Next Article in Journal
Changes in Astroglial K+ upon Brief Periods of Energy Deprivation in the Mouse Neocortex
Next Article in Special Issue
AtERF71/HRE2, an Arabidopsis AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Gene, Contains Both Positive and Negative Cis-Regulatory Elements in Its Promoter Region Involved in Hypoxia and Salt Stress Responses
Previous Article in Journal
Seroma after Simple Mastectomy in Breast Cancer—The Role of CD4+ T Helper Cells and the Evidence as a Possible Specific Immune Process
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 23
Issue 9
10.3390/ijms23094846
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of MbMYB108, a Malus baccata MYB Transcription Factor Gene, with Functions in Tolerance to Cold and Drought Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

by
Chunya Yao
1,
Wenhui Li
1,
Xiaoqi Liang
1,
Chuankun Ren
1,
Wanda Liu
2,
Guohui Yang
1,
Mengfei Zhao
1,
Tianyu Yang
1,
Xingguo Li
1,* and
Deguo Han
1,*
1
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Development and Utilization of Small Fruits in Cold Regions/College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
2
Horticulture Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150040, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094846
Submission received: 29 March 2022 / Revised: 20 April 2022 / Accepted: 25 April 2022 / Published: 27 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Mechanism and Network of Abiotic Stress-Response in Plants)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The MYB transcription factor (TF) family is one of the largest transcription families in plants, which is widely involved in the responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as plant growth, development, and metabolic regulation. In the present study, a new MYB TF gene, MbMYB108, from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh, was identified and characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of MbMYB108 was found to be 903 bp, encoding 300 amino acids. Sequence alignment results and predictions of the protein structure indicated that the MbMYB108 protein contained the conserved MYB domain. Subcellular localization showed that MbMYB108 was localized to the nucleus. The expression of MbMYB108 was enriched in young and mature leaves, and was highly affected by cold and drought treatments in M. baccata seedlings. When MbMYB108 was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana, it greatly increased the cold and drought tolerances in the transgenic plant. Increased expression of MbMYB108 in transgenic A. thaliana also resulted in higher activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), higher contents of proline and chlorophyll, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative conductivity were lower, especially in response to cold and drought stresses. Therefore, these results suggest that MbMYB108 probably plays an important role in the response to cold and drought stresses in A. thaliana by enhancing the scavenging capability for reactive oxygen species (ROS).

1. Introduction

MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) transcription factor (TF) is one of the most numerous and most versatile members of the plant TF family [1]. Its name is based on the fact that the encoded protein contains one or more highly conserved DNA domains—MYB domains [2]. The DNA-binding domains of MYB TFs contain an incompletely repeated R structure (R1, R2, and R3) composed of about 50 amino acid residues. MYB TFs can be divided into four subclasses according to the number of R structures contained in each gene [3]. Among them, the R1/R2-MYB subclass contains only one MYB domain, and the R2R3-MYB subclass contains two MYB domains, the R1R2R3-MYB subclass contains three continuous domains, and the 4R-MYB subclass contains four MYB domains [4,5,6].
A large number of previous studies have shown that MYB TFs regulate the expression of a series of genes by binding the cis-acting elements in the promoter region, and play an important role in the plant stress response [7]. After Paz-Ares cloned the ZmMYBC1 gene related to pigment synthesis from maize [1], a large number of MYB genes were isolated and identified from plants, and it was discovered that MYB genes are widely involved in physiological and biochemical processes such as plant growth and secondary metabolism, and can also regulate many physiological responses of plants under biotic and abiotic stress. Expression of OsMYB3R-2 in transgenic rice can enhance plant resistance to cold, dehydration, and salt stresses, while reducing sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) [8]. Overexpression of the rice R2R3-MYB TF gene OsMYB55 enhances the metabolism of amino acids through transcriptional activation to enhance the resistance of rice to high temperatures [9]. In addition, the overexpression of OsMYB4 will also significantly enhance the resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana to cold or freezing stresses [10]. Through the identification of 156 GmMYB genes in soybeans, it was found that the expression of 43 of them changed under the conditions of ABA, salt, drought, or cold stress [11]. Due to the above, MYB TFs participate in the response of plants to abiotic stress, and have potential application value in transgenic breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought, cold, and low-temperature tolerances. According to previous research results, we speculate that there is also a MYB transcription factor gene in Malus baccata (L.) Borkh, which may change the tolerance of transgenic plants to abiotic stress by participating in the physiological and biochemical reactions.
Malus baccata is one of the commonly used grafting rootstocks of apple. It has strong grafting affinity between the same genus and a high survival rate. It is widely grown in the northeast and eastern inner Mongolia. Rootstocks are crucial to the morphogenesis of fruit trees and their adaptation to external conditions. Rational use of rootstocks is the most economical and effective measure to control tree crowns and achieve preterm and stable yields, which can further increase yield, improve quality, and improve land utilization [12]. Cold and drought resistances are important indicators for evaluating apple rootstocks [13]. However, most of the current apple rootstocks with high-quality characteristics are weak in cold and drought resistances [14]. From the transcriptome analysis of M. baccata seedlings under cold and/or drought stresses (results not presented here), we found that the MbMYB108 expression level was significantly upregulated under both stresses. More importantly, through NCBI blast (BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Available online: https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi (accessed on 13 March 2021)) of the MbMYB108 gene, we found that the closest A. thaliana MYB gene is AtMYB96, which is a famous MYB TF gene involved in drought stress through the ABA signaling pathway [15]. To better understand the role of MYB TF genes involved in cold and drought stresses, and to provide potential genetic resources for the improvement of the drought resistance of Malus plant, a new MYB TF gene was isolated from M. baccata and designated as MbMYB108. Moreover, it was found that the tolerance of transgenic A. thaliana to cold and drought stresses was increased because of the overexpression of MbMYB108.

2. Results

2.1. Isolation of MbMYB108 Gene from M. baccata

The ProtParam analysis (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|Expasy. Available online: http://www.expasy.org/tools/protparam.html (accessed on 5 April 2021)) showed that MbMYB108 cDNA was a complete open reading frame of 903 bp, encoding 300 amino acids (Supplementary Figure S1). The predicted theoretical molecular mass of MbMYB108 was 33.939 kDa, with a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.82 and the average hydrophilicity coefficient was −0.753, which indicated that the protein is hydrophilic. Among the amino acids contained in MbMYB108 protein, Asn (10.4%), Ser (10.0%), Ala (8.0%), and Leu (7.0%) were relatively abundant.

2.2. Phylogenetic Relationship and Structural Prediction of MbMYB108 Protein

To explore the evolutionary relationship among plant MYB proteins, DNAMAN was used to compare MbMYB108 with 11 other MYB proteins of different species. Inside the red and blue frames was the conserved sequence of the amino acid of MYB proteins (Figure 1A), which was a characteristic sequence of the plant MYB TF family. The amino acid conserved sequence of MbMYB108 had high homology with the amino acid conserved sequences of the other 11 MYB proteins, but the non-conserved sequences had obvious differences, which was consistent with the characteristics of TFs, indicating that MbMYB108 belongs to the MYB TF family. The constructed phylogenetic tree showed that MbMYB108 and MdMYB108 (XP_008340570.2, M. domestica) had the highest homology (Figure 1B).
The predicted secondary structure of MbMYB108 contains predominant α-helices (37%) and coil structures (51%) (Figure 2A). The amino acid sequence of MbMYB108 had two SANT conserved domains (Figure 2B), presumably belonging to the R2R3-MYB TF family. The SWISS-MODEL online analysis suggests an overall α-helical structure for the MbMYB108 protein, consistent with the predicted secondary structure (Figure 2C).

