng/µL), 10 µL of SYBR Premix Ex Taq (at a concentration of 2×), and 3.2 µL of ddH2O. The experiment was performed in triplicate with a LightCycler® 96 (Roche, Switzerland, Europe) instrument. The reaction procedure involved incubation at 95 °C for 3 min followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s and a final incubation at 60 °C for 15 s.

4.8. Silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 in Cotton

The silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 was achieved via the VIGS technique using a TRV vector. Initially, 417-bp and 431-bp target fragments of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 were acquired through PCR amplification and subsequently integrated into the TRV (PYL156) vector (Table S4). The resulting construct was subsequently introduced into Agrobacterium strain GV3101 via the freeze‒thaw technique. The pYL192 strains were then mixed with the TRV:00, TRV:GhCLA1, TRV:GhPIP5K2 and TRV:GhPIP5K22 strained at a ratio of 1:1 and injected into 8-day-old cotton cotyledons after treatment under dark conditions for 3 h. After 24 h of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C, normal cultivation was performed. After the occurrence of positive control albinism, samples were collected and stored at −80 °C. The gene expression levels in TRV:GhPIP5K2- and TRV:GhPIP5K22-silenced plants were detected via real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. TRV:00 empty carrier plants and TRV:GhPIP5K2 plants were grown to 4 weeks of age and then subjected to high temperature (42 °C), low temperature (12 °C), drought (dehydration) and NaCl (200 mmol/L) conditions. Moreover, TRV:GhPIP5K22 plants were treated with high or low temperature. After 10 days of stress treatment, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, and SOD) and the content of MDA were determined. The expression levels of marker genes (GhHSFB2A, GhDREB2A, GhDREB2C, GhRD20-1, GhRD29A, GhBIN2, GhCBL3, GhNHX1, GhPP2C, GhSnRK2.6 and GhCBF1) in the TRV:GhPIP5K2-silenced plants were measured before and after stress treatment, and the expression levels of marker genes (GhHSFB2B, GhDREB2A, GhDREB2C, GhRD20-1, GhRD29A, GhCBF1 and GhCIPK6) in TRV:GhPIP5K22-silenced plants were measured before and after stress treatments.

5. Conclusions

We identified a total of 14, 14, and 28 PIP5Ks in G. arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum, respectively, based on their genomic information. We examined the chromosomal distribution, gene structure, duplication events, conserved genes, cis-elements and expression patterns of the GhPIP5Ks. Notably, our expression profiling revealed the substantial involvement of the GhPIP5Ks in both the abiotic stress response and pollen growth regulation. Furthermore, preliminary confirmation through VIGS suggested that GhPIP5K2 specifically contributes to abiotic stress tolerance and that GhPIP5K22 was specifically involved in tolerance to temperature stress. Considering these findings, GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 are particularly desirable candidates for further exploration and utilization for augmenting the resistance of cotton against various stresses.

Supplementary Materials

The supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms25031511/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.W., X.Z. (Xianliang Zhang), J.S. and P.L.; methodology, P.L., W.W. and Y.L.; software, P.L., J.J. and X.Z. (Xueli Zhang); validation, H.C. and J.J.; formal analysis, P.L. and J.L.; investigation, P.L., H.H. and B.S.; resources, C.W., X.Z. (Xianliang Zhang) and J.S.; data curation, P.L. and X.Z. (Xueli Zhang); writing—original draft preparation, P.L.; writing—review and editing, P.L. and J.S.; visualization, J.J.; supervision, X.Z. (Xianliang Zhang) and J.S.; project administration, C.W.; funding acquisition, X.Z. (Xianliang Zhang) and J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Project No: 2022D01E103 and 2023D01A015); Project for Postdoctoral and High-level Flexible Talents of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Grant No. RSSQ00066509); Changji Prefecture “Two Districts” Science and Technology Development Plan Project: (2023LQG04); Major Science and Technology Program of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture (Grant No. 2021Z01-01); Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (ZYYD2023C06).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary data files.

