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Article

Genome Identification and Expression Profiling of the PIN-Formed Gene Family in Phoebe bournei under Abiotic Stresses

by
Jingshu Li
1,2,†,
Yanzi Zhang
3,†,
Xinghao Tang
1,4,
Wenhai Liao
1,2,
Zhuoqun Li
1,2,
Qiumian Zheng
1,2,
Yanhui Wang
5,
Shipin Chen
1,
Ping Zheng
6,7,* and
Shijiang Cao
1,2,*
1
College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
2
University Key Laboratory of Forest Stress Physiology, Ecology and Molecular Biology of Fujian Province, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
3
FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
4
Fujian Academy of Forestry Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China
5
College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
6
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
7
Pingtan Science and Technology Research Institute, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031452
Submission received: 7 November 2023 / Revised: 19 January 2024 / Accepted: 21 January 2024 / Published: 25 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Genomics and Metabolomics of Horticultural Plants at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)
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Abstract

:
PIN-formed (PIN) proteins—specific transcription factors that are widely distributed in plants—play a pivotal role in regulating polar auxin transport, thus influencing plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. Although the identification and functional validation of PIN genes have been extensively explored in various plant species, their understanding in woody plants—particularly the endangered species Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang—remains limited. P. bournei is an economically significant tree species that is endemic to southern China. For this study, we employed bioinformatics approaches to screen and identify 13 members of the PIN gene family in P. bournei. Through a phylogenetic analysis, we classified these genes into five sub-families: A, B, C, D, and E. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical properties, three-dimensional structures, conserved motifs, and gene structures of the PbPIN proteins. Our results demonstrate that all PbPIN genes consist of exons and introns, albeit with variations in their number and length, highlighting the conservation and evolutionary changes in PbPIN genes. The results of our collinearity analysis indicate that the expansion of the PbPIN gene family primarily occurred through segmental duplication. Additionally, by predicting cis-acting elements in their promoters, we inferred the potential involvement of PbPIN genes in plant hormone and abiotic stress responses. To investigate their expression patterns, we conducted a comprehensive expression profiling of PbPIN genes in different tissues. Notably, we observed differential expression levels of PbPINs across the various tissues. Moreover, we examined the expression profiles of five representative PbPIN genes under abiotic stress conditions, including heat, cold, salt, and drought stress. These experiments preliminarily verified their responsiveness and functional roles in mediating responses to abiotic stress. In summary, this study systematically analyzes the expression patterns of PIN genes and their response to abiotic stresses in P. bournei using whole-genome data. Our findings provide novel insights and valuable information for stress tolerance regulation in P. bournei. Moreover, the study offers significant contributions towards unraveling the functional characteristics of the PIN gene family.

