Broaden Horizons: The Advancement of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Epidemiology, Clinical Symptoms, Etiology and Pathology of IC/BPS
3. Diagnosis of IC/BPS
3.1. History and Assessment Scale
3.2. Physical Examination and Laboratory Tests
3.3. Cystoscopy and Bladder Biopsy
3.4. Other Examinations
4. Treatment of IC/BPS
4.1. Principles of Treatments
4.2. Conservative Treatment
4.3. Pharmaceutical treatment
4.4. Intravesical Treatment
4.5. Procedures and Major Surgery
4.6. Emerging Treatments
4.6.1. Monoclonal Antibodies
4.6.2. Novel Delivery Systems
4.6.3. Analgesics
4.6.4. Stem Cell Therapies
4.6.5. Other Therapies
5. The Fundamental Research of IC/BPS
5.1. Animal and Cell Models Related to IC/BPS
5.1.1. Animal Models
5.1.2. Cell Models
Species | Cell Types | Stimulants | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Homo Sapiens | SV-HUC-1 | LPS and ATP | [140] |
Homo Sapiens | SV-HUC-1 | TNF-α | [153] |
Homo Sapiens | HTB4 | TNF-α | [131] |
Homo Sapiens | SV-HUC-1 | Ketamine | [159] |
Sus scrofa | Ucells | Protamine | [154] |
Rattus norvegicus | Urothelial cells | Toxic factors | [155] |
Homo Sapiens | RT4 | TNF-α | [157] |
Homo Sapiens | T24 | TNF-α | [158] |
Homo Sapiens | RT4 | Ketamine | [159] |
Homo Sapiens | 5637 | Ketamine | [159] |
Rattus norvegicus | Whole bladder | Capsaicin and ATP | [156] |
5.2. The Research on Urinary Symptoms in IC/BPS
5.3. The Research on Pain Sensation in IC/BPS
5.4. The Research on Bladder Wall Fibrosis in IC/BPS
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | A | B | C | D | CP/EO | Not Recommend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative therapies | ||||||
Education | CUA | EAU *, JUA | ICI-RS * | RCOG | AUA | - |
Physiotherapy | AUA | CUA, EAU, RCOG | ICI-RS, JUA | - | - | - |
Stress reduction | - | CUA, EAU, JUA | ICI-RS | RCOG | AUA | - |
Diet treatment | - | CUA, JUA | EAU, ICI-RS | RCOG | AUA | - |
Bladder training | - | CUA, EAU | - | - | AUA | - |
Acupuncture | - | CUA | JUA | - | - | - |
Oral treatments | ||||||
Amitriptyline | EAU | AUA, CUA, ICI-RS, JUA, RCOG | - | - | - | - |
Hydroxyzine | EAU | CUA | AUA, JUA | ICI-RS | - | RCOG |
Pentosan polysulfate | EAU | AUA, JUA | - | CUA, ICI-RS | - | ROCG |
Cimetidine | - | AUA, CUA, EAU, RCOG | ICI-RS, JUA | - | - | - |
Cyclosporine A | - | - | AUA, CUA, ICI-RS, JUA | - | - | RCOG |
Oxybutynin | - | - | CUA, EAU, JUA | ICI-RS | - | - |
Gabapentin | - | - | CUA, ICI-RS, JUA | - | - | - |
Quercetin | - | - | ICI-RS | ICI-RS | - | - |
Analgesics | - | - | ICI-RS, JUA | - | AUA, RCOG | - |
Sildenafil | - | - | CUA, JUA | |||
L-Arginine | - | - | EAU | JUA | - | - |
Misoprostol | - | - | EAU | - | - | - |
Corticosteroids | - | - | JUA | - | - | AUA, EAU |
Antibiotics | - | - | - | ICI-RS, JUA | - | AUA, JUA |
Duloxetine | - | - | - | JUA | - | EAU |
Intravesical therapies | ||||||
Lidocaine | EAU | AUA, CUA, RCOG | ICI-RS, JUA | - | - | - |
Dimethyl sulfoxide | - | CUA, ICI-RS, JUA | AUA, RCOG | - | - | - |
Pentosan polysulfate | EAU | - | CUA, JUA | ICI-RS | - | - |
Heparin | - | ICI-RS | AUA, CUA, EAU, JUA | RCOG | - | - |
Hyaluronic acid | - | EAU, RCOG | CUA, JUA | ICI-RS | - | - |
Chondroitin sulfate | - | EAU | JUA | CUA, ICI-RS, RCOG | - | - |
Oxybutynin | - | - | CUA, EAU, JUA | - | - | - |
Corticosteroids | - | - | EAU, JUA | - | - | - |
Resiniferatoxin | - | - | CUA, JUA | - | - | CUA, ICI-RS, RCOG |
BCG | - | AUA | - | JUA | - | CUA, EAU, ICI-RS, RCOG |
Procedures | ||||||
BTX-A and HD | EAU | - | AUA | ICI-RS | - | - |
Neuromodulation | - | EAU, JUA | AUA, CUA, ICI-RS, JUA | RCOG | - | - |
