A Proteomic Approach to Elucidate the Changes in Saliva and Serum Proteins of Pigs with Septic and Non-Septic Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Proteomic Changes in LPS-Challenged Pigs
2.2. Proteomic Changes in Turpentine-Challenged Pigs
2.3. Measurement of Aldolase Activity in Porcine Saliva
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.1.1. Proteomic Study
- Lipopolisacharide (LPS) group (n = 5). Pigs were individually administered LPS from Escherichia coli (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) reconstituted in sterile saline solution in a single dose of 30 ug/kg by intramuscular route as previously reported [45].
- Turpentine group (n = 5). Each pig was administered a total of 8 mL subcutaneous injections of turpentine oil (oil of turpentine purified, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 4 mL in each front flank, as previously described [46].
4.1.2. Validation Study
- Septic and non-septic experimentally-induced inflammation: An aliquot of each saliva sample of the LPS and turpentine groups used in the proteomic study was analyzed.
- Sepsis in field conditions: Two groups of Large White weaning pigs from 6 to 9 weeks old were selected from a commercial farm located in the same geographical area. One was a group of pigs diagnosed with meningitis (n = 11, six males and five females), and the other were clinically healthy pigs (n = 13, seven males and six females). The animals with meningitis had clinical signs compatible with this disease (ataxia, anorexia, lateral recumbency, and padding) [47] and were positive for the presence of Streptococcus suis in bacteriological cultures performed in blood agar plates following standard procedures [48]. Only saliva was obtained in this trial, aiming to avoid the stress associated with blood extraction.
4.2. Sample Collection
4.3. Sample Preparation for Proteomic Analysis
4.4. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Analysis
4.5. Bioinformatics
4.6. Validation Study
- Precision: The intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated after analyzing two saliva samples of high and low concentration, respectively.
- Accuracy: The indirect evaluation by the linearity under the dilution of a saliva sample with a high ALDOA level.
- LLOQ: The lowest analyte concentration that could be measured with an intra-assay CV < 20%.
- LD: The lowest analyte concentration that could be distinguished from zero value. It was calculated based on data from ten replicate measurements of the zero standard (saline solution) as a mean value plus three standard deviations (SD).
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean Abundances | Fold Changes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene (or Accession Number) | Protein Name | Basal | 6 h | 24 h | 6 h/Basal | 24 h/Basal |
ALDOA | Fructose-biphosphate aldolase | 0.50 | 1.13 | 0.88 | 1.18 ** | 0.83 |
SERPINB12 | SERPIN domain-containing protein | 0.42 | 0.92 | 0.74 | 1.12 * | 0.80 |
ANXA2 | Annexin | 0.50 | 1.02 | 0.65 | 1.04 * | 0.39 |
SFN | 14-3-3 sigma protein | 0.61 | 1.23 | 0.94 | 1.02 ** | 0.63 |
MSN | Moesin | 0.67 | 1.34 | 1.12 | 0.99 * | 0.74 |
SERPINB1 | Leukocyte elastase inhibitor | 0.74 | 1.35 | 0.97 | 0.88 * | 0.39 |
IGHA | IgM | 0.64 | 1.16 | 0.97 | 0.86 ** | 0.59 |
ECH1 | Galectin | 0.61 | 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.81 * | 0.60 |
FABP5 | FABP domain-containing protein | 0.66 | 1.06 | 1.16 | 0.70 | 0.82 * |
A2M | Alpha-2-macroglobulin isoform a | 0.80 | 1.28 | 1.01 | 0.68 ** | 0.33 |
IGHG | IgG heavy chain | 0.82 | 1.28 | 0.80 | 0.63 * | -0.04 |
LMNA | Lamin isoform A | 0.74 | 1.11 | 1.01 | 0.59 * | 0.45 |
P4HB | Protein disulfide-isomerase | 0.79 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 0.59 * | 0.43 |
TKT | Transketolase | 0.75 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 0.59 * | 0.45 |
