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Communication

Complete Genomic Sequence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strain, LA20, for Studying Resurgence of Rice Bacterial Blight in the Yangtze River Region, China

by
Yuxuan Hou
*,
Yan Liang
,
Changdeng Yang
,
Zhijuan Ji
,
Yuxiang Zeng
,
Guanghao Li
and
Zhiguo E
State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098132
Submission received: 30 March 2023 / Revised: 25 April 2023 / Accepted: 28 April 2023 / Published: 1 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Regulation of Plant Growth and Protection)
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Abstract

:
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a causative agent of rice bacterial blight (BB). In 2020–2022, BB re-emerged, and there was a break out in the Yangtze River area, China. The pandemic Xoo strain, LA20, was isolated and identified from cultivar Quanyou1606 and demonstrated to be the Chinese R9 Xoo strain, which is able to override the widely adopted xa5-, Xa7- and xa13-mediated resistance in rice varieties in Yangtze River. Here, we report the complete genome of LA20 by PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The assembled genome consists of one circular chromosome of 4,960,087 bp, sharing 99.65% sequence identity with the traditional representative strain, YC11 (R5), in the Yangtze River. Comparative genome analysis of LA20 and YC11 revealed the obvious variability in Tal genes (the uppermost virulence determinants) in numbers and sequences. Particularly, six Tal genes were only found in LA20, but not in YC11, among which Tal1b (pthXo1)/Tal4 (pthXo6), along with the lost one, pthXo3 (avrXa7), might be the major factors for LA20 to overcome xa5-, Xa7- and xa13-mediated resistance, thus, leading to the resurgence of BB. This complete genome of the new pandemic Xoo strain will provide novel insights into pathogen evolution, the traits of pathogenicity on genomic level and the epidemic disease status in China.

1. Introduction

The phytopathogenic Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes rice bacterial blight (BB), one of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide, usually resulting in 10% to 30% yield loss and even 50%, or the loss of the harvest [1]. BB epidemics have been reported in 28 Chinese provinces since it was initially observed in Jiangsu province, the Yangtze River region, China, in the 1930s [2]. By the 1990s, BB was rampant in the vast rice-growing area, especially in the Yangtze River area. Until the early 21st century, the wide utilization of BB resistance (R) genes, such as xa5, Xa7 and xa13, in rice breeding effectively controlled BB, and the disease barely occurred in rice fields in the Yangtze River region [3,4]. However, due to the co-evolution of Xoo and rice [5,6], R gene-conferred BB resistance was gradually conquered by emerging Xoo strains [7,8]. In 2020–2022, BB had re-emerged, and there were widespread epidemics in the Anhui and Zhejiang provinces in the Yangtze River region.
TALEs (transcription activator-like effectors), the most important virulence factors of Xoo, function as transcription activators and bind to the promoters of susceptibility (S) or R genes of rice to regulate their transcription, which plays crucial roles in pathogenicity and variety discrimination in Xoo–rice interaction [9,10]. A typical TALE consists of three parts: the N-terminal domain containing the type III secretion signal, the carboxyl-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the transcription activation domain (AD) and the central highly conserved repeat units [11]. The promoter-binding specificity of TALEs is determined by repeat units. Each repeat unit has near-perfect 33 to 35 amino acid repeats, with two variable amino acids at position 12 and 13 (termed the ‘RVD’, for repeat-variable diresidue) [12,13]. TALE-encoding genes (Tal genes) are presumed to be highly dynamic and varied in RVDs and have greatly contributed to the production of new toxicity and the escape of plant immunity by Xoo [14,15]. Tracking and identifying the variations in Tal genes are helpful for accurate pathotype discrimination of the emerging Xoo strains and rice-disease-resistance breeding.
In this study, the newly emerging Xoo strain, LA20, was isolated from typical diseased rice leaves collected in Anhui province in 2021. We focus on the pathotype, genome sequence and TALEs dissections to uncover the reason for the BB re-outbreak in the Yangtze River region, China.