Fulguration/ablation | - | CUA, JUA | AUA, EAU, ICI-RS | - | RCOG | - |
BTX-A injection | - | JUA, RCOG | AUA, AUA | - | - | - |
Hydrodistension | - | JUA | AUA, CUA, EAU, ICI-RS, JUA | - | - | - |
Triamcinolone | - | - | AUA | - | - | - |
Hyperbaric oxygen | - | - | CUA, JUA | - | - | EAU |
Major surgery | ||||||
Radical surgries | EAU | - | AUA, CUA, ICI-RS, JUA | RCOG | - | - |
Therapy | Identifier | Country | Phase | Current Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monoclonal antibody | ||||
Adalimumab | NCT01295814 | USA | III | Completed |
Certolizumab pegol | NCT02497976 | USA | III | Completed |
Omalizumab | NCT01294878 | Italy | III | Completed |
Tanezumab | NCT01030640 | USA | I | Completed |
PF-04383119 | NCT00601484 | USA | II | Completed |
Fulranumab | NCT01060254 | Multinational | II | Terminated |
ASP6294 | NCT03282318 | Multinational | II | Completed |
Delivery-related system | ||||
LiRIS | NCT02411110 | Multinational | II | Completed |
LiRIS | NCT02395042 | Multinational | II | Completed |
LiRIS | NCT01879683 | USA | I | Completed |
LiRIS | NCT01559961 | Canada | I | Completed |
LP-08 | NCT01393223 | USA | II | Completed |
Liposomes | NCT01083979 | USA | - | Completed |
Liposomes | NCT01731470 | USA | - | Completed |
LESW | NCT03619486 | China | - | Completed |
LESW+BTX-A | NCT05275647 | China | II | Recruiting |
LiESWT | NCT05337813 | China | - | Recruiting |
Analgesics | ||||
Ketorolac Tromethamine | NCT02000401 | USA | IV | Completed |
Naltrexone | NCT04313972 | USA | IV | Recruiting |
Naltrexone | NCT04450316 | USA | II | Recruiting |
ASP3652 | NCT01613586 | Multinational | II | Completed |
Oxycodone naloxone | NCT01197261 | Multinational | II | Completed |
Stem cell therapy | ||||
MR-MC-01 | NCT04610359 | Korea | I | Recruiting |
AlloRx | NCT05147779 | Antigua and Barbuda | I | Recruiting |
Other therapies | ||||
Oxytocin | NCT00919802 | USA | IV | Completed |
PD 0299685 | NCT00739739 | Multinational | II | Completed |
AQX-1125 | NCT01882543 | Multinational | II | Completed |
MN-001 | NCT00295854 | USA | II | Completed |
Ozone | NCT04789135 | Brazil | II | Active, not recruiting |
TTI-1612 | NCT01559961 | Canada | I | Completed |
Species | Strain | Stimulants | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Rattus norvegicus | Sprague-Dawley | Zymosan | [139] |
Rattus norvegicus | F344 | Hydrochloride | [136] |
Rattus norvegicus | Sprague-Dawley | CYP | [137] |
Mus musculus | C57BL/6 | CYP | [140] |
Mus musculus | C57BL/6 | LPS | [138] |
Mus musculus | FVB/NJ | LPS | [138] |
Rattus norvegicus | Wistar | Water avoidance | [142,143] |
Felis catus | - | - | [144,145,146] |
Mus musculus | C57BL/6 | Bladder homogenate | [147] |
Mus musculus | SWXJ | Bladder homogenate | [148] |
Mus musculus | Balb/cAN | Bladder homogenate | [149] |
Rattus norvegicus | Sprague-Dawley | Uroplakin II | [150] |
Mus musculus | BALB/c | UPK3A 65–84 | [151] |
Mus musculus | URO-OVA | OVA-specific immunocytes | [152] |
Mus musculus | URO-OVA/OT-I | - | [134] |
Mus musculus | URO-OVA/OT-I | LPS | [135] |
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Share and Cite
Li, J.; Yi, X.; Ai, J. Broaden Horizons: The Advancement of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314594
Li J, Yi X, Ai J. Broaden Horizons: The Advancement of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314594
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jin, Xianyanling Yi, and Jianzhong Ai. 2022. "Broaden Horizons: The Advancement of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314594