Acknowledgments

The authors are especially thankful to Qifeng Ma, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, for the TRV vectors and Yonglin Yang, Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, for the XinshiK25 cotton seeds.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Evolutionary relationships among PIP5K genes. The sequences of PIP5K in Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Theobroma cacao, G. arboretum, G. raimondii and G. hirsutum were arranged using ClustalW and a phylogenetic tree was constructed through the neighbor-joining method with the aid of iTOL. The evolutionary tree was divided into three groups, and each of the three groups is represented by a different color: orange, group I; green, group II; and blue, group III.
Figure 1. Evolutionary relationships among PIP5K genes. The sequences of PIP5K in Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Theobroma cacao, G. arboretum, G. raimondii and G. hirsutum were arranged using ClustalW and a phylogenetic tree was constructed through the neighbor-joining method with the aid of iTOL. The evolutionary tree was divided into three groups, and each of the three groups is represented by a different color: orange, group I; green, group II; and blue, group III.
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Figure 2. Locations of GhPIP5Ks on chromosomes in G. hirsutum. The blue bars represent chromosomes in the graph corresponding to the At and Dt subgenomes of G. hirsutum. The gene names corresponding to each chromosome can be observed on the right side of both the At and Dt subgenomes.
Figure 2. Locations of GhPIP5Ks on chromosomes in G. hirsutum. The blue bars represent chromosomes in the graph corresponding to the At and Dt subgenomes of G. hirsutum. The gene names corresponding to each chromosome can be observed on the right side of both the At and Dt subgenomes.
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Figure 3. Duplication analysis of PIP5Ks within and between cotton species. (a). Duplication of GhPIP5Ks on the chromosome. The interconnections between all the genes in the genome of upland cotton were denoted by gray lines, and the GhPIP5K gene pairs were depicted by lines of different colors. Chromosomes were indicated by distinctly colored rectangles. (b). Collinearity analysis diagram of three cotton species; G. arboreum is shown in red, G. hirsutum is shown in orange, and G. raimondii is shown in cyan.
Figure 3. Duplication analysis of PIP5Ks within and between cotton species. (a). Duplication of GhPIP5Ks on the chromosome. The interconnections between all the genes in the genome of upland cotton were denoted by gray lines, and the GhPIP5K gene pairs were depicted by lines of different colors. Chromosomes were indicated by distinctly colored rectangles. (b). Collinearity analysis diagram of three cotton species; G. arboreum is shown in red, G. hirsutum is shown in orange, and G. raimondii is shown in cyan.
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Figure 4. Comparison of the conserved motifs and gene structure of GhPIP5Ks. (a). Unrooted phylogenetic tree of GhPIP5Ks. (b). The arrangement of motifs in G. hirsutum was depicted using colored boxes, with each color representing a different number from 1 to 10. (c). A structure analysis revealed the exons and introns in GhPIP5Ks, which were represented by green boxes and black lines, respectively. A scale bar was included for reference at the bottom of the figure.
Figure 4. Comparison of the conserved motifs and gene structure of GhPIP5Ks. (a). Unrooted phylogenetic tree of GhPIP5Ks. (b). The arrangement of motifs in G. hirsutum was depicted using colored boxes, with each color representing a different number from 1 to 10. (c). A structure analysis revealed the exons and introns in GhPIP5Ks, which were represented by green boxes and black lines, respectively. A scale bar was included for reference at the bottom of the figure.
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Figure 5. Projected results concerning cis-regulatory elements located in the promoter regions of GhPIP5Ks. The cell values represent the counts of regulatory elements. The intensity of the color increases with increase in the numerical value.
Figure 5. Projected results concerning cis-regulatory elements located in the promoter regions of GhPIP5Ks. The cell values represent the counts of regulatory elements. The intensity of the color increases with increase in the numerical value.