1. Introduction

Plants experience various degrees of damage throughout their growth cycle in their natural habitats. Plant stress arises when the environmental conditions become unsuitable for optimal plant growth, which can be categorized into biotic and abiotic stress. Abiotic stresses include high salt, drought, low and high temperatures, flooding, mechanical damage, nutrient deficiency, oxidative stress, and so on. These factors impede plant growth and development, thereby limiting yield improvement, and can even result in plant mortality [1]. To overcome these adversities, plants have evolved defense mechanisms at the cellular, molecular, physiological, and biochemical levels to adapt to stress conditions [2,3,4]. Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang, belonging to the Lauraceae family and Phoebe genus, stands as a renowned arboreal species in the horticultural field. This species holds a prominent position among the flora within sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, boasting substantial economic worth and ecological relevance [5,6]. However, the growth trajectory of P. bournei has encountered impediments attributable to an array of anthropogenic interventions and abiotic stresses. Consequently, these challenges have induced a decline in its population size and have contributed to a dispersed distribution pattern in recent years [7]. The species is now regarded as a vulnerable species by the World Conservation Union and is a Class II protected plant in China. Therefore, it is imperative to enhance its tolerance to abiotic stresses.
Auxin, one of the earliest discovered plant hormones, plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant development and growth processes [8], including cell differentiation, embryonic development, fruit ripening [9], oriented growth, and polar transport [10]. Auxin also exerts a crucial influence on the response of plants to stress, such as salt stress and low-temperature stress. Notably, auxin exhibits a distinct feature known as polar transport, which involves the movement of auxin between cells [11]. This polar transport is facilitated by the asymmetric distribution of PIN auxin output carriers on the cytoplasmic membrane [12,13,14]. The PIN protein, a membrane transport protein, exhibits a polar distribution within the cellular membrane and serves as the conduit for the intracellular to extracellular transport of auxin, making its polarity localization match that of auxin flow [15,16]. Recent research has substantiated that the polar transport of auxin in various organs is orchestrated through the interaction of PIN genes [17]. These proteins exhibit a polar distribution in the cell membrane and exert a significant influence on growth hormone transport. As shown in Figure 1A, the polar localization of PIN proteins is established through a process involving GNOM-mediated recycling and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). This localization is maintained by clustering in the plasma membrane and through cell wall–plasma membrane connections. Apical–basal polarity is determined by reversible phosphorylation, which is regulated by PID/WAG kinases and PP2A phosphatases. The auxin transport activity of PIN proteins is mediated by D6PK. Additionally, PIN proteins undergo trafficking through the multi-vesicular body (MVB) for eventual degradation in the lytic vacuole [18,19]. Based on the specificity of their hydrophilic structure, PIN proteins can be classified into two categories. The first category is composed of short PINs, characterized by only one constant region 1, one variable region 1, and a short hydrophilic region. The second category encompasses long PINs, which exhibit an extended hydrophilic region containing three conserved C1-3 structural domains and two variable V1 and V2 structural domains [20]. Notably, a conserved NPXXY motif is presented between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the C-terminus [21], which plays an important role in lattice protein-dependent endocytosis and facilitates the interaction between receptor proteins and membrane proteins during growth hormone transport. The hydrophilic region of PIN proteins contains glycosylation and phosphorylation sites, which are closely associated with their functionality and proper localization.
To date, the PIN gene family has been extensively investigated in numerous species in terms of growth, development, hormones, and abiotic stresses [23,24,25]. In Arabidopsis, for instance, eight members of the PIN gene family have been identified, the physicochemical properties and functions of which have been thoroughly examined [26,27]. Among them, AtPIN1-4 and AtPIN7 are expressed on the plasma membrane and contribute to embryogenesis, while AtPIN2 plays a crucial role in the redistribution of auxin in roots, particularly in response to gravitational forces [28,29]. In Oryza sativa, a total of 12 members of the OsPIN gene family have been characterized. The tissue-specific expression patterns of nine PIN genes have been investigated using RT-PCR and GUS reporter assays, revealing their up-regulation upon exogenous auxin stimulation [30]. However, the responses to different hormones varied among the different PIN genes [17,31]. In Zea mays, nine novel auxin efflux carriers belonging to the PIN gene family and two PIN-like genes have been identified. Further investigations unveiled overlapping expression domains of ZmPIN genes in the root apex, as well as during male and female inflorescence differentiation and kernel development [32]. Sixteen ZaPIN genes have been identified in the entire genome of Zanthoxylum armatum. In young leaves, most of the ZaPINs exhibited up-regulation following stimulation with exogenous auxin and gibberellin [33]. In 2020, a total of 15 PpPINs were identified in Prunus persica. Moreover, the expression patterns of these 15 PpPIN genes were analyzed in different cultivars, revealing differential expression among the various cultivars [34]. Additionally, the MdPIN15 gene in Malus domestica and the NtPIN4 gene in Nicotiana tabacum have been implicated in axillary bud formation [35,36].
PIN genes have also been implicated in the regulation of abiotic stresses; however, limited studies on their response to such stresses have been conducted. For instance, in S. lycopersicum, a total of 15 members of the SlPIN gene family have been identified, and the functional validation of genes exhibiting significant responses to adverse stress was carried out using gene silencing techniques [37]. In S. bicolor, SbPIN3 and SbPIN9 displayed high expression levels in flowers [38,39]. Moreover, 23 GmPINs have been identified in G. max, with 15 of them found to participate in the response to drought stress. Experimental evidence has revealed that the majority of GmPIN genes exhibited down-regulation in r expression under drought stress [40,41,42]. In Z. mays, the expression levels of ZmPIN1a and ZmPIN1b were higher when compared to ZmPIN1c and ZmPIN1d under NAA and low phosphate treatment. Over-expression of ZmPIN1a and ZmPIN1b contributed to root development in transgenic lines, indicating the coordinated functions of PIN1 genes during development and under abiotic stresses [43]. Furthermore, 44 members of the TaPIN gene family have been identified in T. aestivum, and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that several members of the TaPIN family can be concurrently induced in response to abiotic stresses [44]. In L. chinense, 11 LcPIN genes have been identified, with experimental data suggesting that LcPIN5 and LcPIN8 may play a crucial role in auxin transport in L. chinense stems and leaves under abiotic stresses [45]. Recent studies have indicated the presence of 16 ZaPINs in Z. armatum and 12 VvPINs in V. vinifera, and through stress experiments, it was observed that a majority of these genes responded to hormone stimulation or abiotic stresses in both species [33,46]. Accumulating evidence suggests that PIN genes, as a core part of signal transduction, play a key role in plant coordination and adaptation to multifarious abiotic stresses (Figure 1B).
In this study, we systematically analyzed 13 members of the PIN gene family in P. bournei using whole-genome data. In particular, we investigated the physicochemical properties of the encoded proteins and visualized their gene structures, chromosomal locations, and gene co-linearity. Additionally, an evolutionary relationship diagram was established between PbPINs and PIN genes in other species. This study systematically examines the expression patterns of PIN genes in various tissues of P. bournei and their responses to abiotic stress, providing novel insights and information for future research on the selection and regulation of stress tolerance. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights and information for further understanding the functional characteristics of the PIN gene family.

2. Results

2.1. Identification and Physicochemical Properties of PbPIN Proteins

A total of 13 PIN genes were identified in the P. bournei genome. These genes were assigned names from PbPIN1 to PbPIN13, according to their distribution on the seven chromosomes. The physical and chemical properties of the PbPIN genes were integrated and are presented in Table 1. The number of amino acids ranged from 180 (PbPIN7) to 632 (PbPIN5), and the relative molecular weight varied between 19,895.81 (PbPIN7) and 68,322.18 (PbPIN5). We found that PbPIN6, PbPIN7, and PbPIN12 were hydrophobic proteins, while the remaining genes exhibited amphiphilic properties. Additionally, the projected sub-cellular localization indicated that the majority of PbPIN genes were located on the plasma membrane, with PbPIN9 being the only gene located on the cytoskeleton. PbPIN9, whose isoelectric point is less than 7, is an acidic protein.
To further explore the protein structure of the PbPIN members, we employed SOPMA and SWISS-MODEL to predict their secondary and tertiary structures (Table S3). Analysis of the secondary structure revealed that all PbPINs contained α-helices, extended chains, β-sheets, and random coils. Among the PbPINs, α-helices and random coils emerged as the primary secondary structure elements. The construction of three-dimensional models confirmed that the proportions of different structural components were consistent with the predicted secondary structures (Figure 2).

2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of the PbPIN Gene Family

To investigate the evolutionary relationships between the PbPINs and PINs from other plant species, a phylogenetic tree was constructed with PbPIN, AtPIN, TaPIN, and OsPIN proteins using MEGA 7.0 (Figure 3). Based on the well-established classification in A. thaliana, the PIN gene numbers in P. bournei were classified into five major sub-families (A, B, C, D, and E) and seven classes (A, B1, B2, B3, C, D, and E). The B1 sub-family is composed of the highest number of PbPIN family members, including PbPIN2, PbPIN6, PbPIN7, and PbPIN8. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. bournei is closely related to A. thaliana and T. aestivum. It can be hypothesized that the PIN gene family in P. bournei has undergone relatively conserved evolution, retaining a larger set of intact PIN genes during its lengthy evolutionary process. The small number of PbPIN family members—each playing a crucial role in regulating growth hormone output—may be the main reason for the observed evolutionary classification.