2. Results

2.1. Pathotype Analysis of Xoo Strain LA20

BB erupted in Anhui province, the Yangtze River region, China, in 2021, and the rate of incidence was up to 85% (Figure 1a). The isolated Xoo strain, LA20, was confirmed to be the causative agent by morphology and molecular identification (Figure 1b,c).
Upon pathotype analysis, LA20 clearly showed the “SSSSSS” interaction with six differential rice varieties (near-isogenic lines harboring individual resistance gene) IRBB2 (Xa2), IRBB3 (Xa3), IRBB5 (xa5), IRBB13 (xa13), IRBB14 (Xa14) and IR24 (Xa18) (Table 1). LA20 was demonstrated to be race 9 (R9) according to the pathotype criteria of Chinese Xoo strains [16,17]. However, the traditional representative strain, YC11 (R5), from the Yangtze River region showed an “SSRRSS” interaction with different rice varieties, as it failed to overcome xa5- and xa13-mediated BB resistance [18]. In addition, it was found that IRBB7 (Xa7) was also susceptible to LA20 and resistant to YC11 (Figure 1d–f). The results showed that LA20 is a newly discovered hyperpathogenic pandemic strain that is different from YC11 and is able to overcome widely adopted xa5-, Xa7- and xa13-mediated resistance. LA20 has already been deposited in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (No. 25881).

2.2. Complete Genome Characteristics of Xoo Strain, LA20

To provide better insight into the pathogenicity, adaptation and evolution that caused BB resurgence in the Yangtze River region, the complete genome of LA20 was sequenced. In total, 336,972 reads from PacBio sequencing were obtained, with a mean concordance of 0.89, N50 value of 12,126 bp and average read length of 10,351 bp, consisting of whole 3,488,085,182 bases. High-quality filtered reads were assembled, corrected and annotated. As a result, one unique circular chromosome of 4,960,087 bp was obtained with 63.69% GC content, and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) rates are up to 99.67% with Xoo type strain, PXO99A, and 99.65% with the Xoo traditional representative strain, YC11, in the Yangtze River region (Table 2). The chromosome contains 3630 protein coding genes, 53 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 6 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 144 non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), 811 pseudogenes and 14 Tal genes (Table 2). The circular representation of the complete genome of LA20 is shown in Figure S1.

2.3. Tal Genes of Xoo Strain LA20

Despite having a sequence similarity of up to 99.65% with the genome sequences of LA20 and YC11 (Table 2), the data show that there are 10,900 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 188 deletions and 199 insertions (Table S1). These genomic variants may result in the more 16 protein coding genes, 89 pseudogenes and 2 Tal genes in the genome of LA20 (Table 2).
The type and number of Tal genes are very critical to Xoo pathogenicity and rice resistance. It was found that the Tal genes between LA20 and YC11 are highly diverse (Figure 2). In LA20, 14 Tal genes was identified, which has 2 more than the number of those from YC11; Tal1b, Tal2b, Tal3c, Tal3b, Tal3a and Tal4 were found in LA20 and absent in YC11 (Table 3). Among the above six Tal genes, Tal1b (pthXo1) and Tal4 (pthXo6) have been known to target OsSWEET11 (Xa13) and bZIP transcription factor-encoding gene (OsTFX1), inducing rice susceptibility, respectively (Table 3). Tal2b- and Tal3b-encoding interfering TALEs (iTALEs) are brand new, showing no homology with the reported TALEs (Table 3). Tal3c and Tal3a in LA20 are identical to Tal5b and Tal5a in PXO99A (Table 3). Further, pthXo3 (avrXa7), which targets Xa7 inducing rice resistance, was only found in YC11, but not in LA20 (Table 3). Therefore, we speculated that the diversity of TALEs type in LA20, such as special ones, Tal1b (pthXo1)/Tal4 (pthXo6), novel ones, Tal2b and Tal3b (iTALEs) and the lack of pthXo3 (avrXa7), may cause re-epidemics of BB, replacing the traditional representative strain, YC11, in the Yangtze River region, China.

