The Role of MicroRNAs in Myocarditis—What Can We Learn from Clinical Trials?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Basic Knowledge and Statistics about Myocarditis
1.2. Available Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Myocarditis
1.3. Biosynthesis and Function of miRNAs
1.4. The Putative Role of miRNAs in Myocarditis
2. MicroRNAs in Patients Suffering from Myocarditis
2.1. MicroRNAs in Pediatric Myocarditis Patients
2.2. Tissue MicroRNAs in Adult Myocarditis Patients
2.3. Circulating MicroRNAs in Adult Myocarditis Patients
3. Conclusions
4. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yan et al. [38] | 2021 | 48 VMC pediatric pts | 40 HCs | miR-146b | ↑ miR-146b in VMC pts compared to HCs | miRs in serum by qPCR |
Xia et al. [39] | 2020 | 30 VMC pediatric pts | HCs | miR-217 miR-543 | ↑ miR-217 and miR-543 in study groups compared to controls | miRs in blood by qPCR |
Goldberg et al. [40] | 2018 | 8 VMC pediatric pts | comparison of acute, subacute and resolution/chronic phase of VMC | miR-21 miR-208a | ↑ miR-208a in acute phase compared to other phases ↓ miR-21 in resolution/chronic phase compared to other phases | miRs in serum by qPCR |
Zhang et al. [41] | 2018 | 26 VMC pediatric pts | 33 pediatric pts recovered from VMC | miR-381 | ↓ miR-381 in VMC pts compared to recovered pts | miRs in serum by qPCR |
Zhang et al. [42] | 2017 | 36 VMC pediatric pts | HCs | miR-133b | ↓ miR-133b in VMC pts | miRs in blood by qPCR |
Wang et al. [43] | 2016 | 119 VMC pediatric pts | 120 HCs | miR-1 miR-146b | ↓ miR-1 and ↑ miR-146b in VMC pts | miRs in serum by qPCR |
Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Besler et al. [44] | 2016 | 76 VMC pts | 22 DCM pts | miR-133a miR-155 | ↑ miR-133a, miR-155 in MC pts ↑ miR-133a associated with ↓ fibrosis and ↑ LV function miR-133a and miR-155 levels correlated with inflammatory cells count in MC pts | miRs in heart tissue by qPCR fibrosis, inflammatory cells by HP LV function in ECHO |
Ferreira et al. [45] | 2014 | 10 CCC pts | 6 DCM pts 4 HCs | miR-1 miR-133a miR-133b miR-208a miR-208b | ↓ miR-1, miR-133a and miR-208b in CCC pts compared to others ↓ miR-133b and miR-208a in CCC pts compared to HCs | miRs in heart tissue by qPCR |
Bao et al. [46] | 2014 | 6 acute MC pts | 6 HCs | miR-155 miR-148a | ↑ miR-155 and miR-148a in MC pts | miRs in heart biopsy by qPCR |
Chen et al. [47] | 2015 | 8 acute VMC pts | 8 HCs | miR-214 miR-146b | ↓ miR-214 and miR-146b in VMC pts | miRs in heart tissue by qPCR |
Kühl et al. [48] | 2012 | 15 active B19V infection pts | 45 inactive B19V infection pts | miRNAome | 29 differently-expressed miRs predicted miR-Ts involved in immune response and energy metabolism | miRs in heart tissue by qPCR |
Corsten et al. [37] | 2012 | 4 acute MC pts | 6 HCs | miRNAome | 107 deregulated miRs in MC pts compared to HCs | miRs in heart biopsy by microarray analysis |
Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blanco-Domínguez et al. [49] | 2021 | 39 acute MC pts | 39 STEMI pts 38 NSTEMI pts31 HCs | miR-Chr8:96 | ↑ miR-Chr8:96 in MC pts compared to other groups | miRs in plasma by qPCR |
Nie et al. [36] | 2020 | 20 fulminant MC pts | 5 MI pts 10 HCs | miR-4763-3p miR-4281 | ↑ miR-4763-3p in fulminant MC pts compared to other groups↑ miR-4281 in fulminant MC pts compared to HCs | miRs in plasma by microarray and qPCR |
Aleshcheva et al. [50] | 2020 | 343 AMC or VMC pts | 71 DCM pts 85 HCs | Let-7f miR-197 miR-223 miR-93 miR-379 | deregulation of these miRNAs only in MC pts: ↑ miR-93, miR-197, miR-379 compared to other groups ↓ let7f, miR-223 compared to HCs | miRs in serum by qPCR |
Chen et al. [51] | 2022 | fulminant MC pts | HCs | miR-29b miR-125b | ↑ miR-29b and miR-125b in fulminant MC patients compared to HCs | miRs in plasma by microarray analyses and qPCR |
Obradovic et al. [52] | 2021 | 60 MC pts | 29 DCM pts | miR-155 miR-206 | ↑ miR-155 and miR-206 in MC pts compared to control group | miRs in plasma by qPCR |
Marketou et al. [53] | 2021 | 40 acute VMC pts | 29 HCs | miR-21-5p miR-1-3p | ↑ miR-21-5p and miR-1-3p compared to control group | miRs in blood by qPCR |
Zhang et al. [54] | 2021 | 99 fulminant MC pts | 32 non-fulminant MC pts 105 HCs | miR-30a miR-192 miR-146a miR-155 miR-320a | ↑ miR-30a, miR-192, miR-146a, miR-155 and miR-320a in fulminant MC pts compared to other groups | exosomal miRs by NGS and qPCR |
Fan et al. [55] | 2019 | 23 acute MC pts | 12 HCs | miR-181d miR-30a miR-125a miR-155 miR-21 | ↑ miR-181d, miR-30a, miR-125a and ↓ miR-125a, miR-21 in MC pts compared to HCs | miRs in serum exosomes by qPCR |
Zhang et al. [56] | 2016 | 50 MC pts | 50 HCs | miR-98 | ↓ miR-98 in MC pts | miRs in plasma by qPCR |
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Grodzka, O.; Procyk, G.; Gąsecka, A. The Role of MicroRNAs in Myocarditis—What Can We Learn from Clinical Trials? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 16022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416022
Grodzka O, Procyk G, Gąsecka A. The Role of MicroRNAs in Myocarditis—What Can We Learn from Clinical Trials? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):16022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416022
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrodzka, Olga, Grzegorz Procyk, and Aleksandra Gąsecka. 2022. "The Role of MicroRNAs in Myocarditis—What Can We Learn from Clinical Trials?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 16022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416022