2.3. Phylogenetic Analysis of the PbPIN Gene Family

We conducted a comprehensive annotation of the P. bournei genome and examined the chromosomal location of PbPIN genes in P. bournei (Figure 4). The distribution of PIN genes across 7 chromosomes of the P. bournei genome was observed to be uneven. As depicted in Figure 3, a total of 13 PbPIN genes were identified on 7 chromosomes: Chromosomes 1 and 3 harbored 3 PbPIN genes each, while chromosomes 8, 10, and 11 each contained a single PbPIN gene. Additionally, PbPIN4 and PbPIN5 were situated on chromosome 2, while PbPIN9 and PbPIN10 were located on chromosome 5.
The chromosomal localization data suggest that tandem replication and fragment replication events played significant roles in the evolution of PbPIN family genes. Such events have a notable impact on the amplification of genes related to abiotic and biotic stress responses. Collinearity analysis of the PbPIN gene family using TBtools revealed closely positioned pairs, such as PbPIN1 and PbPIN2, as well as PbPIN7 and PbPIN8, suggesting tandem duplication as a potential mechanism. Furthermore, three pairs of PbPIN genes (PbPIN1 and PbPIN12, PbPIN3 and PbPIN4, and PbPIN5 and PbPIN10) exhibited collinearity, indicating mutual replication (Figure 5).
To gain further insights into the duplication events and potential evolutionary mechanisms of PbPIN genes, we generated comparative syntenic maps of P. bournei in comparison to five representative plant species, composed of three dicots (A. thaliana, V. vinifera, and S. lycopersicum) and two monocots (O. sativa and A. comosus); see Figure 6. Within these comparisons, PbPIN exhibited three pairs of homologous genes with AtPINs and SlPINs, four pairs with VvPINs, six pairs with AcPINs, and seven pairs with OsPINs. These findings demonstrate that the genome collinearity between P. bournei and dicot plants surpassed that between P. bournei and monocot plants. Remarkably, PbPIN5 displayed collinearity with genes from A. thaliana, O. sativa, A. comosus, and V. vinifera, indicating its widespread presence in monocot species and suggesting an ancient origin preceding species divergence. Furthermore, the PbPIN12 gene exhibited a collinear gene in two distinct homologous groups within the O. sativa and A. comosus genomes, exclusively appearing in monocots. This observation suggests that gene duplication occurred subsequent to the divergence of monocots. Notably, PbPIN5 and PbPIN10 shared collinearity with the same gene loci as O. sativa, A. comosus, and V. vinifera, implying a common ancestral origin through gene duplication.

2.4. Protein Motif and Gene Structure Analysis of PbPIN Genes

Analysis of the conserved motifs within the 13 identified PbPIN protein family members unveiled the presence of 12 conserved motifs. Notably, members within the same sub-family exhibited consistent motif composition and sequential arrangement (Figure 7). Motif 8 was found in all genes except PbPIN13, highlighting its high conservation. The N-terminus of all genes, except for PbPIN12 and PbPIN7, contained Motif 7, while Motif 3 was present at the C-terminus of all genes except PbPIN13 and PbPIN7, which instead possessed Motif 5 and Motif 4, respectively. These observations indicate a relative conservation of PbPINs. PbPIN13 and PbPIN7 displayed only one and two conserved motifs, respectively, suggesting the potential loss or deletion of specific sequences during the evolutionary process. Furthermore, analysis of conserved domains revealed that the PbPINs harbored typical Mem_trans domains, except for PbPIN13 and PbPIN7. Additionally, the PbPINs exhibited the Mem_trans superfamily, which closely resembles the Mem_trans domain in amino acid sequence and shares the function of membrane transport.
Gene structure analysis of PbPIN family members revealed varying numbers of exons (ranging from 4 to 7) and introns (ranging from 3 to 6), among which PbPIN5, PbPIN7, PbPIN8, and PbPIN13 lacked untranslated regions (UTRs), while PbPIN6 and PbPIN10 lacked a 5’ UTR. The UTR in a gene sequence is known to significantly impact mRNA stability. Furthermore, differences in exon positions, exon numbers, and intron lengths were observed among different PbPIN gene family members, suggesting structural modifications or divergence within the family.

2.5. Multiple Sequence Alignment Analysis and Cis-Elements Analysis of PbPIN Genes

We conducted multiple sequence comparisons to confirm previous experimental validation and data analyses, which identified several functional elements and sites involved in regulating the polar transport and activity of PIN proteins (Figure 8). The structural domains of all PbPIN proteins, except for PbPIN1, PbPIN7, and PbPIN9, contained a cysteine residue (C). Phenylalanine residues (F) and the NPXXY element (found within Motif 6) were conserved in all PbPIN protein sequences. In addition, in our analysis of P. bournei protein sequences, we also identified the highly conserved TPRXS motif, suggesting the synergistic regulation of phosphorylation sites in P. bournei.
To gain further insights into the regulatory mechanisms of PbPIN genes and their response to plant hormones and stress, we conducted an analysis of the 2000 bp promoter sequence of PbPIN in P. bournei to identify potential cis-acting elements (Figure 9). This analysis revealed the presence of various elements associated with light response, hormone signaling, abiotic stress, and growth and development within the PIN gene family. Notably, hormone-responsive elements such as auxin- and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive elements were identified, along with elements responsive to salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and gibberellin. These results suggest that the PbPIN family genes may be more sensitive to stress and hormonal responses. The promoter region also contained elements related to abiotic stress factors, including anaerobic induction, defense and stress responses, low temperature responsiveness, wound signaling, drought response, and enhancer-like elements involved in anoxic-specific inducibility.