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Figure 6. Expression analysis of GhPIP5K genes in different tissues of upland cotton under normal growth conditions. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. The different letters (a, b, c, d and e) indicated significant differences based on Duncan’s Multiple Range test.
Figure 6. Expression analysis of GhPIP5K genes in different tissues of upland cotton under normal growth conditions. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. The different letters (a, b, c, d and e) indicated significant differences based on Duncan’s Multiple Range test.
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Figure 7. Relative expression levels of 8 GhPIP5Ks under diverse environmental conditions, including PEG, salt, high temperature, and low temperature stress. The error bars on the graph represent the standard deviations calculated from three replicates. The colors used in the graph indicate the different treatments: purple indicates drought treatment, orange indicates salt stress treatment, blue indicates high temperature treatment, and green indicates low temperature treatment. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
Figure 7. Relative expression levels of 8 GhPIP5Ks under diverse environmental conditions, including PEG, salt, high temperature, and low temperature stress. The error bars on the graph represent the standard deviations calculated from three replicates. The colors used in the graph indicate the different treatments: purple indicates drought treatment, orange indicates salt stress treatment, blue indicates high temperature treatment, and green indicates low temperature treatment. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
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Figure 8. Validation of GhPIP5K2 by the VIGS technique. (a). The leaves of TRV:GhCLA1 cotton plants (positive control) exhibited an albino appearance. (b). Detection of the silencing efficiency of GhPIP5K2 via qRT‒PCR. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (** p < 0.01). (c,d). Effects of heat, cold, drought and NaCl stress on the TRV:00 and TRV:GhPIP5K2 phenotypes. (e). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to heat stress. (f). Numbers of blackened leaves on the control and silenced plants after exposure to cold stress. (g). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to drought stress. (h). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to salt stress.
Figure 8. Validation of GhPIP5K2 by the VIGS technique. (a). The leaves of TRV:GhCLA1 cotton plants (positive control) exhibited an albino appearance. (b). Detection of the silencing efficiency of GhPIP5K2 via qRT‒PCR. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (** p < 0.01). (c,d). Effects of heat, cold, drought and NaCl stress on the TRV:00 and TRV:GhPIP5K2 phenotypes. (e). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to heat stress. (f). Numbers of blackened leaves on the control and silenced plants after exposure to cold stress. (g). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to drought stress. (h). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to salt stress.
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Figure 9. Validation of GhPIP5K22 by the VIGS technique. (a). The leaves of the TRV:GhCLA1 plants (positive control) exhibited an albino appearance. (b). Detection of the silencing efficiency of GhPIP5K22 via qRT‒PCR. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (** p < 0.01). (c). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to heat stress. (d). Numbers of wilted leaves on the control and silenced plants after exposure to cold stress. (e). Effects of heat and cold stress on the TRV:00 and TRV:GhPIP5K2 phenotypes.
Figure 9. Validation of GhPIP5K22 by the VIGS technique. (a). The leaves of the TRV:GhCLA1 plants (positive control) exhibited an albino appearance. (b). Detection of the silencing efficiency of GhPIP5K22 via qRT‒PCR. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (** p < 0.01). (c). Numbers of fallen leaves from the control and silenced plants after exposure to heat stress. (d). Numbers of wilted leaves on the control and silenced plants after exposure to cold stress. (e). Effects of heat and cold stress on the TRV:00 and TRV:GhPIP5K2 phenotypes.
