Leucokinins: Multifunctional Neuropeptides and Hormones in Insects and Other Invertebrates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Leucokinins and Their Receptors in Invertebrates
2.1. Discovery of Leucokinins and Their Receptors—a Brief History
2.2. Leucokinins and Their Receptors in Insects and Other Invertebrates—a Comparison between Taxa
3. LK Expression Is in Diverse Types of Neurons in the Cockroach L. maderae (R. maderae)
4. Distribution of LK in Other Invertebrates: What Can Comparative Studies Teach Us?
4.1. LK in Neurons of the Brain of Other Insects
4.2. LK in Neurons of the Nervous System of Other Invertebrates
4.3. Neurosecretory Cells and Hormonal Roles of LK in Invertebrates
4.4. Specific Roles of LK Signaling in Arthropods
4.4.1. Myostimulatory Action
4.4.2. Diuretic Action
4.4.3. Modulation of Sugar Gustation in the Mosquito Aedes aegypti and Asian Honeybee Apis cerana
4.4.4. Feeding and Fecundity in the Cattle Fever Tick
4.4.5. Feeding in Rhodnius prolixus and A. aegypti
4.4.6. Functional Roles of LK in Drosophila
5. Targeting the LK Signaling System with Peptide Analogs to Aim at Pest Control
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | CB | AL | OL | LH | TC, SEZ | Clock | DNs | LNC | MNC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. maderae | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
L. migratoria | x | x | x | x | x | x | − | − | |
D. melanogaster | − | − | − | x | x | − | x | x 2 | − |
R. prolixus3 | x | x | x | ||||||
A. domesticus3 | x | x | x | ||||||
A. aegypti3 | x | x |
Function | Species | Stage | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mediate hunger-regulated nociception | D. melanogaster | Adult | [129] |
Link clock and sleep-regulating neurons | D. melanogaster | Adult | [100] |
Inhibit postprandial sleep | D. melanogaster | Adult | [101] |
Starvation-induced sleep suppression | D. melanogaster | Adult | [102,103] |
Signaling to insulin-producing cells | D. melanogaster | Adult | [51,103] |
Regulation of feeding and metabolism | D. melanogaster | Adult | [51,103] |
State-dependent expression of water- and sugar-seeking memories | D. melanogaster | Adult | [130] |
Modulate food choice | D. melanogaster | Adult | [131] |
Regulation of defensive post-mating response in females | D. melanogaster | Adult | [132] |
Induce secretion in renal tubules | Multiple insects | Adult | (see [50,75,133]) |
Water and ion homeostasis, modulation of desiccation response | D. melanogaster | Adult | [87,134] |
Myostimulatory action (visceral muscle) | Multiple insects | Adult | [9,40] |
Larval locomotion | D. melanogaster | Larva | [135] |
Pre-ecdysis behavior | D. melanogaster | Larva | [136] |
Tracheal clearance at ecdysis | D. melanogaster | Larva | [137] |
Regulation of meal size | D. melanogaster A. aegypti R. prolixus | Adult | [113] [138] [110] |
Modulation of aversive response to bacteria | D. melanogaster | Adult | [139] |
Regulation of starvation-induced hyperactivity | D. melanogaster | Adult | [140] |
Longevity (LK knockdown extends lifespan) | D. melanogaster | Adult | [141] |
Modulation of sugar taste responses | D. melanogaster A. aegypti A. cerana2 | Adult | [141] [138] |
Cotransmission in SIFamide neurons | S. gregaria | All 1 | [83] |
Cotransmission in PDF clock neurons | L. maderae | Adult | [93] |
Regulation of digestive enzyme release | O. arenosella | Adult | [142] |
Labor division in foraging for nectar/pollen in honeybees | A. cerana | Adult | [76] |
Modulation in stomatogastric ganglion (feeding) | Cancer borealis (crab) | Adult | [143] |
Regulation of nutrition-dependent fecundity | R. microplus (tick) | Adult | [144] |
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Nässel, D.R.; Wu, S.-F. Leucokinins: Multifunctional Neuropeptides and Hormones in Insects and Other Invertebrates. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041531
Nässel DR, Wu S-F. Leucokinins: Multifunctional Neuropeptides and Hormones in Insects and Other Invertebrates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041531
Chicago/Turabian StyleNässel, Dick R., and Shun-Fan Wu. 2021. "Leucokinins: Multifunctional Neuropeptides and Hormones in Insects and Other Invertebrates" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041531