Developing New Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Complexes to Improve Vitamin D Absorption in an In Vitro Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Complexation of Vitamin D on βNS-CDI (1:4)
2.2. Analysis of Different Forms of Vitamin D3 in a Time-Course Study
2.3. Permeability Analysis of Different Forms of VitD3 Using an In Vitro Model of Intestinal Barrier
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Synthesis of βNS-CDI 1: 4 by Mechanochemistry
4.2. Vitamin D3 Complexation on βNS-CDI 1: 4 and Stability
4.3. Agents Preparation
4.4. Cell Culture
4.5. Cell Viability
4.6. In Vitro Intestinal Barrier Model
- Papp = dQ/dt ⇥ 1/m0 ⇥ 1/A ⇥ V Donor
- dQ: amount of substance transported (nmol or μg);
- dt: incubation time (sec);
- m0: amount of substrate applied to donor compartment (nmol or μg);
- A: surface area of Transwell membrane (cm2);
- VDonor: volume of the donor compartment (cm3).
- Negative controls without cells were tested to exclude Transwell membrane influence.
4.7. ROS Production
4.8. Vitamin D Quantification
4.9. SOD Activity
4.10. Lipid Peroxidation Activity
4.11. Occludin Quantification Assay
4.12. Claudin 1 Detection
4.13. ZO-1 Detection
4.14. VDR Activity
4.15. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | Analysis of Variance |
ATCC | American Type Culture Collection |
CD-NS | Cyclodextrin-based nanosponge |
CDs | Cyclodextrins |
CGTAse | Cyclodextrin Glucosyltransferase |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium |
DMEM/F12 | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham medium |
FBS | fetal bovine serum |
MTT | 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
NS | Nanosponge |
OCLN | Occludin |
Papp | Apparent permeability coefficient |
PBS | Phosphate Buffered Saline |
PSE | Pressurized Solvent Extraction |
ROS | Radical oxygen species |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
SOD | Superoxide Dismutase |
TBARS | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances |
TEER | Transepithelial electrical resistance values |
TGA | Thermal gravimetric analysis |
TJ | Tight Junction |
TJP1 | Human Tight Junction Protein 1 |
VDR | Vitamin D Receptor |
VitD3 | Vitamin D3 |
VitD3 NS | Vitamin D3-BCDI 1:4 nanosponge |
ZO-1 | Zona occludens 1 |
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Uberti, F.; Trotta, F.; Pagliaro, P.; Bisericaru, D.M.; Cavalli, R.; Ferrari, S.; Penna, C.; Matencio, A. Developing New Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Complexes to Improve Vitamin D Absorption in an In Vitro Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 5322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065322
Uberti F, Trotta F, Pagliaro P, Bisericaru DM, Cavalli R, Ferrari S, Penna C, Matencio A. Developing New Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Complexes to Improve Vitamin D Absorption in an In Vitro Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(6):5322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065322
Chicago/Turabian StyleUberti, Francesca, Francesco Trotta, Pasquale Pagliaro, Daniel Mihai Bisericaru, Roberta Cavalli, Sara Ferrari, Claudia Penna, and Adrián Matencio. 2023. "Developing New Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Complexes to Improve Vitamin D Absorption in an In Vitro Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6: 5322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065322