Comparison of the Metabolomics of Different Dendrobium Species by UPLC-QTOF-MS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Annotation of Chemical Constituents
2.1.1. Phenolic Acids and Terpene Acids
2.1.2. Characterization of Flavonoids
2.1.3. Saccharides and Glycosides
2.1.4. Alkaloid Characterization
2.1.5. Coumarin-like Compounds
2.1.6. Phenanthrene and Quinone Compounds
2.1.7. Other Compounds
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.2.1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
2.2.2. DN vs. Other Species of Dendrobium—OPLS–DA Analyses
2.2.3. Differential Screening of DN with Other Species of Dendrobium
2.2.4. Differential Component Pathway Screening
3. Discussion
3.1. Differences in Compound Composition
3.2. Influence of Geography on the Chemical Composition of Different Dendrobium Species
3.3. Comparison of DN Activity with Other Species of Dendrobium
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials, Instruments, and Reagents
4.2. Sample Preparation
4.3. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS Spectrometric Conditions
4.4. Data Processing, Statistical Analysis, and Identification of Metabolites
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Name |
DD | Dendrobium denneanum Kerr. |
DC | D. chrysotoxum Lindl. |
DN | D. nobile Lindl. |
DF | D. fimbriatum Hook. |
DT | D. thyrsiflorum Rchb. f. |
DO | D. officinale Kimura. et Migo. |
DV | D. devonianum Paxton. |
ESI | Electrospray ion source |
BPI | Base peak ion |
PCA | Principal component analysis |
OPLS-DA | Orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis |
CE | Collision energy |
VIP | Variable importance in projection |
UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
GSH-PX | Glutathione reductase |
BGC-1 | Bovine granulosa cell line |
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Component | tR (min) | m/z | Mass Error (ppm) | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naringenin chalcone | 5.15 | 273.0766 | 3.2783 | flavonoid |
Dehydrocostus lactone | 5.54 | 231.1386 | 2.5888 | sesquiterpene lactone |
Salsolinol | 5.98 | 180.1028 | 4.8397 | phenolic acid |
Polyphyllin VI | 6.58 | 267.1597 | 1.2508 | saponins |
4′-Dihydroabscisic acid | 6.58 | 267.1597 | 2.1435 | phenolic acid |
(-)-dendroresinol | 6.61 | 250.1802 | 2.0007 | phenolic acid |
Trichothecene isoflavone-7-O-β-D-glucoside | 6.87 | 167.0707 | 3.7294 | glucoside |
Tanshinone I | 7.19 | 277.0861 | 0.9370 | abietane diterpenoid |
Arglabin | 8.55 | 310.2018 | 2.6096 | sesquiterpene lactone |
α-Cyperone | 8.71 | 218.3357 | 3.4204 | sesquiterpenoids |
Allocryptopine | 8.83 | 370.1665 | 4.2421 | alkaloid |
Isopetasoside | 8.96 | 201.1643 | 6.4600 | terpene glycoside |
Dimethoxyphenanthrene diglucose | 9.47 | 219.1748 | 4.3400 | phenanthrene |
(+)-Nootkatone | 9.47 | 219.1748 | 2.1705 | sesquiterpenoid |
Atractylenolide III | 10.40 | 249.149 | 1.7823 | naphthofuran |
4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethyl)-2,6-dimethoxylphenol | 11.08 | 251.1644 | 7.6273 | phenolic acid |
(2beta,3alpha,4beta,5beta,25R)-Spirostan-2,3,4-triyl triacetate | 11.08 | 189.1638 | 0.9266 | triacetate |
Flavokawain B | 12.56 | 285.1131 | 3.2482 | flavonoid |
Rheidin B | 12.62 | 278.176 | 2.7592 | glucoside |
Fimbriatone | 12.64 | 283.0615 | 6.8948 | terpenoids |
Chrysoeriol | 13.20 | 301.0726 | 8.1728 | phenolic acid |
Tanshinone IIB | 13.26 | 297.1495 | 3.2990 | terpenoid |
Baohuoside I | 16.20 | 515.1937 | 4.8857 | terpenoids |
Levistilide A | 16.34 | 381.2067 | 1.7695 | coumarins |
Berberrubine | 17.61 | 322.1085 | 3.5565 | alkaloid |
Neoruscogenin | 17.67 | 429.3001 | 0.4801 | sapogenin |
Sarsasapogenin | 17.96 | 869.4946 | 4.0822 | sapogenin |
Licochalcone C | 18.06 | 339.1603 | 3.4968 | flavonoid |
Heteroclitin D | 18.17 | 483.202 | 1.4311 | lignin |
7-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-1,4-phenanthrenedione | 19.00 | 389.1245 | 2.0699 | phenanthrene |
Schisandrin B | 19.18 | 401.1966 | 1.9350 | phenanthrenes |
Retrochalcone | 21.79 | 271.0972 | 2.7592 | flavonoid |
Volemolide | 27.81 | 347.2597 | 4.5732 | terpene lactone |
Homodolichosterone | 31.64 | 477.3594 | 4.0064 | steroid |
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Zhang, T.; Yang, X.; Wang, F.; Liu, P.; Xie, M.; Lu, C.; Liu, J.; Sun, J.; Fan, B. Comparison of the Metabolomics of Different Dendrobium Species by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417148
Zhang T, Yang X, Wang F, Liu P, Xie M, Lu C, Liu J, Sun J, Fan B. Comparison of the Metabolomics of Different Dendrobium Species by UPLC-QTOF-MS. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417148
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tingting, Xinxin Yang, Fengzhong Wang, Pengfei Liu, Mengzhou Xie, Cong Lu, Jiameng Liu, Jing Sun, and Bei Fan. 2023. "Comparison of the Metabolomics of Different Dendrobium Species by UPLC-QTOF-MS" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417148