3. Discussion

Recently, BB re-emerged, and there was a break out in the Yangtze River region, which is the major rice-producing region in China. In this study, the representative Xoo strain, LA20, was isolated and identified from re-epidemic BB samples. It was demonstrated that LA20 is a Chinese R9 Xoo strain that can override xa5- and xa13-mediated resistance. Moreover, LA20 can also overcome Xa7-mediated resistance. The complete genome further revealed variability in Tal genes in the pandemic Xoo strain, LA20, compared with that of the traditional representative strain, YC11 (R5).
The traditional dominant Xoo strain, YC11 (R5), was replaced by the newly emerging one, LA20 (R9), in the Yangtze River region. It is believed that during the long-term co-evolution between pathogen and host, the arms race might be disequilibrated through either the evolution of virulence factors of pathogens or the loss of host resistance genes. TALEs are the most important virulence factors of Xoo. An individual Xoo strain usually contains 9–21 Tal genes [20]. There are two more Tal genes in LA20 than there are in YC11. Further, Tal1b, Tal2b, Tal3c, Tal3b, Tal3a and Tal4 were found in LA20 and absent in YC11. These variations from TALEs may have contributed to the BB re-outbreak.
BB R gene, xa5, xa13 and Xa7 are usually employed to breed BB-resistant varieties in the Yangtze River region, China. The former YC11 (R5) from the Yangtze River region cannot overcome xa5- and xa13-mediated BB resistance. However, the special Tal1b (pthXo1) and Tal4 (pthXo6) of LA20 can recognize and bind to the promoter of the dominant Xa5 and Xa13, overriding xa5- and xa13-mediated BB resistance [21,22,23,24]. Furthermore, pthXo3 in YC11 can bind to the promoter of Xa7 and induce its expression to trigger the defense [25]. Conversely, pthXo3 was not found in LA20, and LA20 broke down the Xa7-mediated resistance. Further, it is interesting that two new iTALEs was identified in LA20. iTALEs contain 45 or 129 bp deletions in the sequence encoding the N-terminal region and lack the C-terminal AD domains, unlike typical TALEs [26,27]. It was reported that iTALEs suppressed Xa1 resistance triggered by typical TALEs [28]. These variations may result in LA20 escaping immunity mediated by xa5, xa13, Xa7 and Xa1. Analyzing virulence factors will facilitate the further understanding of the co-evolution of rice and Xoo, as well as the developing of strategies to clone new disease resistance genes for rice breeding.
In this study, the combination of PacBio and Illumina sequencing quickly, effectively, and accurately conferred the complete gap-free genome of LA20. HiFi long-read sequences with read lengths averaging 10–25 kb and accuracies >99.5% revealed the instability and variability in containing nearly identical tandem-repeat domain Tal genes in the epidemic variant, LA20. The approach and genome data will contribute to assessing the epidemic disease status and the valuable resource for a better understanding of pathogen evolution and the molecular pathogenesis of Xoo that caused the BB resurgence in the Yangtze River region, China.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Isolation and Identification of Xoo

Infected leaves of the rice variety “Quanyou1606” were successively sterilized with 70% ethanol and 1% sodium hypochlorite for 30–60 s, rinsed with distilled water for three times, then cut, crushed and soaked in 1 mL distilled water for 10 min. The suspension was streaked and cultured on peptone sugar agar (PSA) medium for 72 h at 28 °C. Circular, smooth-margined, convex colonies were selected for further purification and molecular identification.
For molecular identification, Xoo-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using 16S rRNA gene primers 16SrRNAF (5′-AGAGTTTGATCATGGCTCAG-3′)/16SrRNAR (5′-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGC-3′) with target fragment 1539 bp, and HP gene primers Xoo163F (5′-CAATGCACACGTGGAAAGGG-3′)/Xoo163R (5′-CTTGCAAGGGATAGAAGCGT-3′) with target fragment 163 bp. Finally, amplified fragments were sequenced, and we performed sequence identity analysis using NCBI Blastn.

