Adipokines, Myokines, and Cardiokines: The Role of Nutritional Interventions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Leptin
2.1. Leptin: Biological Role
2.2. Leptin: Nutritional Interventions
3. Adiponectin
3.1. Adiponectin: Biological Role
3.2. Adiponectin: Nutritional Interventions
4. Apelin/APJ Axis
4.1. Apelin/APJ Axis: Biological Role
4.2. Apelin/APJ Axis: Nutritional Interventions
5. Irisin
5.1. Irisin: Biological Role
5.2. Irisin: Nutritional Interventions
6. Natriuretic Peptides
6.1. Natriuretic Peptides: Biological Role
6.2. Natriuretic Peptides: Nutritional Interventions
7. Follistatin-Like 1
7.1. Follistatin-Like 1: Biological Role
7.2. Follistatin-Like 1: Nutritional Interventions
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALA | Linolenic acid |
ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide |
APLN | Apelin |
APN | Adiponectin |
BNP | B-type natriuretic peptide |
CR | Caloric restriction diet |
CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
EPA | n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid |
FSTL-1 | Follistatin-like 1 |
n-3 PUFA | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids |
NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
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Biological Action | Adipo-myo-cardiokines | Type of Study |
---|---|---|
↓left ventricular hypertrophy | ↓leptin resistance | Obese mice a |
↓myocardial function | ↑adiponectin levels | Obese mice b |
↓weight loss | ↑adiponectin levels | Rats b |
↑body composition, ↑metabolic parameters | ↑adiponectin levels | Obese and overweight former athletes b |
↑liver steatosis | ↑adiponectin levels | Obese mice b |
↑resting metabolic rate | ↑adiponectin levels | Obese or overweight women b,* |
↑insulin sensitivity | ↑apelin expression and levels | T2DM patients c,* |
↑metabolic state | = apelin levels | Healthy adult men c |
↑aerobic exercise | ↑irisin levels | Obese rats d,* |
Type of Intervention | Biological Action | Adipo-myo-cardiokines | Type of Study |
---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidumi | ↑insulin sensitivity | ↓leptin resistance | Obese mice a |
Probiotic mixture | ↓liver steatosis inflammatory state | ↓leptin levels | Mouse model of NAFLD a |
Oligofructose dietary fiber + lifestyle modifications | ↑metabolic condition | ↓leptin levels = adiponectin levels | Patients with NAFLD a |
Multistrain probiotic | ↑metabolic and cardiac state ↓ inflammatory state | =leptin levels ↑adiponectin levels | T2DM patients a |
Oligofructose-enriched inulin/d | ↑satiety | ↑adiponectin levels | Children with overweight and obesity b |
Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 | ↑nitric oxide levels | ↑adiponectin levels | Subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome b |
Probiotic soy milk | ↑lipid profile | =adiponectin levels | T2DM patients b |
Synbiotic | no significant beneficial metabolic effects | ↓apelin levels | PCOS women c |
L. plantarum | ↑browning and thermogenesis of adipose tissue | ↑irisin levels | Obese mice d |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 | ↓myocardial hypertrophy | ↓ANP levels | Rats after myocardial infarction e |
Type of Intervention | Biological Action | Adipo-myo-cardiokines | Type of Study |
---|---|---|---|
EPA-DHA + lifestyle modifications | ↓inflammatory state ↑metabolic state | =leptin levels | Obese women a |
Omega-3 + lifestyle modifications | ↓insulin resistance ↓endothelial dysfunction | ↓leptin levels | Obese adolescents a |
Linolenic acid | ↑cardiometabolic parameters ↓inflammatory state | ↓leptin levels | Obese-diabetic mice a |
3-n PUFA | ↑cardiometabolic state ↓inflammatory state | ↓leptin levels | Obese mice a |
↑insulin sensitivity, improve blood pressure | ↑irisin levels | T2DM patients b | |
↑heart failure | ↓BNP levels | Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials c | |
↓inflammatory state | ↓follistatin-like 1 levels | Patients with coronary artery disease d | |
2-hydroxyoleic acid (2-OHOA) and n-3 PUFA | ↑body composition ↑cardioprotection mechanims | ↑adiponectin levels | Obese mice e |
EPA | ↑insulin signaling | ↑apelin levels | Lean/obese mice f |
↑insulin signaling in adipose tissue | ↑apelin levels | Lean/overweight rats f |
Type of Intervention | Biological Action | Adipo-myo-cardiokines | Type of Study |
---|---|---|---|
Combination of quercetin and resveratrol | ↑body composition ↓ inflammatory state and gut dysbiosis | ↑leptin levels | Obese mice a |
Lycopene | ↓inflammatory state | ↓leptin expression and levels | Obese mice a |
Resveratrol | ↑body composition | ↑adiponectin levels, = leptin | Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials b |
↓cardiac fibrosis ↓inflammatory state | ↓ANP and BNP levels | Cardiomyocytes (in vitro) c | |
Curcumin | ↑body composition | ↑adiponectin levels | Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials-obese mice d |
↑insulin sensitivity | ↓apelin levels | T2DM rats e | |
↓cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis | ↓ANP and BNP levels | Rats f | |
↓cardiac hypertrophy oxidative stress | ↓ANP and BNP levels | Diabetic rats f | |
Genistein | ↑browning of adipose tissue | ↑irisin levels | Adipocytes-mice g |
Silymarin | ↑hepatic condition ↑anti-oxidative mechanisms | ↑irisin levels | T2DM rats g |
Type of Intervention | Biological Action | Adipo-myo-cardiokines | Type of Study |
---|---|---|---|
Walnut oil | ↑insulin sensitivity ↑antioxidative capacity | ↓leptin levels | Obese rats a |
Mixed nuts | ↑satiety | ↓leptin levels | Overweight and obese adults a |
Coffee | ↓inflammatory state | ↑adiponectin levels | Women with or without type 2 diabetes b |
↑body composition ↑metabolic state | ↑adiponectin levels | Diabetic rats b | |
Green tea extract + exercise | ↑metabolic state ↓inflammatory state | ↑adiponectin levels | Overweight middle-aged men b |
Green cardamom | ↑liver steatosis and insulin signaling ↓inflammatory state | ↑irisin levels | Overweight or obese with NAFLD c |
Grape pomace extract | ↑browning of adipose tissue | ↑irisin levels | Obese rats c |
Probiotic-fermented purple sweet potato yogurt | ↓cardiac hypertrophy | ↓ANP and BNP levels | Hypertensive rat d |
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Senesi, P.; Luzi, L.; Terruzzi, I. Adipokines, Myokines, and Cardiokines: The Role of Nutritional Interventions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218372
Senesi P, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. Adipokines, Myokines, and Cardiokines: The Role of Nutritional Interventions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218372
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenesi, Pamela, Livio Luzi, and Ileana Terruzzi. 2020. "Adipokines, Myokines, and Cardiokines: The Role of Nutritional Interventions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218372