2.6. Expression Analysis of PbPIN Genes in Different Tissues

To gain deeper insight into the roles and regulatory mechanisms of PbPINs in the growth and development of P. bournei, we conducted an analysis of the expression patterns of the 13 PbPIN genes in various tissues, including the root bark, root xylem, stem bark, stem xylem, and leaf (Table S1). The heat map analysis revealed distinct tissue-specific expression profiles of the PbPIN genes (Figure 10). Based on these patterns, the PbPIN genes were categorized into three branches. The first branch, consisting of PbPIN9, PbPIN10, and PbPIN12, exhibited predominantly elevated expression levels in leaves, indicating a potential association between these genes and leaf growth. Notably, all six genes in the third branch showed significantly high expression in stem bark, while four members of the second branch displayed pronounced expression in both root and root bark. In the stem bark, a majority of PbPIN members exhibited high expression levels, with some genes also showing expression in the leaves and root bark. In contrast, the xylem of the root and stem exhibited minimal or negligible expression for most PbPIN genes. These findings suggest that PbPINs may play regulatory roles in both root development and leaf growth processes.

2.7. The Expression Profile of PbPIN Genes under Abiotic Stress

To investigate the response of the PbPIN gene family to abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, and temperature stresses, we focused on five genes (PbPIN1, PbPIN7, PbPIN8, PbPIN9, and PbPIN11) that contained a higher number of elements associated with adversity in their cis-acting elements [22,47]. These five genes were considered to be representative of four different sub-families. Transcriptional analysis confirmed differential transient expression levels in response to different stresses.
The expression results, as depicted in Figure 11, revealed a distinct pattern for PbPIN genes under low-temperature stress at 10 °C, characterized by an initial up-regulation followed by a down-regulation. Specifically, PbPIN1, PbPIN8, and PbPIN11 reached their peak expression levels at 6 h, 4 h, and 4 h, respectively, before gradually decreasing. At 40 °C, the expression levels of all genes also presented general up-regulation. Notably, when subjected to 10% PEG-induced drought stress, all five genes exhibited a cyclic rise-fall-rise-fall pattern, with significant peaks at 6 h and 12 h. In contrast, none of the five genes presented significant up-regulation under 10% NaCl-induced salt stress compared to the other three treatments. Instead, they displayed general down-regulation followed by up-regulation, ultimately resulting in a sharp decrease to nearly zero expression at 24 h.