2.3. MbMYB108 Was Localized in the Nucleus

In order to determine the specific location of MbMYB108 protein in cells, a fusion expression vector of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the MbMYB108 gene was constructed. As shown in Figure 3, the MbMYB108-GFP fusion protein was targeted into the nucleus (Figure 3E), whereas the control GFP alone was distributed throughout the plasma membrane and the nucleus (Figure 3B). These results showed that MbMYB108 is a nucleus-localized protein.

2.4. Expression Level of MbMYB108 in M. baccata

The expression profile of MbMYB108 in various M. baccata tissues under CK was investigated by using the qPCR assay. As shown in Figure 4A, MbMYB108 was expressed at higher levels in young and mature leaves of M. baccata seedlings, but at lower levels in roots and stems. When subjected to low-temperature, high-salt, dehydration, high-temperature, and ABA treatments, the expression level of MbMYB108 in young leaves of M. baccata increased quickly, reached a maximum at 3, 9, 7, 3, and 3 h, respectively, and then decreased (Figure 4B). The expression trend of MbMYB108 in roots was consistent with that in young leaves, reaching a maximum at 7, 3, 5, 7, and 3 h, and then slightly decreasing (Figure 4C).

2.5. Overexpression of MbMYB108 Improves Cold Tolerance in Transgenic A. thaliana

To study the effect of overexpression of MbMYB108 on cold and drought stresses in plants, MbMYB108 was introduced into A. thaliana. Using WT and UL lines as controls, the T2 generation transgenic lines were analyzed by qPCR, and the results showed that the target gene had been integrated into the T2 generation transgenic lines (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6) (Figure 5A). The three lines (S2, S4, S6) with a relatively high DNA expression level were selected to continue to cultivate to obtain T3 generation homozygous transgenic A. thaliana, which were used for subsequent research on morphological phenotype and physiological indexes.
As shown in Figure 5B, no significant difference in appearance was found among all A. thaliana lines (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) under CK (Cold 0 h). However, after dealing with cold (−6 °C) stress for 14 h (Cold 14 h), the transgenic lines (S2, S4, S6) looked much healthier than WT and UL. Under CK, there were no significant difference in the survival rate among all A. thaliana lines (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6). However, when subjected to cold stress, the survival rates of WT and UL A. thaliana were only 20.5% and 15.8%, while the average survival rate of transgenic (S2, S4, S6) lines reached 84.9%. The survival rates of transgenic (S2, S4, S6) lines were significantly higher than those of WT and UL lines under cold treatment (Figure 5C).
To further understand the reasons why transgenic A. thaliana performed better under cold stress, the relevant physiological indexes of all lines (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) under normal temperature and cold stress were determined. The results showed that after cold treatment, chlorophyll content, proline content, POD, and CAT activities of transgenic (S2, S4, S6) lines were significantly higher than those of WT and UL, while MDA content and relative conductivity were significantly lower (Figure 5D–I).

2.6. Overexpression of MbMYB108 Promotes the Expression of Cold Stress-Related Genes

The low-temperature signal transduction pathway dependent on CBF (CRT/DRE-binding factor) is a very important molecular regulation pathway in A. thaliana in response to cold stress. Therefore, we analyzed the expression level changes of several important genes, AtCBF1, AtCBF3, AtRD29a, and AtCOR15a, downstream of the MYB transcription factor under cold treatment (Figure 6). After 14 h of cold treatment at −6 °C, the expression level of the four genes was upregulated in all A. thaliana lines compared with CK, but the expression level of these four genes in MbMYB108 overexpression transgenic lines (S2, S4, S6) was significantly higher than that in WT and UL lines, indicating that MbMYB108 positively regulates AtCBF1 and AtCBF3, thereby activating the expression of key genes AtRD29a and AtCOR15a under cold stress and improving the cold resistance of plants.

2.7. Overexpression of MbMYB108 Improves Drought Tolerance in Transgenic A. thaliana

In order to understand the tolerance of different A. thaliana lines to drought stress, transgenic (S2, S4, S6), UL, and WT A. thaliana with the same growth vigor were not watered for 10 days, and then the phenotype of each line was observed. As shown in Figure 7A, the transgenic (S2, S4, S6), WT, and UL lines all grew well under CK (drought 0 days). However, when watering was stopped for 10 days (drought 10 days), the transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana had a better appearance than WT and UL lines. Similarly, under CK, there were no significant differences in the survival rates of all A. thaliana lines (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6). However, after 10 days of drought stress, the survival rates of WT and UL lines were only 26.8% and 25.5%, while the average survival rate of transgenic (S2, S4, S6) lines was 75.0%. The survival rates of the transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana under drought stress were significantly higher than those of WT and UL lines (Figure 7B).
Furthermore, the related physiological indexes of each line of A. thaliana treated under CK and drought stress (stopped watering for 10 days) were determined. It was found that under drought stress, overexpression of MbMYB108 resulted in lower MDA content and relative conductivity, higher chlorophyll and proline content, and higher POD and CAT activities in transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana relative to WT and UL lines. However, for the above indexes, there were no significant differences among entire test lines (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) under CK (Figure 7C–H).

2.8. Overexpression of MbMYB108 Promotes the Expression of Drought Stress-Related Genes

Drought stress can induce the increase of ABA levels in plants, and the ABA signal transduction activity is also enhanced. At the same time, studies have shown that ABA can also induce the expression of MbMYB108. Therefore, we selected the ABA synthesis gene AtNCED3 and the ABA signal transduction-related gene AtSnRK2.4, and further analyzed their expression patterns in MbMYB108 transgenic A. thaliana (Figure 8). The results showed that the expression levels of AtNCED3 and AtSnRK2.4 in MbMYB108-overexpressing lines (S2, S4, S6) were significantly higher than those in WT and UL lines under drought stress, indicating that MbMYB108 positively regulates the expression of AtNCED3 and AtSnRK2.4, and enhances drought tolerance in transgenic A. thaliana through ABA synthesis and signal transduction pathways. In addition, the expression levels of other drought stress-responsive genes AtCAT1 and AtP5CS downstream of MbMYB108 were also higher in transgenic (S2, S4, S6) lines under drought stress.