4.2. Rice Materials

The differential rice varieties used in this study were a simplified combination of IRBB2, IRBB3, IRBB5, IRBB13, IRBB14 and IR24, which were provided by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, via National Rice Germplasm Genebank, China. All rice varieties were planted in the experimental field in China National Rice Research Institute. Plants in the booting stage were used for artificial Xoo inoculation assays.

4.3. Pathotype Analysis

The booting stage near-isogenic lines harboring individual Xa-resistance gene were inoculated with LA20 (OD600 = 0.5) by a leaf clipping method [29]. The disease was scored as the percent lesion area (lesion length/leaf length) at 21 days after inoculation, as in our previous study. The ratios of lesion length to entire leaf length of <1/4 and ≥1/4 were classified as resistant (R) and susceptible (S), respectively [30]. All experiments were repeated three times. The least significant difference (LSD method) was used for data analysis. A pathotype classification of LA20 was performed according to their reactions on NIL rice (Supplementary Table S2).

4.4. Genome Sequencing, Assembly and Annotation

Genomic DNA of LA20 was extracted using SDS method [31]. The SMRT bell TM Template kit (version 2.0) and NEBNext®Ultra™ DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina ( New England Biolabs Inc., Beverly, MA, USA) were used to construct sequencing library for PacBio Seque1and Illumina NovaSeq PE150 sequencing by Novogene (Beijing, China) [32]. The average fragment length of the sequencing library is about 10 kb for circular consensus sequencing (CCS) to achieve long and high fidelity (HiFi) reads. HiFi reads were de novo assembled with Canu (v2.0) and Racon (v1.4.13) [33]. Reads from Illumina were used to correct genome sequences for improving the quality of assembly using Pilon software (v1.22) [34]. Circos software was used to cyclize and adjust the starting site [35]. Finally, the assembly was annotated using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline [36] and GeneMarkS (v4.17) [37].

4.5. Comparative Genomics and TALEs Analysis

For structural comparison, complete genomes were aligned using progressive Mauve [38] with default settings. For TALEs analysis, Tal genes and RVD sequences were assessed using AnnoTALE tools according to a previous report [19].

5. Conclusions

We demonstrated that the causative agent of newly emerging BB in the Yangtze River region is the Chinese R9 Xoo strain, which is able to override the widely adopted xa5-, Xa7- and xa13-mediated resistance in rice varieties in the Yangtze River region. Further, we provide an HiFi long-read gap-free genome sequence of LA20 and identified 14 Tal genes. The variability in TALs in their numbers and sequences compared with those of the former representative strain, YC11 (R5), in the Yangtze River region may have caused the re-outbreak of BB.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms24098132/s1.

Author Contributions

Y.H. conceived the project and designed the research procedure. Y.H., Y.L., C.Y., Z.J., G.L. and Y.Z. performed the experiments. Z.E. analyzed the data. Y.H. wrote the manuscript with input form. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by Zhejiang Provincial “San Nong Jiu Fang” Sciences and Technologies Cooperation Program (2022SNJF009), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LY23C130004), and Agricultural Sciences and Technologies Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The whole-genome sequences reported here have been deposited in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 23 December 2022) under the accession number CP114600 (BioProject: PRJNA913657, BioSample: SAMN32303221).