3. Discussion

Since the initial discovery of the first PIN protein in A. thaliana [48,49], the identification of PIN gene family members has been carried out through whole-genome approaches in a range of diverse plant species. For this study, we employed systematic bioinformatic methods to conduct a comprehensive whole-genome identification and analysis of PIN genes in P. bournei. A total of 13 PbPIN gene family members were identified and extensively studied using the P. bournei genome database. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of these proteins revealed that, with the exception of PbPIN9, the theoretical isoelectric points (pI) of the remaining 12 PIN gene family members were all above seven. The analysis of physical and chemical properties showed that most of the PbPIN genes were alkaline amino acids, and each member contained the conserved domain Men_Trans (PF03547) in P. bournei, with consistent results in other plant species such as bamboo pepper [33] and soybean [40]. Moreover, PbPIN7, PbPIN9, and PbPIN12 exhibited relatively shorter amino acid sequences, likely contributing to structural, functional, and property distinctions. Furthermore, the secondary structure prediction of these proteins demonstrated that all PbPINs are composed of α-helices, extended chains, β-sheets, and random coils. The α-helices and random coils represent the major secondary structural elements of the PbPINs, consistent with observations in bamboo pepper [33]. Tertiary structure prediction indicated a high similarity in 3D structure among proteins from different categories, except for PbPIN7, PbPIN9, and PbPIN12. This observation suggests a conserved protein structure level within the PbPIN gene family, while also indicating potential evolutionary changes and fragment deletions in PbPIN7, PbPIN9, and PbPIN12, corresponding to their relatively shorter amino acid sequences mentioned earlier, and it is speculated that this is also the basis for the location of PbPIN9 in the cytoskeleton.
Systematic phylogenetic analysis revealed that, based on established evolutionary relationships in A. thaliana, the 13 PIN proteins from P. bournei can be classified into seven sub-families. Furthermore, compared to rice and wheat, the PIN gene family of P. bournei exhibited a closer homology to the PIN gene family members of A. thaliana, likely due to their shared characteristics as dicotyledonous plants. By analyzing the collinearity within the PbPIN gene family, we identified collinear PIN genes that arose through gene duplication events: PbPIN1 and PbPIN12, PbPIN3 and PbPIN4, and PbPIN5 and PbPIN10 (Figure 5). In rice, OsPIN1b/OsPIN1d, OsPIN1a/OsPIN1c, and OsPIN3a/OsPIN3b were similar in sequence, indicating that the PIN gene family was generated by duplication of chromosomal segments [18,19]. Motif analysis revealed that all PbPIN genes—except for PbPIN13—contained Motif 8, indicating its high conservation within the family. Moreover, different groups exhibited similar motifs, implying the functional significance of these conserved motifs. On the other hand, PbPIN13 and PbPIN7 possessed only one and two conserved motifs, respectively, suggesting that their sequences may have experienced losses or deletions during evolution. Such losses may be attributed to the selective loss of structural domains over the course of gene evolution or errors in annotation splicing [50,51]. Furthermore, analysis of the conserved domains revealed that the PbPINs harbor typical Mem_trans domains, except for PbPIN13 and PbPIN7. Additionally, the PbPINs exhibited the Mem_trans superfamily, which closely resembles the Mem_trans domain in terms of amino acid sequence and shares the function of membrane transport. This superfamily includes growth hormone efflux carrier proteins and other transport proteins from diverse life domains. PbPIN7 solely contained the Mem_trans superfamily domain, indicating a potential evolutionary change resulting in gene deletion. However, its function shared some similarity with other genes, in alignment with the findings of conserved motif analysis. In plants, introns play a pivotal role in regulating gene expression [52,53]. Further examination of intron–exon structures revealed that all genes contained both exons and introns, indicating a certain level of conservation in their structures. However, variations in the positions, numbers of exons, and lengths of introns were observed among different members of the PbPIN gene family, implying structural divergences or differentiations within the family. These findings further contribute to the understanding of their tissue-specific expression patterns [54,55].
PIN proteins play a crucial role as promoters of auxin efflux in the process of auxin polar transport, typically localizing to the plasma membrane and organelle membranes [56]. In our study, we predicted the plasma membrane localization of 12 PbPINs, suggesting their involvement in the transport of auxin from intracellular to extracellular regions [57]. Additionally, one PbPIN was predicted to localize to the vacuolar membrane, potentially contributing to cellular homeostasis by facilitating auxin flow between the cytoplasm and the vacuolar membrane [58]. The direction of auxin transport is determined by the phosphorylation status and polar localization of PINs [18,59]. Activation of auxin polar transport activity by PIN proteins is achieved through the binding of protein kinases to phosphorylation sites [60,61]. By aligning amino acid sequences, we identified highly conserved phosphorylation sites, TPRXS, and the NPXXY motif within the hydrophilic loop (HL) domain of all PbPINs. These elements contribute to the polar distribution of PbPINs in the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane, thereby regulating auxin transport in plants. Notably, cysteine residues (C) were found in the structural domains of all PbPIN proteins, except for PbPIN1, PbPIN7, and PbPIN9. This motif was associated with the regulation of PIN activity and the control of polar PIN localization on the plasmalemma [62]. Furthermore, phenylalanine residues (F) were conserved in all PbPIN protein sequences, which have been shown in previous studies to interact with articulation proteins and play a role in the transport and polar localization of PIN1 in A. thaliana [63]. Presumably, these residues also serve similar functions in P. bournei. The hydrophilic loop (HL) domains of PIN proteins contain motifs that play important roles in regulating the membrane abundance and polar localization of PIN proteins within the cell [64,65,66]. For example, the NPXXY element near the C-terminus is indispensable for AtPIN1 localization [56], and this section also exhibited high conservation (found within Motif 6) in P. bournei. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation sites associated with these kinases are typically located within the highly conserved TPRXS motif. In our analysis of P. bournei protein sequences, we also identified the highly conserved TPRXS motif, suggesting the presence of synergistic regulation of phosphorylation sites in P. bournei [56]. Multiple sequence comparisons revealed the high conservation of these significant sites within the protein’s structural domains and in all motifs present in the PIN trans-membrane structural domain. This suggests that conserved loci in multiple motifs may perform similar functions across different species.
Previous studies have demonstrated the high sensitivity of PIN gene transcription to plant hormones and environmental conditions [20,67]. Promoter regions of PIN genes in various plant species have been found to contain numerous cis-acting elements associated with plant hormones (e.g., auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid) and stress responses (e.g., temperature, light, and drought) [32]. In our study, we identified multiple cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and stress responses within the promoter regions of PbPIN genes. Notably, the types and quantities of cis-acting elements differed among the various PbPINs, suggesting that each gene exhibits a distinctive response to plant hormone treatments and environmental stimuli, including abiotic stresses. Various studies have demonstrated that several PIN genes in plants can be rapidly and concurrently induced in response to extreme stress conditions, indicating their involvement in stress regulation. Previous investigations have shown that soybean PIN genes are induced by various abiotic stresses and plant hormones, and their transcriptional responses to drought stress exhibit tissue-specific patterns depending on the severity of the stress [54]. Similarly, the up-regulation of PIN genes in response to plant hormone treatments and abiotic stress has been observed in Z. mays [30]. Furthermore, the auxin transport protein gene family in maize has been reported to respond to different abiotic stresses, with most members of the ZmPIN family exhibiting up-regulation in young leaves and down-regulation in roots under drought conditions [55].
Using a combination of phylogenetic analysis, transcriptomic data, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), we substantiated the swift induction and pivotal involvement of five representative PbPIN genes (PbPIN1, PbPIN7, PbPIN8, PbPIN9, and PbPIN11) in response to abiotic stresses, including low temperature, high temperature, drought, and salt stress. Our investigation revealed the up-regulation of these representative genes after exposure to specific stress conditions, including a low temperature of 10 °C, a high temperature of 40 °C, and drought stress induced by 10% PEG. Notably, PbPIN1, PbPIN8, and PbPIN11 exhibited prompt induction in response to stress under low-temperature conditions, reaching peak expression levels within four to six hours. This observation suggests their potential involvement in the mechanisms underlying the tolerance of P. bournei to low temperatures. It has been reported that polar auxin transport is selectively inhibited by intracellular trafficking proteins—namely, auxin efflux carriers and influx carriers—under low temperature stress [68,69]. Consequently, it has been speculated that PbPIN1, PbPIN8, and PbPIN11 may be responsible for impeding polar auxin transport under low-temperature conditions. Although no consistent patterns were discerned under salt stress, each gene exhibited distinct degrees of up- and/or down-regulation. Collectively, these findings provide preliminary evidence elucidating the rapid induction and vital roles played by the five PbPIN genes in response to abiotic stresses, including low temperature, high temperature, drought, and salt stress. Further investigations involving gene-specific over-expression or the analysis of PIN knockout plants are expected to hold promise in unraveling the precise functions of these genes.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Material and Data Sources

The seedlings of P. bournei used in this research were generously provided by the Fujian Academy of Forestry. These seedlings were cultivated outdoors for a period of 10 months in red soil characterized by a pH of 5 and a soil organic matter content ranging from 2.57% to 6.07%. The growth area experienced an average annual temperature of 16–20 °C, accompanied by an annual precipitation ranging from 900 mm to 2100 mm and an approximate annual relative humidity of 77%.
The genome sequence data and annotation information for P. bournei were downloaded from the Sequence Archive of the China National GeneBank Database (CNSA), with accession number CNP0002030 [70]. Then, the protein sequences encoded by PIN genes were retrieved from the A. thaliana database (https://www.arabidopsis.org, accessed on 4 May 2022), previously established as a query sequence for the purpose of genetic screening and identification.
In terms of the expression profiles of P. bournei, we used the whole-genome data of P. bournei from the research group of Professor Zai-kang Tong. This data set provides transcriptome data analyses of P. bournei across five distinct tissues: stem bark, leaf, root bark, stem xylem, and root xylem. These data were obtained through RNA-seq analyses conducted on various tissues of P. bournei, sourced from the Bio Project database under the accession number PRJNA628065 [70].