3. Discussion

There are many types of MYB family proteins with different functions. In 1987, Paz-Ares et al. cloned the ZmMYBC1 gene by analyzing one genome and two cDNA clone sequences of maize [16], which is the first MYB gene to be identified in plants. In this experiment, M. baccata was used as a test material, taking the nucleic acid sequence of MdMYB108 (XM_008342348.3, M. domestica) as a reference sequence, and primer 5.0 [17] software was used to design specific primers to amplify the target gene MbMYB108. The alignment of protein sequences found that MbMYB108 protein and other species of MYB proteins had high similarity in conserved sequences but large differences in non-conserved regions, which was an obvious feature of TFs. Analysis of the conserved domains revealed that MbMYB108 protein had two SANT conserved domain, which was characteristic of the MYB TF family [18], and it was speculated that MbMYB108 protein belongs to the R2R3-MYB family. Subcellular localization revealed that MbMYB108 is a nuclear-localized protein (Figure 3), which was consistent with other MYB proteins [19,20]. The phylogenetic tree indicated that MbMYB108 is most closely related to MdMYB108 (XP_008340570.2, M. domestica) (Figure 1B).
In this study, the expression level of MbMYB108 was the highest in the young leaves of M. baccata, while the expression level was less in the stems, which was only 1/9 of the expression level in the young leaves, indicating that its expression in the stems was inhibited or less relevant. In addition, the expression level of MbMYB108 was unstable in different organs of M. baccata, suggesting that its expression pattern is tissue-specific. The present study showed that abiotic stresses such as low temperature, high salt, dehydration, high temperature, and ABA all induced the expression of MbMYB108, and the expression level of the same TF changed with time under different stress treatments. Among them, under cold and drought stresses, the upregulation of MbMYB108 gene expression in young leaves and roots was the most obvious. Under cold stress, the expression levels of MbMYB108 in young leaves and roots reached the peak at 3 and 7 h after treatment, and were 7.8 and 13.3 times higher than those in the untreated treatment, respectively. Under drought stress, the expression levels of MbMYB108 in young leaves and roots peaked at 7 and 5 h after treatment, respectively, and were 7.2 and 12.9 times higher than those in untreated, respectively. This suggests that this gene may play an important role in the involvement of M. baccata in response to cold and drought stresses. It lays a foundation for further study on the functions of the MbMYB108 gene.
After MbMYB108 was introduced into the model plant A. thaliana, WT, UL, and transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana were treated with cold and drought, respectively. After stress treatment, all lines showed a certain degree of damage, but the transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana emerged with less yellowing and wilting, and statistical analysis showed that the survival rate of the transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana was significantly higher than WT and UL lines. The results showed that overexpression of MbMYB108 improves cold and drought resistances in transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana. To further study the mechanism of this gene in the process of plant cold and drought resistances, the physiological and biochemical indexes and the expression of downstream stress-related genes of each A. thaliana line were determined and analyzed.
When plants are faced with cold stress, their cytoplasmic membrane permeability increases, electrolytes and soluble substances extravasate, and relative conductivity increases. Therefore, the level of relative conductivity can be used as an index for judging the cold resistance of plants [21]. Under cold stress, compared with WT and UL A. thaliana, the relative conductivity of overexpressed transgenic (S2, S4, S6) lines increased less, indicating that their cell membranes are less damaged. Chlorophyll is one of the important indexes for judging the cold resistance of plants. Low temperatures will decompose chlorophyll in plants, causing leaves to turn yellow, and therefore plants cannot perform photosynthesis normally, and even die [22]. Observing the phenotype of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) under cold treatment, it was found that the degree of leaf yellowing of the transgenic line is lighter. Cold resistance can also be estimated by osmoregulation and antioxidant capacity [23]. Soluble sugars, proline, and soluble proteins are the main osmotic regulators in plant cytoplasm. They can increase the osmotic concentration of cells, lower the freezing point, buffer dehydration under cold stress, and help maintain the normal metabolism of cells [24]. Under cold stress, plants accumulate osmotic regulators such as proline [25], which enhances the water-holding capacity of cells, promotes protein hydration, and increases the content of soluble proteins [26], thereby maintaining enzyme activity in cold conditions. The proline content of the transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana increased more under cold stress, indicating that they suffered less dehydration damage. Studies have shown that the activities of POD and CAT in the roots of cold-acclimated rice are significantly enhanced compared with ordinary rice [27]. Under cold stress, transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana overexpressing MbMYB108 had higher CAT and POD activities and lower MDA content compared with WT and UL. It indicated that the transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana had a stronger ability to actively remove superoxide ions in the body under cold stress, and the tolerance to cold was also stronger.
When plants are subjected to chilling or freezing stress, the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ increases significantly, and the high concentration of intracellular Ca2+ is sensed by downstream signal receptors calmodulin (CAM) [28,29], calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) [30], and calcium-interacting protein kinase (CIPKs) [31], and the signal is further transmitted. Studies have shown that MYB TFs can not only bind to the CBF promoter region to promote the expression of its downstream cold stress-related genes, but can also inhibit the expression of CBFs and negatively regulate the cold resistance of plants [32,33,34]. In addition, CBF can also induce the expression of CRT/DRE cis-acting elements of genes such as CORs, RDs, and LTIs, and improves plant cold resistance [35,36,37]. MYB96 can bind to the promoter of HHP (transmembrane helix structure protein) gene to induce the synthesis of HHP protein, which in turn interacts with ICE1 (CBF gene expression inducer 1), ICE2, and CAMTA3 (calmodulin-binding transcriptional activator 3) to promote the expression of CBF, thereby activating the expression of downstream cold stress-related genes and improving the cold resistance of plants [38,39,40,41]. This present study quantitatively analyzed the expression levels of two key genes, CBF1 and CBF3, in the CBF-dependent pathway, and their downstream cold stress responsive genes COR15a and RD29a under normal conditions and cold treatment, and found that MbMYB108 can positively regulate AtCBF1, AtCBF3, AtCOR15a, and AtRD29a expression in response to cold stress through a CBF-dependent pathway.
Drought usually leads to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O22−, H2O2, OH−, etc., in plants [42,43,44]. Most studies have shown that MYB TFs can participate in plant drought signal transduction and activate the ROS scavenging system, thereby avoiding the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids and the oxidative inactivation of metabolic enzymes, improving drought resistance of transgenic plants [45,46]. The birch BplMYB46 gene binds to the MYBCORE and AC-box motifs and directly activates the expression of SOD, POD, and P5CS genes containing such elements, thereby reducing intracellular ROS levels, increasing proline content, and improving plant drought resistance [47]. The sweet potato IbMYB116 gene was involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway to activate the ROS scavenging system, effectively reducing the oxidative damage of the plasma membrane caused by drought and other stress conditions, thereby improving the drought resistance of transgenic plants [48]. Compared with CK, transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana exhibited higher CAT and POD activities, higher proline and chlorophyll content, and lower MDA content and relative conductivity than WT and UL lines under drought stress. The changes of these physiological indexes indicated that under drought stress, the transgenic (S2, S4, S6) lines could quickly scavenge reactive oxygen radicals in the body, reduce the damage to the plasma membrane, and maintain the integrity and stability of cells, and thus improve the drought resistance of plants.
Under drought stress, plants can induce stomatal closure by synthesizing ABA, thereby reducing water loss [49,50]. NCED (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) plays an important role in ABA synthesis [51,52]. A study has shown that AtNCED3 overexpression can increase ABA content in transgenic A. thaliana [53]. Under drought stress, the ABA content in transgenic kidney beans increased due to the expression of NCED1, and drought resistance of the overexpressed line was significantly improved [54]. The ABA signal transduction pathway is also an important pathway for plants to respond to drought stress [55,56]. Under drought stress, related TFs bind to downstream target genes to regulate their expression and generate intercellular signal ABA. ABA receptors sense the accumulation of ABA and bind to it, thereby inhibiting the activity of intracellular PP2C (protein phosphatase 2C) [57,58], resulting in an increase in SnRK (sucrose non-catalytic protein kinase 2) content [59], and downstream TFs are phosphorylated, regulating ABA-related gene expression, response to drought stress, and then stomatal closure [60,61]. In this study, the expression levels of AtNCED3 and AtSnRK2.4 were more significantly increased in transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana after drought stress compared with WT and UL lines, indicating that MbMYB108 could positively regulate the expression of AtNCED3 and AtSnRK2.4. It was further shown that MbMYB108 can not only regulate ABA synthesis, but also participates in the regulation of ABA signal transduction genes, and jointly regulates the response of transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana to drought stress through these two pathways. In addition, we also analyzed the expression of drought stress-responsive genes AtCAT1 and AtP5CS, and found that the expression levels of both genes were significantly increased in transgenic (S2, S4, S6) A. thaliana under drought stress. These results suggest that MbMYB108 can promote the expression of downstream drought stress-related genes through multiple pathways and improve the drought tolerance of plants.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions

Rapid propagation of M. baccata tissue culture seedlings was performed in MS growth medium (MS + 0.6 mg/L of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.6 mg/L of indolebutyric acid (IBA)) for 30 days. Then, robust tissue culture seedlings were selected and transferred to MS rooting medium (MS + 1.2 mg/L IBA) to continue culturing until white roots grew [62]. Finally, the tissue culture seedlings with new roots were then transferred to Hoagland nutrient solution [63] for cultivation, and the new hydroponic solution was replaced as needed during hydroponics. The temperature of the culture chamber was kept at around 25 °C, and the relative humidity was kept at 80–85%. When the tissue culture seedlings grew 7–9 true leaves and the root system was well-developed, 60 seedlings with good shape and basically the same growth were selected for sampling. First, unexpanded young leaves, completely unfolded mature leaves, phloem at the second and third node stem segments, and newly emerged roots were sampled in 10 of the M. baccata seedlings, respectively. The remaining 50 seedlings were divided into 5 groups for different stress treatments: low-temperature treatment (hydroponic seedlings were cultured at 4 °C), salt treatment (hydroponic seedlings were cultured under high-salt conditions of 200 mM NaCl), dehydration treatment (hydroponic seedlings were cultured in Hoagland nutrient solution with a concentration of 20% PEG6000), high-temperature treatment (hydroponic seedlings were cultured at 38 °C), and ABA treatment (hydroponic seedlings were cultured in hydroponic solution with an ABA concentration of 50 μM), and the seedlings were cultured under normal Hoagland nutrient solution as control, young leaves, and roots of control, and all treatments were sampled. The samples of all control and treated seedlings were sealed after treatments of, respectively, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 h, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C for RNA extraction.

4.2. Isolation and Cloning of MbMYB108

Extraction of M. baccata total RNA was performed with the OminiPlant RNA Kit (Kangweishiji, Beijing, China). The first-strand cDNA was synthesized using TransScript® First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China). A pair of primers (MbMYB-108F and MbMYB-108R, Table S1) were designed based on the homologous regions of MdMYB108 (XM_008342348.3, Malus domestica) to amplify the full-length cDNA sequence. The whole sequence of MbMYB108 was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers, and the first-strand cDNA of M. baccata was used as a template. The target fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis [64]. The obtained DNA fragment of the MbMYB108 gene was gel-purified and cloned into the pEASY®-T1 vector (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) [65] and sequenced (Beijing Genomics Institute, Beijing, China).

4.3. Sequence Analysis and Structure Prediction of MbMYB108

Multiple sequence alignment of MbMYB108 and MYB TFs from other species was performed with DNAMAN 5.2. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method [66] with MEGA 7 (Home. Available online: http://www.megasoftware.net (accessed on 5 April 2021)) [67]. ExPASy (ExPASy-ProtParam tool. Available online: https://web.expasy.org/protparam/ (accessed on 20 April 2021)) was used to predict the primary structure of MbMYB108 protein. The domain of MbMYB108 protein was predicted on the SMART website (SMART: Main page. Available online: http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/ (accessed on 20 April 2021)), using SWISS-MODEL (SWISS-MODEL. Available online: https://swissmodel.expasy.org/ (accessed on 20 April 2021)) to predict the tertiary structure of MbMYB108 protein.

4.4. Subcellular Localization Analysis of MbMYB108 Protein

The MbMYB108 ORF was cloned into the BamHI and SalI sites of the pSAT6-GFP-N1 vector using primers (site-F and site-R, Table S1) with BamHI and SalI restriction sites to construct the MbMYB108-GFP transient expression vector. The recombinant plasmid containing the MbMYB108 gene was injected into onion epidermal cells by particle bombardment [68]. After overnight culture, the fluorescence signals of the control protein GFP and the MbMYB108-GFP fusion protein were observed under confocal microscopy (LSM 510 Meta, Zeiss, Germany). The nucleus was marked using DAPI staining.

4.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) Expression Analysis of MbMYB108

DNAMAN was used to perform sequence alignment to find out the conserved regions of the MbMYB108 nucleic acid sequence and select the sequences with high specificity to design qPCR [69,70] primers (MbMYB-108qF and MbMYB-108qR, Table S1), and Actin gene (NC_024251.1, M. domestica) primers (Actin-F and Actin-R, Table S1) were sent for synthesis. Using cDNA of pretreated M. baccata material as a template, the expression level of the MbMYB108 gene was detected using TransStart® Green qPCR SuperMix (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. PCR conditions were as follows: 94 °C for 30 s, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s, 54 °C for 40 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and then 72 °C for 10 min. Analysis of relative transcript level data was carried out using the 2−ΔΔCT method [71].

4.6. Generation of Transgenic A. thaliana Overexpressing MbMYB108

Primers (HF and HR, Table S1), including target fragment-specific primer sequences, restriction sequences (BamHI and SalI), and overlapping sequences, were designed to amplify target fragments. Then, according to the principle of homologous recombination (ClonExpress®II One Step Cloning Kit, Vazyme, Nanjing, China), the target fragment was ligated into the PCAMBIA2300 vector to construct the PCAMBIA2300-MbMYB108 overexpression vector. The MbMYB108 gene was introduced into columbia-0 ecotype A. thaliana by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of GV3101 using the inflorescence infusion method [72,73,74,75]. Transgenic A. thaliana was selected on MS medium containing 50 mg/L of Kanamycin until generation T3, and the T3 generation plants were used for further analysis.

4.7. Stress Treatment and Determination of Related Physiological Indexes in A. thaliana

Wildtype (WT), empty vector line (UL, line transformed with empty vector only), and T3 transgenic lines (S2, S4, S6) of A. thaliana were sown in 1/2 MS medium, respectively, and after 10 days, seedlings that had cotyledons and had grown well were transferred to nutrient pots (4 plants per pot, the composition of substrate was turfy soil:vermiculite = 2:1). Each line of A. thaliana was divided into two groups: one group was treated with cold stress (−6 °C for 14 h) and the other group was treated with drought stress (stopped watering for 10 days), and then they were returned to normal culture for 7 days to remove stress. Finally, morphological changes were observed, and survival rates were calculated [76].
The materials of each line of A. thaliana under CK and after stress treatment were collected, and their physiological indexes were determined, respectively. Chlorophyll content was measured using the immersion extraction method [77]. According to the method of Huang et al., proline was extracted by the sulfosalicylic acid method and its content was determined [78,79,80]. Relative conductivity was measured using the pump-down method [81]. The guaiacol method was used to determine peroxidase (POD) activity [82,83], the ultraviolet (UV) absorption method was used to measure catalase (CAT) activity [84], and the spectrophotometer color method was used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) activity [85,86].

