Ex Vivo Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibiting Effects of a Novel Galantamine–Curcumin Hybrid on Scopolamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antioxidant Activities on Enzymes and Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress
2.2. Assessment of Cholinesterase Inhibition
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Animals
4.3. Design of the Experiment
- Group 1—control mice, treated with 0.9 % saline po;
- Group 2—animals treated with GAL alone as a positive control (3 mg/kg po);
- Group 3—animals treated with CCN alone as a positive control (25 mg/kg po);
- Group 4—animals treated with 4b alone (2.5 mg/kg po), (low dose, LD);
- Group 5—animals treated with 4b alone (5 mg/kg po) (high dose, HD);
- Group 6—animals treated with SC alone (3 mg/kg ip);
- Group 7—animals treated with GAL (3 mg/kg po) and SC (3 mg/kg ip 30 min after GAL medication);
- Group 8—animals treated with CCN (25 mg/kg po) and SC (3 mg/kg ip 30 min after CCN medication);
- Group 9—animals treated with 4b (2.5 mg/kg po) and SC (3 mg/kg ip 30 min after 4b medication);
- Group 10—animals treated with 4b (5 mg/kg po) and SC (3 mg/kg ip 30 min after 4b medication).
4.4. Methods
4.4.1. Measurement of AChE and BChE Inhibition in Brain Homogenate
4.4.2. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Measurement
- Catalase Activity (CAT)
- Superoxide Dismutase Activity (SOD).
- Glutathione Peroxidase Activity (GPx).
4.4.3. Measurement of Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels in Brain Homogenate
4.4.4. Measurement of Reduced Glutathione (GSH) Levels in Brain Homogenate
4.4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Control | GAL | CCN | 4b LD | 4b HD | SC | SC + GAL | SC + CCN | SC + 4b LD | SC + 4b HD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAT nmol/mg/min | 8.50 ± 0.41 | 7.70 ± 0.42 d | 9.35 ± 0.68 d | 7.80 ± 0.32 cd | 7.10 ± 0.70 cd | 5.35 ± 0.52 abc | 7.20 ± 0.43 d | 8.55 ± 0.34 d | 8.15 ± 0.28 d | 8.40 ± 0.36 d |
SOD nmol/mg/min | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.04 d | 0.34 ± 0.01 d | 0.44 ± 0.03 bcd | 0.41 ± 0.03 bcd | 0.22 ± 0.03 abc | 0.31 ± 0.02 d | 0.34 ± 0.01 d | 0.33 ± 0.01 d | 0.34 ± 0.02 d |
GPx nmol/mg/min | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.03 d | 0.40 ± 0.04 d | 0.44 ± 0.03 d | 0.46 ± 0.02 d | 0.21 ± 0.02 abc | 0.34 ± 0.03 ad | 0.39 ± 0.05 d | 0.41 ± 0.03 d | 0.44 ± 0.02 d |
GSH nmol/g tissue | 1.59 ± 0.03 | 1.73 ± 0.07 d | 2.04 ± 0.12 abd | 2.06 ± 0.07 abd | 2.22 ± 0.08 abd | 1.09 ± 0.13 abc | 1.66 ± 0.12 | 1.83 ± 0.03 cd | 1.44 ± 0.08 d | 1.59 ± 0.04 d |
MDA nmol/g tissue | 1.41 ± 0.27 | 1.75 ± 0.13 d | 1.45 ± 0.09 d | 1.62 ± 0.30 d | 1.76 ± 0.12 d | 2.39 ± 0.1 abc | 1.79 ± 0.08 d | 1.64 ± 0.05 d | 1.76 ± 0.03 d | 1.65 ± 0.16 d |
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Simeonova, R.; Atanasova, M.; Stavrakov, G.; Philipova, I.; Doytchinova, I. Ex Vivo Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibiting Effects of a Novel Galantamine–Curcumin Hybrid on Scopolamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314843
Simeonova R, Atanasova M, Stavrakov G, Philipova I, Doytchinova I. Ex Vivo Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibiting Effects of a Novel Galantamine–Curcumin Hybrid on Scopolamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314843
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimeonova, Rumyana, Mariyana Atanasova, Georgi Stavrakov, Irena Philipova, and Irini Doytchinova. 2022. "Ex Vivo Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibiting Effects of a Novel Galantamine–Curcumin Hybrid on Scopolamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314843