Agricultural Applications of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels
2.1. Formation Mechanisms and Properties of Polymer Hydrogels
2.2. Superabsorbents Based on Synthetic Polymers
2.2.1. SAPs Based on Cross-Linked Copolymers of Partially Neutralized Polyacrylic Acid
2.2.2. SAPs Based on Polyacrylamide and Other Poly(meth)acrylic Derivatives
2.2.3. Composite SAPs with Various Additives and Nanoparticles
2.2.4. Challenges for Agricultural Applications of Synthetic SAPs
2.3. Superabsorbents Based on Natural Polymers
2.4. Semi-Synthetic Superabsorbent Polymers
2.4.1. Semi-Synthetic SAPs Based on Cellulose
2.4.2. Semi-Synthetic SAPs Based on Starch
2.4.3. Semi-Synthetic SAPs Based on Chitosan
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polymer Network Type | Gelation Means | Mechanisms or Agents Involved |
---|---|---|
Chemical networks | Chemically induced free radical polymerization | Thermal initiation Redox initiation Photo (UV) initiation |
Radiation induced free radical polymerization | γ-radiation Electron beam radiation | |
Non-polymerizable cross-linking agents | Ethylenediamine tetraacetic dianhydride Citric acid anhydride Glutaraldehyde Ethylenediamine Epichlorohydrin Urea | |
Physical networks | Electrostatic interactions | Multivalent metal ions (Ca2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Ba2+, Al3+, Fe3+) Polyelectrolytes |
Semi-interpenetrating network | Chain entanglements via hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions |
Structural Factor | Available Options | Affected Properties | |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical structure of the main polymer chain | Synthetic polymers, Natural polymers | Water absorption Biodegradability Biocompatibility Mechanical strength | |
Monomer, constituting cross-linking chains | Non-ionic | Acrylamide | Water absorption Salinity tolerance Biocompatibility |
Anionic | Acrylic acid Methacrylic acid 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonic acid | ||
Cationic | N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate N,N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide | ||
Cross-linker structure | N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Polyethyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate | Elasticity Viscosity Mechanical strength Water absorption | |
Neutralizing agent | Potassium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide | Water absorption Salinity tolerance Mechanical strength | |
Hydrophilic groups | Non-ionic | Hydroxyl Amide | Water absorption Salinity tolerance |
Anionic | Carboxyl Sulfonic acid Phosphoric acid | ||
Cationic | Amino |
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Krasnopeeva, E.L.; Panova, G.G.; Yakimansky, A.V. Agricultural Applications of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315134
Krasnopeeva EL, Panova GG, Yakimansky AV. Agricultural Applications of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315134
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrasnopeeva, Elena L., Gaiane G. Panova, and Alexander V. Yakimansky. 2022. "Agricultural Applications of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315134