4.8. Expression Analysis of MbMYB108 Downstream Genes

Using AtActin as the internal reference, the mRNAs of each line of A. thaliana under CK and after stress were extracted and reverse transcribed into first-strand cDNA. The qPCR experiments were performed on several important regulatory genes downstream of MYB TFs: cold stress response key genes (AtCBF1, AtCBF3, AtCOR15a, AtRD29a) and drought stress response key genes (AtNCED3, AtSnRK2.4., AtCAT1, AtP5CS), using specific primers (Table S1).

4.9. Statistical Analysis

SPSS software was used to analyze the differences with Duncan’s multiple range tests. Statistical differences were referred to as significant when * p ≤ 0.05 and ** p ≤ 0.01.

5. Conclusions

In the present study, a new MYB gene was isolated from M. baccata and named MbMYB108. Subcellular localization showed that MbMYB108 protein was located in the nucleus. When MbMYB108 was introduced into A. thaliana, it increased the levels of proline and chlorophyll, and improved the activities of POD and CAT, but decreased MDA content and relative conductivity, especially under cold and drought treatments. Taken together, our results suggest that MbMYB108 plays an important role in the response to cold and drought stress by enhancing the capability of scavenging ROS.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms23094846/s1.

Author Contributions

X.L. (Xingguo Li) and D.H. designed the experiments; C.Y., W.L. (Wenhui Li), X.L. (Xiaoqi Liang) and C.R. performed the experiments; W.L. (Wanda Liu), M.Z. and T.Y. analyzed the data; G.Y. and D.H. wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172521), the Postdoctoral Scientific Research Development Fund of Heilongjiang Province, China (LBH-Q16020), the Natural Science Fund Joint Guidance Project of Heilongjiang Province (LH2019C031), and the SIPT Program for Undergraduates of Northeast Agricultural University.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Feng, P.; Chen, P.; Hong, W.; Zhao, X.; Liu, X. Research Progress of MYB Transcription Factor Family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Life Sci. Res. 2016, 20, 555–560. [Google Scholar]
  2. Shi, M.Z.; Xie, D.Y. Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 2014, 8, 47–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Dubos, C.; Stracke, R.; Grotewold, E.; Weisshaar, B.; Martin, C.; Lepiniec, L. MYB transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Trends Plant Sci. 2010, 15, 573–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Haga, N.; Kato, K.; Murase, M.; Araki, S.; Kubo, M.; Demura, T.; Suzuki, K.; Muller, I.; Voss, U.; Jurgens, G. R1R2R3-Myb proteins positively regulate cytokinesis through activation of KNOLLE transcription in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2007, 134, 1101–1110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Hou, X.; Li, S.; Liu, S.; Hu, C.; Zhang, J.; Moriguchi, T. Genome-wide classification and evolutionary and expression analyses of citrus MYB transcription factor families in sweet orange. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e112375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Qiao, M.; Yu, Y.; Xiang, F. The roles of the Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factors in the stress responses. Chin. Bull. Life Sci. 2009, 21, 145–150. [Google Scholar]
  7. Shinozaki, Y.K.; Shinozaki, K. Organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in osmotic- and cold-stressresponsive promoters. Trends Plant Sci. 2005, 10, 88–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Dai, X.; Xu, Y.; Ma, Q.; Xu, W.; Wang, T.; Xue, Y.; Chong, K. Overexpression of an R1R2R3 MYB Gene, OsMYB3R-2, Increases Tolerance to Freezing, Drought, and Salt Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007, 143, 1739–1751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Casaretto, J.A.; El-Kereamy, A.; Zeng, B.; Stiegelmeyer, S.; Chen, X.; Bi, Y.; Rothstein, S. Expression of OsMYB55 in maize activates stress-responsive genes and enhances heat and drought tolerance. BMC Genom. 2016, 17, 312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Vannini, C.; Locatelli, F.; Bracale, M.; Magnani, E.; Marsoni, M.; Osnato, M.; Mattana, M.; Baldoni, E.; Coraggio, I. Overexpression of the rice Osmyb4 gene increases chilling and freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Plant J. 2004, 37, 115–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Sun, X.; Liu, J.; Yuan, X.; Pan, X.; Du, W.; Ren, H.; Ma, Y.; ABE, J.; Qiu, L.; Liu, B. Cloning and expression analysis of GmMYB gene induced by abiotic stress. J. Crops 2012, 38, 360–368. [Google Scholar]
  12. Chen, X.; Hao, Y.; Yang, H.; Mao, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Peng, F.; Shen, X.; Zhang, J.; Chen, X.; Shu, H. 10 key technologies for high-quality and efficient development of my country’s apple industry. Chin. Fruit Tree 2010, 4, 65–67. [Google Scholar]
  13. Yue, Z.; Liu, H.; Ma, F. The Malus carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 is involved in stress response and regulated by basic pentacysteine 1. Sci. Hortic. 2015, 192, 264–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ding, N.; Chen, J.; Feng, Y.; Sha, J.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, Y. Effects of dwarf apple loading on nitrogen absorption, distribution and utilization. J. Hortic. 2016, 43, 549–556. [Google Scholar]
  15. Liu, J.; She, L.; Lan, X.; Lu, Y.; Yang, J.; Liu, H.; Lu, C.; Chen, Y. Bioinformatics and expression analysis of the MYB family of Himalayan Mirabilis. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull. 2020, 36, 54–61. [Google Scholar]
  16. Xing, Z. Cloning and Functional Analysis of Potato Gene StR2R3-MYB1. Master’s Thesis, Hunan Agricultural University, Haikou, China, 2014; p. 2. [Google Scholar]
  17. Ren, L.; Zhu, B.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.; Li, C.; Su, Y.; Ba, C. The research of applying primer premier 5.0 to design PCR primer. J. Jinzhou Med. Coll. 2004, 25, 43–46. [Google Scholar]
  18. Boyer, L.; Latek, R.; Peterson, C. The SANT domain: A unique histone-tail-binding module? Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 5, 158–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Lv, B.; Zhang, W.; Li, C.; Ming, F. MYB family transcription factor OsMYB84 participates in salt stress response through ABA signaling pathway. Fudan J. 2015, 54, 591–600. [Google Scholar]
  20. Xie, Y.P. Mechanism of Apple MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 Transcription Factors in Low Temperature and Drought Stress. Ph.D. Thesis, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China, 2018; p. 23. [Google Scholar]
  21. Xu, C.X. Advances in mechanisms of improving plant cold resistance. J. Ecol. 2012, 32, 7966–7980. [Google Scholar]
  22. Ke, X.; He, L.; Su, Z. Relative chlorophyll index and distribution of four woody plants in southern China. J. Cent. South Univ. For. Technol. 2010, 30, 82–86. [Google Scholar]
  23. Pan, R.C.; Wang, X.J.; Li, N.H. Plant Physiology Version 7; High Education Press: Beijing, China, 2012; pp. 438–455. [Google Scholar]
  24. Farhangi-Abriz, S.; Torabian, S. Antioxidant enzyme and osmotic adjustment changes in bean seedlings as affected by biochar under salt stress. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2017, 137, 64–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Yao, H. Physiological and Biochemical Study on Cold Resistance of Four Cupressaceae Plants. Master’s Thesis, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China, 2012; p. 2. [Google Scholar]
  26. Jiao, R.; Liu, H.; Liu, G.; Wang, S.; Hou, N.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Z.; Feng, X.; Hu, X.; Jin, Y. On Proline Accumulation and Plant Resistance to Osmotic Stress. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull. 2011, 27, 216–221. [Google Scholar]
  27. Rezayian, M.; Niknam, V.; Ebrahimzadeh, H. Penconazole and calcium ameliorate drought stress in canola by upregulating the antioxidative enzymes. Funct. Plant Biol. 2020, 47, 825–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Wang, Y.; Zhou, X.Y. Changes of intracellular Ca2+ levels in plant cells under stress. Anhui Agric. Sci. Bull. 2010, 16, 29–31. [Google Scholar]
