The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Metformin’s Alleviation of Gastrointestinal Injury Induced by Restraint Stress in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Treatments of Metformin-Rescued Restraint-Stress-Induced Platelet Activation and GI Injury
2.2. Treatments of Metformin-Rescued Restraint-Stress-Induced GI Epithelial Cell Apoptosis
2.3. Metformin-Mediated Protection Is Associated with the Induction of GI AMPK and ATF3 mRNA Expression
2.4. ATF3 Deficiency Reduced Metformin-Mediated Rescue in Restraint-Stress-Induced GI Leakage and the Rescue of Stress-Induced GI Epithelial Cell Apoptosis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Laboratory Mice
4.2. Induction, Reversal and Measurement of Stress-Induced GI Leakage
4.3. Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
4.3.1. RNA and cDNA Preparation
4.3.2. qRT-PCR Analyses
4.4. Flow Cytometry Analysis
4.5. Confocal Microscopy for Immunohistochemistry Samples
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Siwakoti, B.; Lien, T.-S.; Lin, Y.-Y.; Pethaperumal, S.; Hung, S.-C.; Sun, D.-S.; Cheng, C.-F.; Chang, H.-H. The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Metformin’s Alleviation of Gastrointestinal Injury Induced by Restraint Stress in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310995
Siwakoti B, Lien T-S, Lin Y-Y, Pethaperumal S, Hung S-C, Sun D-S, Cheng C-F, Chang H-H. The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Metformin’s Alleviation of Gastrointestinal Injury Induced by Restraint Stress in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310995
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiwakoti, Bijaya, Te-Sheng Lien, You-Yen Lin, Subhashree Pethaperumal, Shih-Che Hung, Der-Shan Sun, Ching-Feng Cheng, and Hsin-Hou Chang. 2023. "The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Metformin’s Alleviation of Gastrointestinal Injury Induced by Restraint Stress in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310995