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Figure 10. Detection of physiological and biochemical indices of TRV:00, TRV:GhPIP5K2 and TRV:GhPIP5K22 plants before and after stress treatment. (a). SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity and MDA content of TRV:GhPIP5K2. (b). SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity and MDA content of TRV:GhPIP5K22. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. The different letters (a, b, c and d) indicated significant differences based on Duncan’s Multiple Range test.
Figure 10. Detection of physiological and biochemical indices of TRV:00, TRV:GhPIP5K2 and TRV:GhPIP5K22 plants before and after stress treatment. (a). SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity and MDA content of TRV:GhPIP5K2. (b). SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity and MDA content of TRV:GhPIP5K22. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. The different letters (a, b, c and d) indicated significant differences based on Duncan’s Multiple Range test.
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Figure 11. Changes in the expression of stress-related genes in TRV:00, TRV:GhPIP5K2 and TRV:GhPIP5K22 plants before and after stress treatments. (a). Expression of 11 stress marker genes in TRV:GhPIP5K2. (b). Expression of 7 stress marker genes in TRV:GhPIP5K2. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
Figure 11. Changes in the expression of stress-related genes in TRV:00, TRV:GhPIP5K2 and TRV:GhPIP5K22 plants before and after stress treatments. (a). Expression of 11 stress marker genes in TRV:GhPIP5K2. (b). Expression of 7 stress marker genes in TRV:GhPIP5K2. Asterisks denote a notable level of significance in relation to the control value (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
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Table 1. Subcellular distribution and physicochemical properties of GhPIP5Ks.
Table 1. Subcellular distribution and physicochemical properties of GhPIP5Ks.
Sequence IDGene NameNm. of Amino AcidsMolecular WeightTheoretical pIInstability IndexAliphatic IndexGrand Average of HydropathicitySubcellular Localization
GH_A01G2098GhPIP5K177088,582.978.5931.8963.94−0.71nucleus
GH_A01G2293GhPIP5K282593,092.518.9343.5776.76−0.52nucleus
GH_A02G1290GhPIP5K376888,787.076.0536.2564.35−0.70cytosol
GH_A03G2365GhPIP5K479890,509.079.0639.7971.03−0.56nucleus
GH_A04G0885GhPIP5K581592,004.388.7747.6278.65−0.49nucleus
GH_A04G1543GhPIP5K679990,517.748.7937.8569.42−0.60nucleus
GH_A05G2320GhPIP5K775886,497.718.5031.7464.79−0.63nucleus
GH_A05G2701GhPIP5K872983,795.418.0134.2063.50−0.71nucleus
GH_A05G2841GhPIP5K974885,400.579.0237.9459.79−0.72nucleus
GH_A05G4205GhPIP5K1056564,445.817.5732.2463.27−0.59cytosol
GH_A08G1524GhPIP5K1141647,724.258.8353.9276.13−0.39nucleus
GH_A10G2027GhPIP5K1271881,362.627.8028.8959.97−0.62cytosol
GH_A12G1261GhPIP5K1338644,712.668.4738.7786.58−0.23cytosol
GH_A13G0020GhPIP5K1477989,410.948.3735.5566.59−0.66nucleus
GH_D01G2192GhPIP5K1577088,601.998.4132.6864.31−0.71nucleus
GH_D01G2372GhPIP5K1682593,052.478.9342.7476.06−0.53nucleus
GH_D02G2535GhPIP5K1780090,634.339.1639.9269.51−0.58nucleus
GH_D03G0675GhPIP5K1867377,580.075.8336.8662.29−0.74nucleus
GH_D04G0173GhPIP5K1975185,098.086.7236.2661.49−0.65nucleus
GH_D04G1204GhPIP5K2082192,894.358.9049.4976.88−0.51nucleus
GH_D04G1886GhPIP5K2179990,552.98.9239.1570.40−0.59nucleus
GH_D05G2342GhPIP5K2275886,343.478.4129.1764.27−0.64nucleus
GH_D05G2718GhPIP5K2372983,625.28.1834.3162.96−0.71nucleus
GH_D05G2857GhPIP5K2474885,445.659.0238.3359.79−0.72chloroplast
GH_D08G1541GhPIP5K2541146,984.468.6155.4279.90−0.39nucleus
GH_D10G2136GhPIP5K2671881,412.647.5229.6259.83−0.63cytosol
GH_D12G1277GhPIP5K2738444,353.168.9135.7382.68−0.25nucleus
GH_D13G0016GhPIP5K2877789,212.728.4636.4266.00−0.67nucleus
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Ling, P.; Ju, J.; Zhang, X.; Wei, W.; Luo, J.; Li, Y.; Hai, H.; Shang, B.; Cheng, H.; Wang, C.; et al. The Silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 Weakens Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031511

AMA Style

Ling P, Ju J, Zhang X, Wei W, Luo J, Li Y, Hai H, Shang B, Cheng H, Wang C, et al. The Silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 Weakens Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031511

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ling, Pingjie, Jisheng Ju, Xueli Zhang, Wei Wei, Jin Luo, Ying Li, Han Hai, Bowen Shang, Hongbo Cheng, Caixiang Wang, and et al. 2024. "The Silencing of GhPIP5K2 and GhPIP5K22 Weakens Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031511

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