Acknowledgments

We appreciate Jian Zhang (China National Rice Research Institute) for English polish of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Identification and pathotype analysis of the newly emerging Xoo strain, LA20. (a) The field symptoms of BB in Anhui province, Yangtze, in 2021; rice variety: Quanyou1606. (b) colony morphology of LA20. (c) PCR amplification of 16SrRNA and HP gene of LA20. (d–f) resistance evaluation of IRBB7 to Xoo strains LA20 and YC11. (d): leaves’ phenotype. (e,f): lesion length and ratio of lesion length to entire leaf length of IRBB7 inoculated with LA20 and YC11 at 21st day, respectively. Error bar: SD from 18 inoculated leaves. Significance of differences was determined by Student’s t test, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 1. Identification and pathotype analysis of the newly emerging Xoo strain, LA20. (a) The field symptoms of BB in Anhui province, Yangtze, in 2021; rice variety: Quanyou1606. (b) colony morphology of LA20. (c) PCR amplification of 16SrRNA and HP gene of LA20. (d–f) resistance evaluation of IRBB7 to Xoo strains LA20 and YC11. (d): leaves’ phenotype. (e,f): lesion length and ratio of lesion length to entire leaf length of IRBB7 inoculated with LA20 and YC11 at 21st day, respectively. Error bar: SD from 18 inoculated leaves. Significance of differences was determined by Student’s t test, ** p < 0.01.
Ijms 24 08132 g001
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Figure 2. Comparison of whole genome and TALEs in Xoo strains. (a): Progressive mauve alignment chromosome of LA20 and YC11. The ruler indicates distance from the annotated origin in base pairs. (b): The Tal genes of Xoo strains. The genes are represented as arrows at their relative position in the linearized chromosome. Arabic numbers indicate the serial number of Tal gene clusters in a Xoo strain. Lowercase letter indicates each Tal gene in a certain gene cluster. The identical effectors with identical RVD sequences are lined with the same colors. The strain-specific effectors are indicated in red for LA20, YC11 and PXO99A.
Figure 2. Comparison of whole genome and TALEs in Xoo strains. (a): Progressive mauve alignment chromosome of LA20 and YC11. The ruler indicates distance from the annotated origin in base pairs. (b): The Tal genes of Xoo strains. The genes are represented as arrows at their relative position in the linearized chromosome. Arabic numbers indicate the serial number of Tal gene clusters in a Xoo strain. Lowercase letter indicates each Tal gene in a certain gene cluster. The identical effectors with identical RVD sequences are lined with the same colors. The strain-specific effectors are indicated in red for LA20, YC11 and PXO99A.
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Table
Table 1. Pathotype of Xoo strain, LA20, in six differential rice varieties harboring individual resistance gene.
Table 1. Pathotype of Xoo strain, LA20, in six differential rice varieties harboring individual resistance gene.
Differential VarietyResistance
Gene		Mean Lesion Length (cm)Ratio of Lesion Length to Entire Leaf Length Resistance Evaluation
IRBB2Xa223.3 ± 3.640.61 ± 0.10S
IRBB3Xa325.2 ± 5.470.65 ± 0.14S
IRBB5xa516.1 ± 4.600.46 ± 0.13S
IRBB13xa1315.4 ± 2.430.41 ± 0.06S