YWHAZ | 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta | 0.64 | 0.86 | 1.13 | 0.43 | 0.83 * |
CSTB | Cystatin-B | 0.80 | 1.06 | 1.35 | 0.40 | 0.75 * |
LCN2 | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin | 0.72 | 0.81 | 1.31 | 0.18 | 0.86 * |
P51524 (accession) | Prophenin and tritrpticin precursor (Fragment) | 0.73 | 0.54 | 1.71 | −0.43 | 1.23 * |
Mean Abundances | Fold Changes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene (or Accession Number) | Protein Name | Basal | 6 h | 24 h | 6 h/Basal | 24 h/Basal |
LOC106504547 | SERPIN domain-containing protein | 0.78 | 1.02 | 1.66 | 0.43 | 1.13 *** |
LOC396684 | SERPIN domain-containing protein | 0.90 | 1.07 | 1.51 | 0.25 | 0.74 ** |
HP | Haptoglobin | 0.77 | 0.98 | 1.21 | 0.34 | 0.63 ** |
CRP | Pentaxin/C-reactive protein | 0.56 | 1.09 | 0.86 | 0.96 ** | 0.62 |
APOE | Apolipoprotein E | 0.97 | 1.14 | 1.04 | 0.23 * | 0.10 |
LBP | Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein | 0.84 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 0.17 | 0.36 * |
LUM | Lumican | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.18 | 0.07 | 0.32 * |
A0A480XY00 | Complement C1s subcomponent isoform 1 preproprotein | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.10 | −0.01 | 0.16 ** |
FGB | Fibrinogen beta chain | 0.94 | 0.78 | 1.10 | −0.26 ** | 0.22 |
FGG | Fibrinogen C-terminal domain-containing | 0.99 | 0.81 | 1.06 | −0.29 * | 0.10 |
FGA | Fibrinogen alpha chain | 0.96 | 0.78 | 1.02 | −0.29 * | 0.08 |
FN1 | Fibronectin | 1.03 | 0.91 | 0.95 | −018 * | −0.12 |
ALB | Albumin | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.93 | −0.02 | −0.12 * |
SERPINC1 | Antithrombin-III | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.90 | −0.06 | −0.13 * |
SERPINA7 | Thyroxine-binding globulin | 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.92 | −0.10 | −0.14 * |
ITIH1 | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 isoform a preproprotein | 1.06 | 1.00 | 0.95 | −0.08 | −0.14 * |
C8B | Complement component 8 subunit beta | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.90 | 0.04 | −016 * |
PROC | Vitamin K-dependent protein C | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.02 | −010 | −0.19 * |
ITIH2 | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.92 | −0.06 | −0.22 * |
A0A4X1TBX0 | C1q domain-containing protein | 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.86 | −0.08 | −0.22 * |
C8G | Complement component C8G | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.88 | 0.01 | −0.23 * |
AFM | Afamin | 1.09 | 1.03 | 0.92 | −0.07 | −0.24 * |
SERPINA6 | SERPIN domain-contaning protein | 1.03 | 1.03 | 0.85 | −0.01 | −0.27 * |
PLG | Plasminogen | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.84 | −0.02 | −0.27 ** |
GSN | Actin-depolymerizing factor | 1.06 | 1.05 | 0.87 | −0.01 | −0.27 * |
FETUB | Fetuin-B isoform 1 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 0.01 | −0.17 | −0.28 ** |
HRG | Histidine-rich glycoprotein | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.80 | −0.03 | −0.31 ** |
APOA1 | Apolipoprotein A-1 | 1.13 | 1.02 | 0.90 | −0.15 | −0.32 * |
CPB2 | Carboxypeptidase B2 isoform 1 preproprotein | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.84 | -0.01 | −0.32 ** |
VTN | Vitronectin | 1.09 | 0.92 | 0.82 | −0.24 | −0.40 ** |
Mean Abundances | Fold Changes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | Protein Name | Basal | 6 h | 24 h | 6 h/Basal | 24 h/Basal |
P62802 | Histone H4 | 0.49 | 1.13 | 0.73 | 1.18 * | 0.55 |
ALB | Albumin | 0.54 | 1.12 | 0.76 | 1.05 ** | 0.50 |
HRG | Cystatin domain-containing protein | 0.67 | 1.25 | 0.90 | 0.88 * | 0.42 |
A2M | Alpha-2-macroglobulin isoform a | 0.61 | 1.03 | 0.73 | 0.75 * | 0.24 |
TF | Beta-1 metal-binding globulin | 0.72 | 1.14 | 0.93 | 0.65 ** | 0.37 |
IGHG | IgG heavy chain | 0.67 | 1.05 | 0.90 | 0.64 * | 0.42 |
P51524 (accession) | Prophenin and tritrpticin precursor (Fragment) | 0.54 | 0.82 | 1.46 | 0.58 | 1.41 * |