4.2. Identification and the Physicochemical Properties of PbPIN Genes

A Hidden Markov Model of the conserved Mem_trans domain of the PIN (PF03547) was obtained from the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 31 January 2023), and the Simple HMM Search module in TBtools (version 1.108) was used to search the PIN protein sequences of the P. bournei genome. Then, 8 AtPIN protein sequences of A. thaliana were downloaded from the Plant Transcription Factor Database (PTFD; http://planttfdb.gao-lab.org/index.php, accessed on 31 November 2022). Using TBtools, we conducted a BLAST analysis of the entire P. bournei genome and extracted genes with e-values exceeding 10−5, resulting in a final set of 13 PbPIN genes. To verify that these candidates were PbPINs, the online website NCBI Conserved Domain Database (NCBI-CDD) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd/, accessed on 31 May 2023) and SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 31 May 2023) were further used to screen out the PIN sequences with Mem_trans domains. Following established conventions and based on extensive previous research, these genes were renamed accordingly. Physicochemical properties of the PbPIN proteins, such as isoelectric point, amino acid length, and molecular weight, were calculated using ExPASy (http://www.expasy.org/tools, accessed on 31 May 2023).

4.3. Motif Analysis and Gene Structure of PbPINs

The identified PbPIN sequences were then subjected to sequence alignment and motif analysis using the MEME tool. Motif identification was performed with settings including Zero or One Occurrence per Sequence (ZOOPS) and a maximum motif duplication limit of 10 and 3, respectively. Subsequently, we utilized the MEGA11 software for alignment and analysis, as well as generating informative logos, motifs, and distinctive structures.

4.4. Construction of the Evolutionary Tree

To establish connections between the P. bournei gene sequences and related PIN gene family sequences from A. thaliana, O. sativa, and T. aestivum, we employed MEGA7 with a bootstrap parameter set to 1000. An initial comparison of the evolutionary trees was conducted to ensure the desired correlation degree. The phylogenetic tree was further enhanced, and node distinctions were set using the evolve website.

4.5. Sequence Alignment and Three-Dimensional Structures of PbHsf Proteins

The conserved domains of PbPIN protein sequences were edited using the Jalview software. SOPMA (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa_sopma.html, accessed on 30 June 2023) was utilized for protein secondary structure prediction using the default parameters. Finally, the SWISS-MODEL database (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/, accessed on 30 June 2023) was used to predict the protein tertiary structures through the homology modeling method.

4.6. Promoter Cis-Element Analysis of PbPIN Genes

The putative promoter regions of PbPIN genes were analyzed for the presence of cis-acting elements using PlantCare (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 31 July 2023), and the results were visualized using TBtools (https://www.omicstudio.cn, accessed on 30 July 2023).

4.7. Chromosomal Distribution and Synteny Analysis of the PbPIN Genes

The identified PIN genes were mapped to the chromosomes of P. bournei by comparing them to the available genome data for the species. Collinearity analysis was conducted using the TBtools software in order to elucidate any relationships between the homologous PIN genes in P. bournei and those in other selected species. To facilitate this comparative analysis, the whole-genome sequences and gene annotation files of seven species (O. sativa, A. comosus, S. lycopersicum, A. thaliana, and V. vinifera) were downloaded from the plant genome database. The resulting analysis atlas provided insights into the shared characteristics of the PIN gene family across these species.

4.8. The Expression Profiles of PbHsf Genes

Expression data for the PIN genes in P. bournei across various tissues were obtained from the Bio Project database (Table S1). TBtools was employed to analyze this expression data and construct a gene expression heat map, offering a visual representation of the patterns and levels of gene expression.

4.9. Abiotic Stress Treatment

To ensure consistent growth potential, 1-year-old P. bournei seedlings with similar characteristics were selected. The materials were divided into a control group and a stress treatment group, consisting of 30 individuals and 3 individuals, respectively, for each treatment. Following the treatments, leaf samples were collected and immediately stored in liquid nitrogen at −80 °C for subsequent RNA extraction. The experimental treatments included simulated drought conditions, where control group seedlings were soaked in distilled water while the treatment group was exposed to a nutrient solution containing 10% PEG. Another group was subjected to salt treatment and soaked in a 10% NaCl nutrient solution. For the temperature treatments, the control group was maintained at room temperature, while the corresponding treatment groups were incubated at 40 °C or 10 °C. All samples were cultured in an artificial climate incubator with a temperature of 25 °C and a humidity of 75%. The treatment groups were sampled at 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h, while the control group was sampled at 0 h. To extract RNA, the collected leaves were ground, and a real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiment was conducted to monitor the expression levels of target genes. A correlation clustering-labeled heat map was generated using the Spearman correlation algorithm in order to visualize the relationships between gene expression patterns.

4.10. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR Analysis

Total RNA extraction was carried out using an RNA Extraction Kit (Omega Bio-TEK, Shanghai, China) for both the control and stress-treated samples. Following the manufacturer’s instructions, EasyScript One-step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (Transgen, Beijing, China) were utilized to synthesize cDNA. Quantitative RT-PCR was subsequently performed using TransStart top green qPCR SuperMix (Transgen, Beijing, China). PbEF1α was employed as the internal reference gene [71], and the specific primers used in the experiment are provided in Table S2. The mixture solution of the RT-qPCR reaction is composed of 1 μL of cDNA, 2 μL of specific primers, 10 μL of SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM II, and 7 μL of ddH2O. The RT-qPCR reaction process was as follows: pre-degeneration at 95 °C for 30 s; then 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 5 s; 60 °C for 30 s; 95 °C for 5 s; 60 °C for 60 s; and 50 °C for 30 s [72]. The relative expression of PbPIN genes was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method, and one-way analysis of variance and Duncan multiple comparison tests were performed using the SPSS22.0 software, while GraphPad Prism8.0 was used for mapping [56]. To ensure robustness, all quantitative PCRs were conducted with three biological repeats and three technical replicates.

5. Conclusions

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the PIN gene family in P. bournei, encompassing 13 members, using whole-genome data. Our analysis included an investigation of the physicochemical properties of the corresponding encoded proteins, visualization of gene structures, determination of chromosomal locations, and examination of gene collinearity. Additionally, we established an evolutionary relationship diagram comparing the PbPINs with PIN genes from other species. By systematically analyzing the expression patterns of PIN genes in various tissues of P. bournei and their responses to abiotic stress, our findings provide novel insights and valuable information for investigations on selection and stress tolerance regulation. Moreover, our study provides significant contributions towards unraveling the functional characteristics of the PIN gene family.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms25031452/s1.

Author Contributions

S.C. (Shijiang Cao), P.Z. and J.L. conceived and designed the experiments; J.L., W.L. and Q.Z. collected the samples; Y.Z., X.T., Y.W. and J.L. performed the analysis; J.L., W.L., Z.L. and S.C. (Shipin Chen) prepared the figures and tables; J.L. and Y.Z. drafted the manuscript; S.C. (Shipin Chen) and P.Z. revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was jointly funded by the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University’s Forestry Peak Discipline Construction Project (71201800739 to Shijiang Cao) and the Fujian Province Seed Industry Innovation and Industrialization Engineering Project (ZYCX-LY-202102 to Xinghao Tang).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The genome sequence data and annotation information of P. bournei were downloaded from the Sequence Archive of the China National GeneBank Database (CNSA) with accession number CNP0002030.

Acknowledgments

All individuals included in this section have consented to the acknowledgement.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of plant cell responses to stresses. (A) Sub-cellular trafficking and polarity maintenance of PIN proteins ( Adamowski et al. [18]; modified from Yin et al. [22]). GNO, guanylic acid exchange factor for ADP ribosylation factor; GA, Golgi apparatus; TGN/EE, trans-Golgi network/early endosome. (B) Working model of PIN transcription factor under abiotic stresses (heat, cold, salt, and drought). Solid arrows denote established positive effects, while dashed arrows indicate mechanisms that remain poorly understood. In the presence of abiotic stresses, cellular events such as elevated Ca2+ concentration, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protein degradation are initiated, ultimately transmitting the stress signal to the nucleus. Subsequently, PIN selectively binds to PLT/PID within the promoter region, activating the expression of stress-inducible genes. This concerted action enhances stress tolerance in plants.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of plant cell responses to stresses. (A) Sub-cellular trafficking and polarity maintenance of PIN proteins ( Adamowski et al. [18]; modified from Yin et al. [22]). GNO, guanylic acid exchange factor for ADP ribosylation factor; GA, Golgi apparatus; TGN/EE, trans-Golgi network/early endosome. (B) Working model of PIN transcription factor under abiotic stresses (heat, cold, salt, and drought). Solid arrows denote established positive effects, while dashed arrows indicate mechanisms that remain poorly understood. In the presence of abiotic stresses, cellular events such as elevated Ca2+ concentration, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protein degradation are initiated, ultimately transmitting the stress signal to the nucleus. Subsequently, PIN selectively binds to PLT/PID within the promoter region, activating the expression of stress-inducible genes. This concerted action enhances stress tolerance in plants.
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Figure 2. The predicted 3D structures of PbPINs. SOPMA was utilized for protein secondary structure prediction, using the default parameters. Finally, the SWISS-MODEL database was used to predict the protein tertiary structures through the homology modeling method.
Figure 2. The predicted 3D structures of PbPINs. SOPMA was utilized for protein secondary structure prediction, using the default parameters. Finally, the SWISS-MODEL database was used to predict the protein tertiary structures through the homology modeling method.
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Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of the PIN protein sequences from P. bournei (Pb), A. thaliana (At), T. aestivum (Ta), and O. sativa (Os). The number on the branch denotes the reliability of the node based on 1000 iterations of Bootstrap verification. Branches of different classes have altered colors, each denoting a different sub-family, the red stars and black stars representing PbPINs and AtPINs, respectively.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of the PIN protein sequences from P. bournei (Pb), A. thaliana (At), T. aestivum (Ta), and O. sativa (Os). The number on the branch denotes the reliability of the node based on 1000 iterations of Bootstrap verification. Branches of different classes have altered colors, each denoting a different sub-family, the red stars and black stars representing PbPINs and AtPINs, respectively.
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Figure 4. Chromosomal location of the identified PbPIN genes in P. bournei. The chromosomal location of the 12 mapped PbPIN genes is depicted from top to bottom. The scale bar is in Mb. Chromosome numbers are indicated on the left side of the corresponding chromosomes. chr: chromosome.
Figure 4. Chromosomal location of the identified PbPIN genes in P. bournei. The chromosomal location of the 12 mapped PbPIN genes is depicted from top to bottom. The scale bar is in Mb. Chromosome numbers are indicated on the left side of the corresponding chromosomes. chr: chromosome.
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Figure 5. Chromosomal distribution and inter-chromosomal relationship of PbPIN genes. The two rings in the middle represent the gene density per chromosome, the gray line represents the collinear block in the genome, and the blue line represents the repeated PbPIN gene pair. TBtools was used for data processing.
Figure 5. Chromosomal distribution and inter-chromosomal relationship of PbPIN genes. The two rings in the middle represent the gene density per chromosome, the gray line represents the collinear block in the genome, and the blue line represents the repeated PbPIN gene pair. TBtools was used for data processing.
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Figure 6. Homology analysis between the P. bournei genome and five plant genomes (A. thaliana, O. sativa, A. comosus, S. lycopersicum, and V. vinifera). The gray lines symbolize the aligned blocks between paired genomes, and the red lines indicate collinear PbPIN gene pairs.
Figure 6. Homology analysis between the P. bournei genome and five plant genomes (A. thaliana, O. sativa, A. comosus, S. lycopersicum, and V. vinifera). The gray lines symbolize the aligned blocks between paired genomes, and the red lines indicate collinear PbPIN gene pairs.
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Figure 7. Structure of PbPIN gene members. (A) Phylogenetic relationships among PbPIN members. (B) Distribution of conserved motifs in the PbPIN proteins. A total of 12 motifs were identified. The scale at the bottom shows the length of the protein, and the sequence identity of each conserved motif is marked on the right. (C) Predicted conserved structural domains of PbPIN proteins. (D) Exon–intron structure of the PbPIN genes. Green boxes indicate exons (CDS), black lines indicate introns, and yellow boxes indicate 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions.
Figure 7. Structure of PbPIN gene members. (A) Phylogenetic relationships among PbPIN members. (B) Distribution of conserved motifs in the PbPIN proteins. A total of 12 motifs were identified. The scale at the bottom shows the length of the protein, and the sequence identity of each conserved motif is marked on the right. (C) Predicted conserved structural domains of PbPIN proteins. (D) Exon–intron structure of the PbPIN genes. Green boxes indicate exons (CDS), black lines indicate introns, and yellow boxes indicate 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions.
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Figure 8. Multiple sequence alignments in the PbPIN protein sequence using the Jalview software. The red line indicates a conserved trans-membrane domain. Different amino acids are labeled with different color, and the possible functional sites or elements are encircled by a box. Letters with different colors represent different functions. C, cysteine; F, phenylalanine; T-S, phosphorylation region. Modified from Hu et al. [21].
Figure 8. Multiple sequence alignments in the PbPIN protein sequence using the Jalview software. The red line indicates a conserved trans-membrane domain. Different amino acids are labeled with different color, and the possible functional sites or elements are encircled by a box. Letters with different colors represent different functions. C, cysteine; F, phenylalanine; T-S, phosphorylation region. Modified from Hu et al. [21].
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Figure 9. Predicted cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of PbPIN genes. On the left is the ML phylogenetic tree(bootstrap replications: 1000) and one on the right is the promoter position (0–2000 bp). The cis-acting regulatory elements in the promoter were categorized into 15 types with different colors. The lower axis denotes the gene length.
Figure 9. Predicted cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of PbPIN genes. On the left is the ML phylogenetic tree(bootstrap replications: 1000) and one on the right is the promoter position (0–2000 bp). The cis-acting regulatory elements in the promoter were categorized into 15 types with different colors. The lower axis denotes the gene length.
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Figure 10. Tissue-specific gene expression patterns of 13 PbPIN genes. The expression patterns of genes in root bark, root xylem, stem bark, stem xylem, and leaf. Red and blue colors indicate high and low transcript abundance, respectively.
Figure 10. Tissue-specific gene expression patterns of 13 PbPIN genes. The expression patterns of genes in root bark, root xylem, stem bark, stem xylem, and leaf. Red and blue colors indicate high and low transcript abundance, respectively.
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Figure 11. The differential expression of PbPIN genes in different tissues and the expression profiles of five representative PbPIN genes in response to different abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, salt, and heat stress. The relative expression levels of PbPIN genes in response to abiotic stresses assessed by RT-qPCR. Blue, low temperature; red, high temperature; orange, drought stress; gray, salt stress. The error bars indicate the standard deviations of the three independent RT-qPCR biological replicates. * represents a significant difference relative to the 0 h group (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.0005, **** p < 0.0001).
Figure 11. The differential expression of PbPIN genes in different tissues and the expression profiles of five representative PbPIN genes in response to different abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, salt, and heat stress. The relative expression levels of PbPIN genes in response to abiotic stresses assessed by RT-qPCR. Blue, low temperature; red, high temperature; orange, drought stress; gray, salt stress. The error bars indicate the standard deviations of the three independent RT-qPCR biological replicates. * represents a significant difference relative to the 0 h group (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.0005, **** p < 0.0001).
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Table 1. Detailed information on 13 PbPIN genes in P. bournei and their encoded proteins.
Table 1. Detailed information on 13 PbPIN genes in P. bournei and their encoded proteins.
Gene IDProposed
Gene Name		Amino Acid NumberMolecular WeightTheoretical Isoelectric PointGrand Average of Hydropathicity (GRAVY)Subcellular Localization
OF11384PbPIN143648,349.019.080.396Plasma Membrane
OF11670PbPIN259664,931.389.130.221Plasma Membrane
OF11843PbPIN360465,778.238.470.176Plasma Membrane
OF03959PbPIN460965,773.998.810.187Plasma Membrane
OF25220PbPIN563268,322.189.470.187Plasma Membrane
OF12836PbPIN635338,684.479.500.727Plasma Membrane
OF23475PbPIN718019,895.819.440.659Plasma Membrane
OF28631PbPIN860165,380.688.910.192Plasma Membrane
OF01149PbPIN920421,876.995.760.076Cytoskeleton
OF26171PbPIN1060365,672.237.560.300Plasma Membrane
OF05766PbPIN1162667,408.198.910.254Plasma Membrane
OF06350PbPIN1229131,377.139.170.745Plasma Membrane
OF14189PbPIN1353558,392.469.330.363Plasma Membrane
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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, X.; Liao, W.; Li, Z.; Zheng, Q.; Wang, Y.; Chen, S.; Zheng, P.; Cao, S. Genome Identification and Expression Profiling of the PIN-Formed Gene Family in Phoebe bournei under Abiotic Stresses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031452

AMA Style

Li J, Zhang Y, Tang X, Liao W, Li Z, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Chen S, Zheng P, Cao S. Genome Identification and Expression Profiling of the PIN-Formed Gene Family in Phoebe bournei under Abiotic Stresses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031452

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Jingshu, Yanzi Zhang, Xinghao Tang, Wenhai Liao, Zhuoqun Li, Qiumian Zheng, Yanhui Wang, Shipin Chen, Ping Zheng, and Shijiang Cao. 2024. "Genome Identification and Expression Profiling of the PIN-Formed Gene Family in Phoebe bournei under Abiotic Stresses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031452

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