  29. Zhang, J.; Meng, Y.; Song, Y.; Liu, S.; Zhuang, W. Research Developments of Ca2+-CaM Signal System and Its Regulation in Plant. J. Chongqing Norm. Univ. 2005, 22, 49–52. [Google Scholar]
  30. Liu, G.S.; Chen, J. The role of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in plant calcium signal transduction. Bull. Phys. 2003, 20, 160–167. [Google Scholar]
  31. Verma, P.; Sanyal, S.K.; Pandey, G.K. Ca2+-CBL-CIPK: A modulator system for efficient nutrient acquisition. Plant Cell Rep. 2021, 40, 2111–2122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Li, M.; Lin, L.; Zhang, Y.; Sui, N. ZmMYB31, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor in maize’ positively regulates expression of CBF genes and enhances resistance to chilling and oxidative stress. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2019, 46, 3937–3944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Yang, A.; Dai, X.; Zhang, W.H. A R2R3-type MYB gene, OsMYB2, is involved in salt, cold, and dehydration tolerance in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63, 2541–2556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Zhou, M.Q.; Shen, C.; Wu, L.H.; Tang, K.X.; Lin, J. CBF-dependent signaling pathway: A key responder to low temperature stress in plants. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2011, 31, 186–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Molecular responses to dehydration and low temperature: Differences and cross-talk between two stress signaling pathways. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2000, 3, 217–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Thomashow, M.F. So what’s new in the field of plant cold acclimation? Lots! Plant Physiol. 2001, 125, 89–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  37. Baker, S.S.; Wilhelm, K.S.; Thomashow, M.F. The 5-region of Arabidopsis thaliana cor15a has cis-acting elements that confer cold-, drought- and ABA-regulated gene expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 1994, 24, 701–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Shinozaki, K. A novel cisacting element in an Arabidopsis gene is involved in responsiveness to drought, low-temperature, or high-salt stress. Plant Cell 1994, 6, 251–264. [Google Scholar]
  39. Chinnusamy, V.; Ohta, M.; Kanrar, S.; Lee, B.H.; Hong, X.; Agarwal, M.; Zhu, J.K. ICE1: A regulator of cold-induced transcriptome and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 2003, 17, 1043–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Agarwal, M.; Hao, Y.; Kapoor, A.; Dong, C.H.; Fujii, H.; Zheng, X.; Zhu, J.K. A R2R3 type MYB transcription factor is involved in the cold regulation of CBF genes and in acquired freezing tolerance. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 37636–37645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Doherty, C.J.; Van-Buskirk, H.A.; Myers, S.J.; Thomashow, M.F. Roles for Arabidopsis CAMTA transcription factors in cold-regulated gene expression and freezing tolerance. Plant Cell 2009, 21, 972–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Mhamdi, A.; Breusegem, F. Reactive oxygen species in plant development. Development 2018, 145, 164376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. Mittler, R. ROS are good. Trends Plant Sci. 2017, 22, 11–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  44. Waszczak, C.; Carmody, M.; Kangasjarvi, J. Reactive oxygen species in plant signaling. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2018, 69, 209–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. Mahmood, T.; Khalid, S.; Abdullah, M.; Ahmed, Z.; Shah, M.K.N.; Ghafoor, A.; Du, X. Insights into Drought Stress Signaling in Plants and the Molecular Genetic Basis of Cotton Drought Tolerance. Cells 2020, 9, 105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  46. Noctor, G.; Veljovic-Jovanovic, S.; Driscoll, S.; Novitskaya, L.; Foyer, C.H. Drought and oxidative load in the leaves of C3plants: A predominant role for photorespiration? Ann. Bot. 2002, 89, 841–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Guo, H.; Wang, Y.; Wang, L.; Hu, P.; Wang, Y.; Jia, Y.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, C.; et al. Expression of the MYB transcription factor gene BplMYB46 affects abiotic stress tolerance and secondary cell wall deposition in Betula platyphylla. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2016, 15, 107–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Zhou, Y.; Zhu, H.; He, S.; Zhai, H.; Liu, Q. A Novel Sweet potato Transcription Factor Gene IbMYB116 Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Seo, P.; Xiang, F.; Qiao, M.; Park, J.; Lee, Y.; Kim, S.; Lee, Y.; Park, W.; Park, C. The MYB96 Transcription Factor Mediates Abscisic Acid Signaling during Drought Stress Response in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2009, 151, 275–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Tuteja, N.; Sopory, S.K. Plant signaling in stress: G-protein coupled receptors, heterotrimeric G-proteins and signal coupling via phospholipases. Plant Signal. Behav. 2008, 3, 79–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Gavassi, M.A.; Silva, G.S.; da Silva, C.D.M.S.; Thompson, A.J.; Macleod, K.; Oliveira, P.M.R.; Cavalheiro, M.F.; Domingues, D.S.; Habermann, G. NCED expression is related to increased ABA biosynthesis and stomatal closure under aluminum stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2021, 185, 104404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Taylor, I.B.; Burbidge, A.; Thompson, A.J. Control of abscisic acid synthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 2000, 51, 1563–1574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Yang, Y.; Tan, B. A Distal ABA Responsive Element in AtNCED3 Promoter Is Required for Positive Feedback Regulation of ABA Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e87283. [Google Scholar]
  54. Torres, G.A.; Lelandais-Brière, C.; Besin, E.; Jubier, M.F.; Roche, O.; Mazubert, C.; Corre-Menguy, F.; Hartmann, C. Characterization of the expression of Phaseolus vulgaris OCT1, a dehydration-regulated gene that encodes a new type of phloem transporter. Plant Mol. Biol. 2003, 51, 341–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Ren, X.; Chen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, M.; Liu, Q.; Hong, X.; Zhu, J.K.; Gong, Z. ABO3, a WRKY transcription factor, mediates plant responses to abscisic acid and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010, 63, 417–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  56. Golldack, D.; Lüking, I.; Yang, O. Plant tolerance to drought and salinity: Stress regulating transcription factors and their functional significance in the cellular transcriptional network. Plant Cell Rep. 2011, 30, 1383–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Leung, J.; Merlot, S.; Giraudat, J. The Arabidopsis ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE2 (ABI2) and ABI1 genes encode homologous protein phosphatases 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Plant Cell 1997, 9, 759–771. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  58. Gosti, F.; Beaudoin, N.; Serizet, C.; Webb, A.A.; Vartanian, N.; Giraudat, J. ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C is a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell 1999, 11, 1897–1910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Nakashima, K.; Fujita, Y.; Kanamori, N.; Katagiri, T.; Umezawa, T.; Kidokoro, S.; Maruyama, K.; Yoshida, T.; Ishiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; et al. Three arabidopsis SnRK2 protein kinases, SRK2D/SnRK2.2, SRK2E/SnRK2.6/OST1 and SRK2I/SnRK2.3, involved in ABA signaling are essential for the control of seed development and dormancy. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009, 50, 1345–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Muschietti, J.; McCormick, S. Abscisic acid (ABA) receptors: Light at the end of the tunnel. F1000 Biol. Rep. 2010, 2, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  61. Yu, X.; Han, J.; Li, L.