LOC106504547 | SERPIN domain-containing protein | 0.69 | 0.90 | 1.15 | 0.37 | 0.73 ** |
LCN2 | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin | 0.70 | 0.89 | 1.17 | 0.34 | 0.72 * |
Mean Abundances | Fold Changes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene (or Accession Number) | Protein Name | Basal | 6 h | 24 h | 6 h/Basal | 24 h/Basal |
CRP | Pentaxin or C-reactive protein | 0.46 | 0.66 | 1.30 | 0.50 | 1.47 * |
LOC106504547 | SERPIN domain-containing protein | 0.688 | 0.73 | 1.74 | 0.08 | 1.32 ** |
LOC100156325 | SERPIN domain-containing protein | 0.69 | 0.83 | 1.13 | 0.27 | 0.71 * |
HP | Haptoglobin | 0.80 | 0.87 | 1.29 | 0.10 | 0.67 ** |
FGA | Fibrinogen alpha-chain | 0.85 | 0.91 | 1.32 | 0.09 | 0.62 ** |
LBP | Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein | 0.90 | 0.98 | 1.34 | 0.11 | 0.57 ** |
FGB | Fibrinogen beta chain | 0.86 | 0.91 | 1.19 | 0.09 | 0.47 ** |
FGG | Fibrinogen C-terminal domain-containing protein | 0.91 | 0.93 | 1.21 | 0.02 | 0.42 ** |
A0A4X1U9T5 (accession) | Ig-like domain-containing protein | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.11 | −0.02 | 0.19 * |
APOA1 | Apolipoprotein A-1 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 0.72 | −0.13 | −0.8 ** |
C8A | MACPF domain-containing protein | 1.27 | 1.11 | 0.90 | −0.19 | −0.48 * |
RBP4 | Plasma retinol-binding protein | 1.10 | 1.07 | 0.79 | −0.03 | −0.47 * |
SERPINA6 | SERPIN domain-containing protein | 1.12 | 1.01 | 0.82 | −0.14 | −0.45 ** |
VTN | Vitronectin | 1.19 | 1.16 | 0.92 | −0.03 | −0.36 ** |
APON | Ovarian and testicular apolipoprotein N | 1.08 | 0.99 | 0.85 | −0.13 | −0.34 ** |
ITIH1 | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 isoform a preproprotein | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.83 | 0.02 | −0.29 ** |
HRG | Histidine-rich glycoprotein | 1.09 | 1.04 | 0.89 | −0.06 | −0.28 * |
GSN | Actin-depolymerizing factor | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.88 | −0.05 | −0.23 * |
FETUB | Fetuin-B isoform 1 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 0.95 | −0.02 | −0.23 * |
TF | Serotransferrin | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 0.01 | −0.22 * |
A0SEH3 (accession) | Complement component C8G | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.88 | −0.03 | −0.18 * |
ITIH2 | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 0.92 | −0.02 | −0.18 * |
AMBP | Alpha-1-microglobulin | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.89 | −0.04 | −0.18 * |
PROC | Vitamin K-dependent protein | 1.10 | 1.07 | 0.99 | −0.04 | −0.15 * |
A1BG | Alpha-1B-glycoprotein | 1.06 | 1.04 | 0.97 | −0.01 | −0.12 * |
A1BG | Alpha-1B-glycoprotein | 1.06 | 1.04 | 0.97 | −0.01 | −0.12 * |
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López-Martínez, M.J.; Cerón, J.J.; Ortín-Bustillo, A.; Escribano, D.; Kuleš, J.; Beletić, A.; Rubić, I.; González-Sánchez, J.C.; Mrljak, V.; Martínez-Subiela, S.; et al. A Proteomic Approach to Elucidate the Changes in Saliva and Serum Proteins of Pigs with Septic and Non-Septic Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126738
López-Martínez MJ, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Rubić I, González-Sánchez JC, Mrljak V, Martínez-Subiela S, et al. A Proteomic Approach to Elucidate the Changes in Saliva and Serum Proteins of Pigs with Septic and Non-Septic Inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126738
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Martínez, María José, José Joaquín Cerón, Alba Ortín-Bustillo, Damián Escribano, Josipa Kuleš, Anđelo Beletić, Ivana Rubić, Juan Carlos González-Sánchez, Vladimir Mrljak, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, and et al. 2022. "A Proteomic Approach to Elucidate the Changes in Saliva and Serum Proteins of Pigs with Septic and Non-Septic Inflammation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126738