IRBB14Xa1420.9 ± 2.470.56 ± 0.13S
IR24Xa1827.0 ± 4.610.73 ± 0. 13S
S: susceptible (ratio from 0.25 to 1) were measured 21 days after inoculation. ±: SD from 18 inoculated leaves.
Table
Table 2. Genome comparison between Xoo strains, LA20 and YC11.
Table 2. Genome comparison between Xoo strains, LA20 and YC11.
Genome Features LA20 (R9)YC11 (R5)
Accession No.CP114600CP031464
Size (bp)4,960,0874,867,200
GC content (%)63.6963.74
Protein coding genes36303614
tRNAs5353
rRNAs66
ncRNAs144146
Pseudogenes811722
Tal genes1412
ANI (%)99.6799.65
Table
Table 3. Tal genes and RVD sequences in LA20 and similar genes in YC11 and PXO99A.
Table 3. Tal genes and RVD sequences in LA20 and similar genes in YC11 and PXO99A.
GenesRVD SequencesFunctionTargeted Genes YC11PXO99A
Tal1bNN-HD-NI-NG-HD-NG-N *-HD-HD-NI-NG-NG-NI-HD-NG-NN-NG-NI-NI-NI-NI-N*-NS-N*pthXo1OsSWEET11(Xa13)/Tal2b
Tal1aNI-NG-NN-NG-NK-NG-NI-NN-NI-NN-NI-NN-NS-NG-NS-NN-NI-N*-NS-NG//Tal4aTal2a
Tal2bNS-NG-NG-NG-NG-HD-H*iTal///
Tal2aNS-HD-NG-NG-HG-NG-HD-HD-NG-HD-NN-HD-NG-HD-NI-NI-NI-N*iTal/Tal3/
Tal3cNI-H*-NI-NN-NN-NN-NN-NN-HD-NI-HD-HG-HD-NI-N*-NS-NI-NI-HG-HD-NS-NS-NG///Tal5b
Tal3bNS-HG-HG-HD-NS-NG-HD-NN-NG-HG-NG-HD-HG-HD-HD-NI-NN-NGiTal///
Tal3aNI-NS-HD-HG-NS-NN-HD-H*-NG-NN-NN-HD-HD-NG-HD-NG///Tal5a
Tal4NI-N*-NI-NS-NN-NG-NN-NS-N*-NS-NN-NS-N*-NI-HG-HD-NI-HD-HD-NGpthXo6OsTFX1/Tal6a
Tal5aNN-HD-NS-NG-HD-NN-N*-NI-HD-NS-HD-NN-HD-NN-HD-NN-NN-NN-NN-NN-NN-NN-HD-NG//Tal2aTal9e
Tal5bNI-HG-NI-NI-NI-NN-HD-NS-NN-NS-NN-HD-NN-NI-HD-NN-NI-NG-HD-NG//Tal2bTal7a
Tal6aHD-HD-HD-NG-N*-NN-HD-HD-N*-NI-NI-NN-HD-HI-ND-HD-NI-HD-NG-NGpthXo8OsHEN1Tal1aTal9a
Tal6bHD-HD-NN-NN-NI-NG-HD-S*-HG-HD-NG-N*-NG-HD-HD-N*-NI-NI-NN-HD-HI-ND-HD-NG-NN-HG-N*avrXa23Xa23Tal1bTal9b
Tal6cNI-NN-N*-NG-NS-NN-NN-NN-NI-NN-NI-NG-HD-HD-NI-HG-N*avrXa27Xa27Tal1cTal9c
Tal6dNI-NN-NI-HG-HG-HD-NG-HD-HG-HD-HD-HD-NG//Tal1dTal9d
/NI-HG-NI-HG-NI-NI-NI-HD-NN-HD-HD-HD-NG-HD-N*-NI-HD-HD-NN-NS-NI-NN-NN-NG-NN-HD-N*-NS-N*pthXo3Xa7Tal4c/
* predicted deletion of the thirteen codon in the repeats; / absent. Tal genes and RVD sequences are based on AnnoTALE [19].
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Hou, Y.; Liang, Y.; Yang, C.; Ji, Z.; Zeng, Y.; Li, G.; E, Z. Complete Genomic Sequence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strain, LA20, for Studying Resurgence of Rice Bacterial Blight in the Yangtze River Region, China. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098132

AMA Style

Hou Y, Liang Y, Yang C, Ji Z, Zeng Y, Li G, E Z. Complete Genomic Sequence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strain, LA20, for Studying Resurgence of Rice Bacterial Blight in the Yangtze River Region, China. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9):8132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098132

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hou, Yuxuan, Yan Liang, Changdeng Yang, Zhijuan Ji, Yuxiang Zeng, Guanghao Li, and Zhiguo E. 2023. "Complete Genomic Sequence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strain, LA20, for Studying Resurgence of Rice Bacterial Blight in the Yangtze River Region, China" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9: 8132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098132

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