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, G.; He, G. Wheat PP2C-a10 regulates seed germination and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep. 2020, 39, 635–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  62. Han, D.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Ma, L.; Zhang, X.; Xu, X.; Han, Z. Isolation and functional characterization of MxCS1: A gene encoding a citrate synthase in Malus xiaojinensis. Biol. Plant. 2012, 56, 50–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Hoagland, D.R. Optimum nutrient solutions for plants. Science 1920, 1354, 562–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  64. Han, D.; Zhang, Z.; Ding, H.; Chai, L.; Liu, W.; Li, H.; Yang, G. Isolation and characterization of MbWRKY2 gene involved in enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco. J. Plant Interact. 2018, 13, 163–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  65. Han, D.; Ding, H.; Chai, L.; Liu, W.; Zhang, Z.; Hou, Y.; Yang, G. Isolation and characterization of MbWRKY1, a WRKY transcription factor gene from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh involved in drought tolerance. Can. J. Plant Sci. 2018, 98, 1023–1034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Saitou, N.; Nei, M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1987, 4, 406–425. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  67. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Tamura, K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016, 33, 1870–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  68. Yang, G.; Li, J.; Liu, W.; Yu, Z.; Shi, Y.; Lv, B.; Wang, B.; Han, D. Molecular cloning and characterization of MxNAS2, a gene encoding nicotianamine synthase in Malus xiaojinensis, with functions in tolerance to iron stress and misshapen flower in transgenic tobacco. Sci. Hortic. 2015, 183, 77–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Radonić, A.; Thulke, S.; Mackay, I.M.; Landt, O.; Siegert, W.; Nitsche, A. Guideline to reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 313, 856–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  70. Peirson, S.; Butler, J.; Foster, R. Experimental validation of novel and conventional approaches to quantitative real-time PCR data analysis. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 2003, 31, e73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  71. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−∆∆CT method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Han, D.; Han, J.; Xu, T.; Li, X.; Yao, C.; Li, T.; Sun, X.; Wang, X.; Yang, G. Overexpression of MbERF12, an ERF gene from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh increases cold and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana associated with the ROS scavenging through ethylene signal transduction. Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant 2021, 57, 760–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Han, D.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Pu, Q.; Ding, H.; Han, J.; Fan, T.; Bai, X.; Yang, G. Isolation and functional analysis of MxCS3: A gene encoding a citrate synthase in Malus xiaojinensis, with functions in tolerance to iron stress and abnormal flower in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regul. 2017, 82, 479–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Xu, Y.T.; Xu, Q. Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana by floral dip. Bio-101 2018, e1010203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Ren, L.; Liu, H.; Wang, H.; Zhu, Z. Construction of Expression Vectors of Brassica chinensis Myb28 Gene and Transformation to Arabidopsis thaliana. Biotechnol. Bull. 2012, 3, 80–84. [Google Scholar]
  76. Yao, C.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Yang, G.; Liu, W.; Shao, B.; Zhong, J.; Huang, P.; Han, D. Overexpression of a Malus baccata MYB Transcription FactorGene MbMYB4 Increases Cold and Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  77. Xu, F.; Liu, S.; Liu, Y.; Xu, J.; Liu, T.; Dong, S. Effectiveness of lysozyme coatings and 1-MCP treatments on storage and preservation of kiwifruit. Food Chem. 2019, 288, 201–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  78. Huang, Q.; Qian, X.; Jiang, T.; Zheng, X. Effect of eugenol fumigation treatment on chilling injury and CBF gene expression in eggplant fruit during cold storage. Food Chem. 2019, 292, 143–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Bates, L.S.; Waldren, R.P.; Teare, I.D. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 1973, 39, 205–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Li, P.; Zheng, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, Y. Pre-storage application of oxalic acid alleviates chilling injury in mango fruit by modulating proline metabolism and energy status under chilling stress. Food Chem. 2014, 142, 72–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Lutts, S.; Kinet, J.M.; Bouharmont, J. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann. Bot. 1996, 78, 389–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Sharma, A.; Yuan, H.; Kumar, V.; Ramakrishnan, M.; Kohli, S.; Kaur, R.; Thukral, A.; Bhardwaj, R.; Zheng, B. Castasterone attenuates insecticide induced phytotoxicity in mustard. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 179, 50–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Zhang, L.; Pei, Y.; Wang, H.; Jin, Z.; Liu, Z.; Qiao, Z.; Fang, H.; Zhang, Y. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates cadmium-induced cell death through restraining ROS accumulation in roots of Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2014, 2015, 804603. [Google Scholar]
  84. Han, Y.; Yang, H.; Wu, M.; Yi, H. Enhanced drought tolerance of foxtail millet seedlings by sulfur dioxide fumigation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 178, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Li, L.; Lin, G.; Gu, H.; Yu, L.; Ni, C. Effects of Srxn1 on growth and Notch signalling of astrocyte induced by hydrogen peroxide. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2019, 47, 1917–1923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  86. Jiang, Y.; Lin, L.; Zhong, S.; Cai, Y.; Zhang, F.; Wang, X.; Miao, R.; Zhang, B.; Gao, S.; Hu, X. Overexpression of novel lncRNA NLIPMT inhibits metastasis by reducing phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β in breast cancer. J. Cell Physiol. 2018, 234, 10698–10708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijms 23 04846 g001 550
Figure 1. Comparison and phylogenetic relationship of MbMYB108 with other species of MYB transcription factor (TF) proteins. (A) Amino acid sequence alignment of MbMYB108 with other species of MYB TF proteins. Conserved domains are shown in red and blue boxes. (B) Phylogenetic tree analysis of MbMYB108 and other species of MYB TF proteins.
Figure 1. Comparison and phylogenetic relationship of MbMYB108 with other species of MYB transcription factor (TF) proteins. (A) Amino acid sequence alignment of MbMYB108 with other species of MYB TF proteins. Conserved domains are shown in red and blue boxes. (B) Phylogenetic tree analysis of MbMYB108 and other species of MYB TF proteins.
Ijms 23 04846 g001
Ijms 23 04846 g002 550
Figure 2. Structural prediction of MbMYB108 protein. Prediction of the secondary structure (A), domains (B), and tertiary structure (C).
Figure 2. Structural prediction of MbMYB108 protein. Prediction of the secondary structure (A), domains (B), and tertiary structure (C).
Ijms 23 04846 g002
Ijms 23 04846 g003 550
Figure 3. Subcellular localization of MbMYB108 protein. Transient expressions of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and MbMYB108-GFP fusion protein in onion epidermal cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy: (A,D) were taken under bright light, (B,E) were taken under dark field, and (C,F) are the results of DAPI staining for 24 h. Scale bar corresponds to 5 μm.
Figure 3. Subcellular localization of MbMYB108 protein. Transient expressions of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and MbMYB108-GFP fusion protein in onion epidermal cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy: (A,D) were taken under bright light, (B,E) were taken under dark field, and (C,F) are the results of DAPI staining for 24 h. Scale bar corresponds to 5 μm.
Ijms 23 04846 g003
Ijms 23 04846 g004 550
Figure 4. Time-course expression patterns of MbMYB108 in Malus baccata. (A) Expression patterns of MbMYB108 in young leaves (partly expanded), mature leaves (fully expanded), roots, and stems in normal condition (room temperature and normal watering). The expression level of young leaves was used as a control. Expression patterns of MbMYB108 in control condition (CK), low-temperature (4 °C), high-salt (200 mM NaCl), dehydration (20% PEG), high-temperature (38 °C), and ABA (50 μM) stress in young leaves (B) and roots (C) at the following time points: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 h. Data represent the mean of three replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks above error bars indicate significant differences between treatment and control (0 h) (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01).
Figure 4. Time-course expression patterns of MbMYB108 in Malus baccata. (A) Expression patterns of MbMYB108 in young leaves (partly expanded), mature leaves (fully expanded), roots, and stems in normal condition (room temperature and normal watering). The expression level of young leaves was used as a control. Expression patterns of MbMYB108 in control condition (CK), low-temperature (4 °C), high-salt (200 mM NaCl), dehydration (20% PEG), high-temperature (38 °C), and ABA (50 μM) stress in young leaves (B) and roots (C) at the following time points: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 h. Data represent the mean of three replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks above error bars indicate significant differences between treatment and control (0 h) (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01).
Ijms 23 04846 g004
Ijms 23 04846 g005 550
Figure 5. Overexpression of MbMYB108 in Arabidopsis thaliana improved cold tolerance. (A) Transgenic A. thaliana qPCR validation. (B) Phenotypic map of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK (Cold 0 h), cold stress (Cold 14 h), and recovery conditions (stress removed). Scale bar corresponds to 4 cm. (C) The survival rates of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK and cold stress. (D) Catalase (CAT) activity. (E) Chlorophyll content. (F) Peroxidase (POD) activity. (G) Proline content. (H) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content. (I) Relative conductivity. Asterisks above the error bars indicate extremely significant differences between transgenic (S2, S4, S6) and WT A. thaliana (** p ≤ 0.01). The level of each index in the WT line was used as a control.
Figure 5. Overexpression of MbMYB108 in Arabidopsis thaliana improved cold tolerance. (A) Transgenic A. thaliana qPCR validation. (B) Phenotypic map of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK (Cold 0 h), cold stress (Cold 14 h), and recovery conditions (stress removed). Scale bar corresponds to 4 cm. (C) The survival rates of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK and cold stress. (D) Catalase (CAT) activity. (E) Chlorophyll content. (F) Peroxidase (POD) activity. (G) Proline content. (H) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content. (I) Relative conductivity. Asterisks above the error bars indicate extremely significant differences between transgenic (S2, S4, S6) and WT A. thaliana (** p ≤ 0.01). The level of each index in the WT line was used as a control.
Ijms 23 04846 g005
Ijms 23 04846 g006 550
Figure 6. Relative expression levels of cold stress-related genes in WT, UL, and transgenic A. thaliana. Relative expression levels of AtCBF1 (A), AtCBF3 (B), AtCOR15a (C), and AtRD29a (D). Data represent the mean of three replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks above error bars indicate significant difference compared to the WT line (** p ≤ 0.01).
Figure 6. Relative expression levels of cold stress-related genes in WT, UL, and transgenic A. thaliana. Relative expression levels of AtCBF1 (A), AtCBF3 (B), AtCOR15a (C), and AtRD29a (D). Data represent the mean of three replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks above error bars indicate significant difference compared to the WT line (** p ≤ 0.01).
Ijms 23 04846 g006
Ijms 23 04846 g007 550
Figure 7. Overexpression of MbMYB108 in A. thaliana improved drought tolerance. (A) Phenotypic map of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK (Drought 0 days), drought stress (Drought 10 days), and recovery conditions (stress removed). Scale bar corresponds to 4 cm. (B) The survival rates of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK and drought stress. (C) Catalase (CAT) activity. (D) Chlorophyll content. (E) Peroxidase (POD) activity. (F) Proline content. (G) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content. (H) Relative conductivity. Asterisks above the error bars indicate extremely significant differences between transgenic (S2, S4, S6) and WT A. thaliana (** p ≤ 0.01). The level of each index in the WT line was used as a control.
Figure 7. Overexpression of MbMYB108 in A. thaliana improved drought tolerance. (A) Phenotypic map of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK (Drought 0 days), drought stress (Drought 10 days), and recovery conditions (stress removed). Scale bar corresponds to 4 cm. (B) The survival rates of each line (WT, UL, S2, S4, and S6) of A. thaliana under CK and drought stress. (C) Catalase (CAT) activity. (D) Chlorophyll content. (E) Peroxidase (POD) activity. (F) Proline content. (G) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content. (H) Relative conductivity. Asterisks above the error bars indicate extremely significant differences between transgenic (S2, S4, S6) and WT A. thaliana (** p ≤ 0.01). The level of each index in the WT line was used as a control.
Ijms 23 04846 g007
Ijms 23 04846 g008 550
Figure 8. Relative expression levels of drought stress-related genes in WT, UL, and transgenic A. thaliana. Relative expression levels of AtNCED3 (A), AtSnRK2.4 (B), AtCAT1 (C), and AtP5CS (D). Data represent the mean of three replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks above error bars indicate significant difference compared to the WT line (** p ≤ 0.01).
Figure 8. Relative expression levels of drought stress-related genes in WT, UL, and transgenic A. thaliana. Relative expression levels of AtNCED3 (A), AtSnRK2.4 (B), AtCAT1 (C), and AtP5CS (D). Data represent the mean of three replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks above error bars indicate significant difference compared to the WT line (** p ≤ 0.01).
Ijms 23 04846 g008
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yao, C.; Li, W.; Liang, X.; Ren, C.; Liu, W.; Yang, G.; Zhao, M.; Yang, T.; Li, X.; Han, D. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of MbMYB108, a Malus baccata MYB Transcription Factor Gene, with Functions in Tolerance to Cold and Drought Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094846

AMA Style

Yao C, Li W, Liang X, Ren C, Liu W, Yang G, Zhao M, Yang T, Li X, Han D. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of MbMYB108, a Malus baccata MYB Transcription Factor Gene, with Functions in Tolerance to Cold and Drought Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):4846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094846

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Chunya, Wenhui Li, Xiaoqi Liang, Chuankun Ren, Wanda Liu, Guohui Yang, Mengfei Zhao, Tianyu Yang, Xingguo Li, and Deguo Han. 2022. "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of MbMYB108, a Malus baccata MYB Transcription Factor Gene, with Functions in Tolerance to Cold and Drought Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 4846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094846

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop