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Article

A Bibliometric Evaluation of the Top 100 Cited Dimethyl Fumarate Articles

by
Francisco Javier García-Fernández
1,
Alba Estela García-Fernández
2,
Ichiro Ikuta
3,
Eduardo Nava
4,
Julian Solis García del Pozo
4,5,
Joaquin Jordan
4 and
Maria F. Galindo
6,*
1
Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital General de Tomelloso, 13700 Tomelloso, Spain
2
Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
3
Neuroradiology Section, Yale Center for Imaging Informatics, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 065610, USA
4
Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete Universidad Castilla La Mancha, GAI, 02008 Albacete, Spain
5
Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, GAI, 02006 Albacete, Spain
6
Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Castilla La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(4), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041085
Submission received: 12 January 2021 / Revised: 5 February 2021 / Accepted: 7 February 2021 / Published: 19 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Collection Early-Career Researchers in Chemistry)

Abstract

:
Dimethyl fumarate is a cytoprotective and immunomodulatory drug used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. We performed a bibliometric study examining the characteristics and trends of the top 100 cited articles that include dimethyl fumarate in the title. On 21 September 2020 we carried out an electronic search in the Web of Science (WOS), seeking articles that include the following terms within the title: dimethyl fumarate, BG-12, or Tecfidera. To focus our investigation on original research, we refined the search to include only articles, early access, others, case report, and clinical trials. We obtained a total of 1115 items, which were cited 7169 times, had a citation density of 6.43 citations/item, and an h-index of 40. Around 2010, there was a jump in the number of published articles per year, rising from 5 articles/year up to 12 articles/year. We sorted all the items by the number of citations and selected the top 100 most cited (T100). The T100 had 4164 citations, with a density of 37 citations/year and contained 16 classic research articles. They were published between 1961 and 2018; the years 2010–2018 amassed nearly 80% of the T100. We noted 17 research areas with articles in the T100. Of these, the number one ranking went to neurosciences/neurology with 39 articles, and chemistry ranked second on the T100 list with 14 items. We noticed that the percentage of articles belonging to different journals changed depending on the time period. Chemistry held the highest number of papers during 1961–2000, while pharmacology andneurosciences/neurology led the 2001–2018 interval. A total of 478 authors from 145 institutions and 25 countries were included in the T100 ranking. The paper by Gold R et al. was the most successful with 14 articles, 1.823 citations and a density of 140.23 citations/year. The biotechnological company Biogen led the T100 list with 20 articles. With 59 published articles, the USA was the leading country in publications. We concluded that this study analyzed the use of and research on dimethyl fumarate from a different perspective, which will allow the readership (expert or not) to understand the relevance of classic and recent literature on this topic.

1. Introduction

Among the many difficulties researchers encounter when facing a research topic, one is the huge number of journals and articles that are periodically published. It is often hard to understand or grasp the relevance of a particular article, especially when the article is not recent. In a totally subjective manner, the choice to read an article and interpret its relevance to the research topic may be left to a reader’s intuition and biases. Bibliometric analysis is considered a very useful tool to overcome this problem, since it offers a cross-sectional view as well as the current state of research work on the topic of interest. Usually, a bibliometric analysis aims to identify the academic impact and features of a number of publications within a specific research field, all of which provide valuable information for researchers involved in the development of research strategies to address various problems. This analysis is based on a statistical and quantitative assessment that allows for an objective evaluation of a given article. It also performs a time-efficient, focused exploration within a larger field.
Bibliometric databases such as Science Citation Index (SCI), Scopus, and Google collect the citations received for each article, allowing a prescreened and targeted article selection based on the impact of the work [1]. This is important because the number of citations is a recognized measurement of the quality of an article [2]. Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) is a broad database of almost 10,000 journals with high-impact citations. It covers many fields, including social sciences, humanities, and the arts, and is the most recent journal citation system and database that has been made available by the Web of Science (WOS) [3]. We, and others, have performed numerous bibliometric analyses that address specific disciplines or terms [4,5,6,7,8,9].
Bibliometric analysis becomes especially powerful when applied to long-standing, classic drugs, such as dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Tecfidera®). Dimethyl fumarate was synthesized in 1963. The main pharmacological effects are mediated by DMF itself, and its metabolite, monomethylfumarate. Wipke et al. showed how nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response pathways were exclusively regulated by DMF, whereas apoptotic pathways were activated by monomethylfumarate [10]. Therefore, Nfr2 activation promotes transcription of genes which have a marked antioxidant function, such as that of hemooxygenase-1, quinone oxidoreductase, glutathione S transferase, and glutathione peroxidase [11,12]. The efficacy and safety of this drug stands out, reducing the rate of relapses per year in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The clinical outcomes and safety profile led the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) to approve it for the treatment of MS in 2013. Dimethyl fumarate is metabolized by esterases, yielding monomethylfumarate before reaching systemic circulation. This enzymatic hydrolysis joins other additional metabolic reactions, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but not the cytochrome P450 system [10].
At present, there is no bibliometric study with a global view which analyzes the relevance of publications on dimethyl fumarate. Therefore, the aim of our bibliometric study is to obtain a broad view of the literature on dimethyl fumarate, and to identify the most cited publications—as well as the most relevant features of these publications (authors, journals, and year of publication). The overall goal of this work is to allow the reader to efficiently and properly address the most important and influential articles in this field.

2. Results

On 21 September 2020, we conducted an electronic search in the Web of Science database for references that included the term methyl fumarate in the title. This yielded a total of 135 items. Because of the unexpectedly low number of entries for this term, we redefined the search to include the terms BG-12 and Tecfidera. Thus, the final search included dimethyl fumarate, BG-12, or Tecfidera. This second search resulted in a more than 10-fold increase of the number of retrieved citations, up to 1380 items. All of these references accumulated 11,587 citations, with an h-index value of 46, 8.39 average citations per item, and 192.95 average citations per year.
Figure 1A shows the number of publications recorded per year, with the oldest paper dating back to 1950. It can be seen in this figure that, for almost 60 years (1950–2014), the number of published articles on this topic never exceeded ten per year. The year 2014 marked the first time that the number of articles per year exceeded one hundred. Moreover, 75.4% of the total number of papers have been published between 2014 and 2020.
In order to address only original works, we refined our search by filtering for articles, case reports, letters, and clinical trials. This procedure retrieved 677 publications, which we arranged by the total number of citations. The 100 most cited (T100) were then selected. Table 1 depicts the T100, which totaled 11,272 entries from 5350 citing articles, with an h-index of 46 and an aggregate average citation density of 187.87 citations/year. The most cited article (#1) was from the year 2012 (933 citations and a citation density of 103.67 citations/year), while article #100 was published in the year 2017 (28 citations and a citation density of 7 citations/year). The oldest article (from the year 1961) is #19 in the T100 (79 citations; 1.32 citations/year). Papers published in 2018 included three articles which appeared in the T100 ranking: #10, #50, and #92, with 123, 43, and 29 citations, respectively, and a citation density of 41, 14.33, and 9.67 citations/year, respectively.
The T100 ranking list showed an average citation density of 10.01 citations/year. The highest citation density was that of articles #1 and #2 (103.67 and 81.33 citations/year, respectively). The lowest citation density (0.47 citations/year) was article #91.
Next, we focused on the authors of papers in the T100. This analysis was performed independent of the relevance or T100 position. We compiled a total of 478 authors, including affiliations with 145 institutions, across 25 different countries. Table 2 summarizes these findings, showing the five authors with the highest number of publications within the T100. Gold R (Department of Neurology, University of Ruhr, Ruhr, Germany) leads this ranking with 14 articles, accumulating 1823 citations, and an average citation density of 140.23 citations/year (Table 2; Figure 2A).
Figure 2B and Table 3 show the geographic distribution of the T100 list of papers. The highest ranking country was the USA, with 62 articles (5258 citations, 84.81 citations/article and 109.54 citations/year), including 8 of the top 10 (T10). Germany, with 2911 citations (50% lower than the USA), placed second.
According to our study, the most productive institution was Biogen (Cambridge, MA, USA), with 24 items, a total of 3196 citations, and an average citation density of 243.77 citations/year (Table 4). The first T100 item from this institution was published in 2010. Of note, four of the papers from this institution placed in the T10, including the top 3 rankings. Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) had the second-highest number of T100 articles with 15. Figure 2C illustrates the collaborations and interactions between the top 5 institutions, analyzed by detecting coauthorship.
We found 17 research areas publishing articles in the T100, including neurosciences/neurology with 39 articles in the first position, and chemistry with 14 articles (36% of the previous) in the second position. Next, we analyzed whether the percentage of articles in the distribution of research areas changed over time. To do this, we divided the T100 list into two groups of publication, either before or after the year 2000. The 1961–2000 interval included 15 articles, of which 11 (69%) belonged to the chemistry research area and 2 (15%) were found either in the electrochemistry or materials science research areas. No article in this earlier period of time was found within the neurosciences/neurology area. The 2001–2018 interval accounted for the remaining 85 articles, which were included in two main research areas: pharmacology/pharmacy (70 articles, 80%) and neurosciences/neurology (63, articles; 72%). Only 6 papers (6.9%) were within the chemistry area.
The papers ranked in the T100 list were published in 59 journals (Table 5). Multiple Sclerosis Journal published 6 articles belonging to this list with 275 citations and an average citation density of 30.56 citations/year. Their first article appearing in T100 was published in 2014. The New England Journal of Medicine, with 5 articles in the T100 ranking, is the journal with the highest number of citations (2048, and an average citation density of 277.56 citations/year).

3. Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study of dimethyl fumarate. We believe that this study will help readers to identify the highest-quality papers with the most relevant discoveries and trends regarding this drug’s history and evolution. This study offers three main relevant conclusions. The first is that any electronic search for dimethyl fumarate should also include the terms BG-12 and Tecfidera. The second is that, when we consider the total number of articles published per year, our results show a sharp point of inflection in the year 2013. One of the strengths of this study is that it has been performed without a date limit, elucidating the fluctuations in interest in this drug. This led us to the third major point: the clear change after 2013 in the areas of research covering this topic. Before 2013, the leading research area was chemistry and after 2013 it was neurosciences/neurology.
When we studied the T10 publications, we found three groups of papers: (i) clinical trials, (ii) papers reporting side effects, and (iii) papers focused on the mechanism of action of the drug. The three most cited articles were clinical trials. Of these, both #1 and #2 compared the effects of 240 mg of dimethyl fumarate administered twice or three times a day versus a placebo. A particular point of interest for citations of paper #1 is that the authors included data on the effects of dimethyl fumarate on incapacity progression. While paper #2 additionally reported on the effects of glatiramer acetate, the number of citations was lower. This is possibly due to the fact that this clinical trial was not designed to investigate the differences between the two drugs. Despite being older than papers #1 and 2, publication #3 was cited less, probably because it was a phase IIb trial with a small number of patients. Articles #5 and #6 reported cases of side effects of dimethyl fumarate in which patients developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Articles #4 and #10 studied the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. It is worth mentioning that they were carried out after clinical trials were published demonstrating the efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in MS. Both articles highlight that the mechanism of action is not mediated, as was previously thought, through the action of dimethyl fumarate on the activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) antioxidative pathway. Most interesting is that these articles suggested possible pharmacological targets in the development of anti-MS drugs such as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 or the downregulation of aerobic glycolysis.
Our results are consistent with Bradford’s Law, which establishes that most articles of interest in an area are published in a small number of high-impact journals [13]. All T10 articles have been published in top quartile (Q1) journals of their respective areas of knowledge, including four in the New England Journal of Medicine. Furthermore, we found that the highest correlations obtained were between the number of citations and the journal impact factor or with the article influence score. Interestingly, both correlated more than with the Eigenfactor, probably because of the way this factor is calculated (the Eigenfactor rates the citations obtained from higher ranked journals more highly) which highlights different citation patterns within each discipline and eliminates self-care [14].
With regard to institutions published within the T100, Biogen stood out with a total of 24 articles. Furthermore, Biogen supported at least three articles within the T10 (#1, #2, and #9), all of which provided helpful data on the efficacy of dimethyl fumarate. Not surprisingly, it is this institution that launched the drug in 2013 [15]. Biogen was also the institution with the highest number of articles within the T100 in a previous bibliometric study conducted by our research group and centered on natalizumab, a humanized anti-alpha-4 integrin antibody used in the management of MS [4].
If we focus on the countries where the research publication took place, the USA was #1, with 62 articles and 5258 citations. This was followed by Germany, with 31 articles and 2911 citations.
It cannot be ignored that the present work, like other bibliometric studies, has limitations. We would like to address two of them. The first is that this bibliometric study could be labeled as a mere snapshot taken on a certain date. While this is true, it can be counterweighted by taking into account the density of citations per year for each particular publication. Using this parameter, we should be able to determine whether or not a specific article maintains the interest of the scientific community. It is also possible to anticipate if a specific article’s position within the T100 will change. For instance, we can predict that article #10 of the T100, which has an average citation density of 41.0 citations/year should rise in its ranking within the T100, reaching the top 4. Interestingly, article #10 addresses a possible mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate at an immunomodulatory level, where it would inhibit aerobic glycolysis in myeloid and lymphoid cells, causing an anti-inflammatory effect which might be useful in immune diseases such as MS and psoriasis.
Another study limitation is that this search was performed using a single bibliometric database. However, it is important to stress that we chose this database because we aimed to study the drug’s history and evolution over time. Other bibliometric databases, including Scopus, reference only recent citations.
In conclusion, we have tried to shed light on the use of dimethyl fumarate over the years by searching for information on which publications are the most cited, as well as the associated investigators, countries, and institutions participating in the studies. We highlighted changes in the leading research areas that have taken place since this drug was first synthesized. This will provide readers with a strong tool to efficiently select the most relevant articles on dimethyl fumarate for their own interest, research and clinical applications.

4. Material and Methods

On 21 September 2020 we carried out the last literature search on the Web of Science (WOS, Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA) of all articles containing the terms dimethyl fumarate, BG-12 or Tecfidera. The databases used were: SCI-EXPANDED, Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A & HCI), Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S), Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Current Chemical Reactions-Expanded (CCR-EXPANDED), and Index Chemicus (IC). No filters were applied to the period of publication, language of publication, authors, participating institutions, topics, or grant funding of the articles. We would like to remark that this project required several searches and studies before the present analysis was achieved. As a result of these searches, we grew to understand the bibliometric behavior of this drug. For instance, we realized that the search should include the terms BG-12 and Tecfidera in addition to dimethyl fumarate. After performing preliminary searches, we also came to the decision that the final analysis should be limited to entries which include the name of the drug as part of the title of the article, excluding those where it appears only in the abstract. Then, in order to obtain only original works, we refined the search to article, early access, other, case report, and clinical trial.
Articles were sorted by the number of citations, and we selected the one hundred most cited (T100). In these articles, we proceeded to study the following variables: author, title, number of times cited, source, identification of authors, institution or particular country in which a T100 article has been published, citation density (citations/year), and citations per record. The obtained data were exported to an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). We defined a “classic” as a research work that has been cited at least 100 times. An estimate of the number of citations expected within five years was made by taking the number of total citations and adding five times the number of annual citations from this same article. In addition, journal name and impact factor (IF) were also extracted. Journal IF’s were cross-referenced with the 2020 edition of the Journal Citation Reports (JCR): Science Edition (1945–2020). The calculation of Pearson’s correlation coefficient between total citations, annual citations, and the estimate of citations within five years was carried out according to the impact factor of the journal in 2019, the Eigenfactor, and the Article Influence score. A value of p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. For the statistical analysis, SPSS (version 21.0 IBM Co. Armonk, NY, USA) was used. None of the authors of this manuscript are related to any of the pharmaceutical industries involved in the research or production of this drug.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.J.G.-F., A.E.G.-F., I.I., E.N., J.S.G.d.P., J.J. and M.F.G.; methodology, F.J.G.-F., A.E.G.-F. and M.F.G.; formal analysis, F.J.G.-F., A.E.G.-F., I.I., E.N., J.S.G.d.P., J.J. and M.F.G.; investigation, F.J.G.-F., A.E.G.-F., I.I., E.N., J.S.G.d.P., J.J. and M.F.G.; writing original draft preparation, F.J.G.-F. and M.F.G.; writing F.J.G.F., A.E.G.-F., J.S.G.d.P., J.J. and M.F.G.; review and editing, I.I., J.J. and M.F.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Maria F. Galindo´s contract is co-financed by the European Development Fund Regional (Feder). In accordance with the Operational Program of the Region of Castilla-La Mancha for Feder 2014-2020, and for the University of Castilla -La Mancha´s own Research Plan.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Figure 1. Distribution of the total (A), T100 (B) articles sorted by the year of publication 10. last years. (C) Summatory of the cites T100 per year.
Figure 1. Distribution of the total (A), T100 (B) articles sorted by the year of publication 10. last years. (C) Summatory of the cites T100 per year.
Molecules 26 01085 g001
Figure 2. (A) The 6 prolific authors within the T100. Individual authors with over 5 publications on the dimethyl fumarate topic sorted by the number of articles published within the T100 list. (B) Geographical origin of the T100 Natalizumab publications. Individual country record of articles with more than 10 T100 items sorted by the number of publications Interaction between the above countries. (C) Relationship between the institutions with 11 or more publications on topic. Numbers inside the circles indicate the number of articles published. Connecting arrows and numbers affixed indicate number of papers together, respectively.
Figure 2. (A) The 6 prolific authors within the T100. Individual authors with over 5 publications on the dimethyl fumarate topic sorted by the number of articles published within the T100 list. (B) Geographical origin of the T100 Natalizumab publications. Individual country record of articles with more than 10 T100 items sorted by the number of publications Interaction between the above countries. (C) Relationship between the institutions with 11 or more publications on topic. Numbers inside the circles indicate the number of articles published. Connecting arrows and numbers affixed indicate number of papers together, respectively.
Molecules 26 01085 g002
Table 1. Bibliometric information associated with the top 100 (T100) cited articles.
Table 1. Bibliometric information associated with the top 100 (T100) cited articles.
Rank
#
Article TitleJournalYearTimes QuotedNo. of Citations Per Year
1Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of Oral BG-12 for Relapsing Multiple SclerosisNew England Journal of Medicine2012933103.67
2Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of Oral BG-12 or Glatiramer in Multiple SclerosisNew England Journal of Medicine201273281.33
3Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre. Randomised. Double-blind. Placebo-controlled phase IIb studyLancet200836027.69
4Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 mediates dimethyl fumarate’s protective effect in EAEJournal of Clinical Investigation201414821.14
5PML in a Patient Treated with Dimethyl Fumarate from a Compounding PharmacyNew England Journal of Medicine201314618.25
6PML in a Patient with Lymphocytopenia Treated with Dimethyl FumarateNew England Journal of Medicine201513322.17
7Growth of Campylobacter jejuni supported by respiration of fumarate. Nitrate. Nitrite. Trimethylamine-N-oxide. Or dimethyl sulfoxide requires oxygenJournal of Bacteriology20021286.74
8Dimethyl fumarate in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an overviewTherapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders201512420.67
9Effects of dimethyl fumarate on neuroprotection and immunomodulationJournal of Neuroinflammation201212413.78
10Dimethyl fumarate targets GAPDH and aerobic glycolysis to modulate immunityScience201812341
11Dimethyl Fumarate Inhibits Dendritic Cell Maturation via Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and Mitogen Stress-activated Kinase 1 (MSK1) SignalingJournal of Biological Chemistry201212013.33
12Dimethyl fumarate treatment induces adaptive and innate immune modulation independent of Nrf2Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America201611923.8
13Reduction of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarateNeurology-Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation201511118.5
14The anti-inflammatory effects of dimethyl fumarate in astrocytes involve glutathione and haem oxygenase-1ASN Neuro201110910.9
15PML in a Patient without Severe Lymphocytopenia Receiving Dimethyl FumarateNew England Journal of Medicine201510417.33
16Repurposing the NRF2 Activator Dimethyl Fumarate as Therapy Against Synucleinopathy in Parkinson’s DiseaseAntioxidants & Redox Signaling201610020
17Electrohydrodimerization Reactions. 2. Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode. Voltammetric and Coulometric Studies of Dimethyl Fumarate. Cinnamonitrile. and FumaronitrileJournal of The Electrochemical Society1972871.78
18Reactivity of dimethyl fumarate and methylhydrogen fumarate towards glutathione and N-acetyl-L-cysteine—Preparation of S-substituted thiosuccinic acid estersBioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry2007825.86
19Chemistry of Photodimers of Maleic And Fumaric Acid Derivatives. 1. Dimethyl Fumarate DimerJournal of The American Chemical Society1961791.32
20Dimethyl fumarate treatment alters circulating T helper cell subsets in multiple sclerosisNeurology-Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation20167615.2
21Dimethyl Fumarate and Monoethyl Fumarate Exhibit Differential Effects on KEAP1. NRF2 Activation. And Glutathione Depletion In VitroPlos One20157312.17
22Dimethyl Fumarate for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: mechanism of Action, effectiveness and side effectsCurrent Neurology And Neuroscience Reports2013739.13
23Role of a singlet exciplex in photocycloaddition of phenanthrene to dimethyl fumarateJournal of The American Chemical Society1974721.53
24BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate): a review of mechanism of action efficacy and safetyCurrent Medical Research and Opinion20147110.14
25Dimethyl fumarate protects neural stem/progenitor cells and neurons from oxidative damage through Nrf2-ERK1/2 MAPK PathwayInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences20156711.17
26Chemical proteomic map of dimethyl fumarate-sensitive cysteines in primary human T cellsScience Signaling20166613.2
27Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory t cells and shifts the balance between Th1/Th17 and Th2 in multiple sclerosis patientsJournal of Immunology20176416
28Long-term effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis: Interim analysis of ENDORSE. A randomized extension studyMultiple Sclerosis Journal20176416
29Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells in multiple sclerosis patientsMultiple Sclerosis Journal20166312.6
30Dimethyl fumarate—only an anti-psoriatic medication?Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft2012637
31Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathwayBritish Journal of Pharmacology20156210.33
32Dimethyl fumarate treatment mediates an anti-inflammatory shift in b cell subsets of patients with multiple sclerosisJournal of Immunology20175814.5
33Effect of BG-12 on contrast-enhanced lesions in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses from the phase 2b studyMultiple Sclerosis Journal2012515.67
34Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis by activating Nrf2 and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activationBiochemical Pharmacology20165010
35Dimethyl fumarate protects brain from damage produced by intracerebral hemorrhage by mechanism involving Nrf2Stroke2015508.33
36Dimethyl fumarate. An immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response. Suppresses HIV replication and macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity: a novel candidate for HIV neuroprotectionJournal of Immunology2011505
37Effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate on MRI measures in the Phase 3 DEFINE studyJournal of Neurology2014497
38BG-12 in Multiple SclerosisSeminars In Neurology2013486
391.3-Cycloadditions of aliphatic thione s-methylides to dimethyl 2.3-dicyano-fumarate and 2.3-dicyanomaleate—a test case for steric course and mechanismTetrahedron Letters1989481.5
40Dimethyl fumarate attenuates 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in sh-sy5y cells and in animal model of Parkinson’s disease by enhancing Nrf2 activityNeuroscience2015477.83
41Efficacy and safety of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) and other disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and mixed treatment comparisonCurrent Medical Research and Opinion2014476.71
42Clinical efficacy of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses of the DEFINE studyJournal of Neurology2013475.88
43Kinetic-studies on the radical polymerization of isopropyl tert-butyl fumarate initiated with 2.2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) and dimethyl 2.2′-azobis(isobutyrate)—rates of addition and termination of the primary radicalsMacromolecules1992471.62
44Singlet and triplet exciplexes in photoreaction of phenanthrene with dimethyl fumarateJournal of The American Chemical Society1975471.02
45Dimethyl fumarate treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis influences B-cell subsetsNeurology-Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation2016469.2
46Dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: rationale. Mechanisms of action. Pharmacokinetics. Efficacy and safetyExpert Review of Neurotherapeutics2015467.67
47Clinical efficacy of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses of the CONFIRM studyJournal of Neurology2013465.75
48Dimethyl fumarate inhibits the Nuclear Factor B pathway in breast cancer cells by covalent modification of p65 proteinJournal of Biological Chemistry2016459
49Dimethyl fumarate attenuates cerebral edema formation by protecting the blood-brain barrier integrityExperimental Neurology2015447.33
50Emerging understanding of the mechanism of action for dimethyl fumarate in the treatment of multiple sclerosisFrontiers In Neurology20184314.33
51Dimethyl fumarate and monomethyl fumarate promote post-ischemic recovery in miceTranslational Stroke Research2016438.6
52BG-12 reduces evolution of new enhancing lesions to T1-hypointense lesions in patients with multiple sclerosisJournal of Neurology2011434.3
53[2 + 2] cycloadditions of silyl enol ethers and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Dimethyl fumarate and methyl crotonateJournal of Organic Chemistry1979431.02
54Dimethyl fumarate blocks proinflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of TLR induced M1 and K63 ubiquitin chain formationScientific Reports2016428.4
55Dimethyl fumarate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisCNS Drugs2014426
56Dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis: latest developments. Evidence and place in therapyTherapeutic Advances In Chronic Disease2016418.2
57Dimethyl fumarate modulation of immune and antioxidant responses: application to HIV therapyCritical Reviews In Immunology2013415.13
58Characterizing absolute lymphocyte count profiles in dimethyl fumarate-treated patients with MS Patient management considerationsNeurology-Clinical Practice2016408
59Cyclo-additions of N-aryl-C-(trifluoromethyl)nitrilimines with dimethyl fumarate and maleateJournal of Heterocyclic Chemistry1985401.11
60Dimethyl fumarate-induced lymphopenia in MS due to differential T-cell subset apoptosisNeurology-Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation2017399.75
61The effect of dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera (TM)) on lymphocyte counts: A potential contributor to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy riskMultiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders2015396.5
62The neuroprotective effect of dimethyl fumarate in an MPTP-mouse model of parkinson’s disease: involvement of reactive oxygen species/Nuclear Factor-kappa B/nuclear transcription factor related to NF-e2Antioxidants & Redox Signaling2017389.5
63Efficacy and safety of LAS41008 (dimethyl fumarate) in adults with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: a randomized. Double-blind. Fumaderm (R)—and placebo-controlled trial (BRIDGE)British Journal of Dermatology2017389.5
64Dimethyl fumarate confers neuroprotection by casein kinase 2 phosphorylation of Nrf2 in murine intracerebral hemorrhageNeurobiology of Disease2015386.33
65Effect of dimethyl fumarate on the radiation sensitivity of mammalian-cells invitroRadiation Research1988381.15
66Utilization of dimethyl fumarate and related molecules for treatment of multiple sclerosis cancer and other diseasesFrontiers In Immunology2016377.4
67Effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate on mri measures in the phase 3 CONFIRM studyNeurology2015376.17
68Shoe contact dermatitis from dimethyl fumarate: clinical manifestations. Patch test results. Chemical analysis. And source of exposureContact Dermatitis2009373.08
69Electrohydrodimerization reactions. 3. Rotating-ring-disk electrode. Voltammetric and coulometric studies of mixed reductive coupling of dimethyl fumarate in presence of cinnamonitrile and acrylonitrile in dimethylformamide solutionJournal of The Electrochemical Society1973370.77
70Progressive neurologic dysfunction in a psoriasis patient treated with dimethyl fumarateAnnals of Neurology2015366
71Quality of life outcomes with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The DEFINE studyMultiple Sclerosis Journal2014365.14
72Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosisExpert Opinion On Investigational Drugs2010363.27
73Dimethyl fumarate modulates antioxidant and lipid metabolism in oligodendrocytesRedox Biology2015355.83
74Activation of Nrf2 by dimethyl fumarate improves vascular calcificationVascular Pharmacology2014355
75Kinetics of 1.3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between C.N-diphenylnitrone and dimethyl fumarate in various solvents and aqueous solutionsInternational Journal of Chemical Kinetics2000351.67
76Control of oxidative stress and inflammation in sickle cell disease with the Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarateAntioxidants & Redox Signaling2017348.5
77Dimethyl fumarate attenuates experimental autoimmune neuritis through the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2/hemoxygenase-1 pathway by altering the balance of M1/M2 macrophagesJournal of Neuroinflammation2016346.8
78Dimethyl fumarate. A small molecule drug for psoriasis. Inhibits Nuclear Factor-kappa B and reduces myocardial infarct size in ratsEuropean Journal of Pharmacology2008342.62
79Efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: integrated analysis of the phase 3 trialsAnnals of Clinical and Translational Neurology2015335.5
80Efficacy and safety of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in patients newly diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)Multiple Sclerosis Journal2015335.5
81Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered with and without aspirin in healthy volunteersClinical Therapeutics2013334.13
82Synthesis of 3-co-ordinate mono-olefin. Bis-olefin and tris-olefin complexes of platinum with dimethyl or diethyl fumarate, imethyl maleate or maleic-anhydride ligandsJournal of The Chemical Society-Dalton Transactions1979330.79
83Dimethyl fumarate and the oleanane triterpenoids. Cddo-imidazolide and cddo-methyl ester. Both activate the Nrf2 pathway but have opposite effects in the A/J model of lung carcinogenesisCarcinogenesis2015325.33
84Preparation of dimethyl 2-(phenylthio)maleate Dimethyl 2-(phenylthio)fumarate and their sulfoxidesJournal of Organic Chemistry1983320.84
85Dimethyl fumarate alters B-cell memory and cytokine production in MS patientsAnnals of Clinical and Translational Neurology2017317.75
86PML during dimethyl fumarate treatment of multiple sclerosis: How does lymphopenia matter?Neurology2016316.2
87Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate and pregnancy: preclinical studies and pregnancy outcomes from clinical trials and postmarketing experienceNeurology and Therapy2015315.17
88Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of dimethyl fumarate (BG-12) for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisTherapeutics and Clinical Risk Management2014314.43
89Effect of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate on no evidence of disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: integrated analysis of the phase III DEFINE and CONFIRM studiesEuropean Journal of Neurology2017307.5
90Nonfatal PML in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with dimethyl fumarateNeurology-Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation2016306
91Reactions of exciplex from singlet-excited phenanthrene and dimethyl fumarate-oxetan formation. Intersystem crossing and emissionJournal of The Chemical Society-Chemical Communications1972300.61
92Dimethyl fumarate influences innate and adaptive immunity in multiple sclerosisJournal of Autoimmunity2018299.67
93Dimethyl fumarate restores apoptosis sensitivity and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in CTCL by targeting F-kappa BBlood2016295.8
94Pharmacodynamics of dimethyl fumarate are tissue specific and involve Nrf2-dependent and -independent mechanismsAntioxidants & Redox Signaling2016295.8
95Effects of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocyte subsetsMultiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders2015294.83
96Solubility of dimethyl fumarate in water plus (methanol. Ethanol. 1-propanol) from (278.15 to 333.15) KFluid Phase Equilibria2013293.63
97Synthesis of (3S.4R)-3.4-isopropylidenedioxy-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. An enantiopure functionalized cyclic nitrone; Cycloaddition reactions with dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarateSynthetic Communications1998291.26
98Dimethyl fumarate mediates Nrf2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in mice and humansHuman Molecular Genetics2017287
99Dimethyl fumarate associated lymphopenia in clinical practiceMultiple Sclerosis Journal2015284.67
100Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosisCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2015284.67
Table 2. Authors with 11 or more T100 articles. Authors are arranged by the number of T100 articles in his/her curriculum (T100-record).
Table 2. Authors with 11 or more T100 articles. Authors are arranged by the number of T100 articles in his/her curriculum (T100-record).
AuthorAffiliationT100-RecordTimes CitedAverage Citations/RecordAverage Citations/Year
Gold R Department of Neurology. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; USA121823130.21140.23
Fox RJMellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis; Neurological Institute. Cleveland. USA121211100.92134.56
Kappos L St. Josef Hospital, Department of Neurology Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.121709142.42131.46
Dawson KT Biogen Idec, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts USA112377218.09182.5
Phillips JT Baylor Institute for Immunology Research Dallas, Texas, USA101101110.10122.33
Table 3. Countries publishing more than 10 of the T100 cited articles.
Table 3. Countries publishing more than 10 of the T100 cited articles.
CountryT100-RecordTimes CitedAverage Citations/RecordAverage Citations/Year
USA625258109.5484.81
Germany302911207.9397.03
England16265563.21165.94
Switzerland141862143.23133
Czech Republic101440110.77144
Table 4. Institutions publishing more than 10 of the T100 manuscript are arranged by the number of T100 records.
Table 4. Institutions publishing more than 10 of the T100 manuscript are arranged by the number of T100 records.
InstitutionsCountryT100-RecordTimes CitedAverage Citations/RecordAverage Citation Density
BiogenUSA243169132.04243.77
Ruhr University Bochum Germany151864124.77143.38
University of London England142494178.14191.85
Cleveland Clinic Foundation USA121211100.92134.65
Baylor Scott White Health USA111165105.91129.44
University of Basel Switzerland111682152.91129.38
Table 5. Journals publishing more than 4 of the top 100 (T100) papers are arranged by the number of T100 records.
Table 5. Journals publishing more than 4 of the top 100 (T100) papers are arranged by the number of T100 records.
JournalT100-RecordImpact FactorEigenfactorArticle InfluenceTimes CitedAverage Citations/RecordCitation Density
Neurology Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation58.270.0212.430260.450.33
New England Journal of Medicine574.700.68225.72048409.6227.56
Antioxidants Redox Signaling460.39--20150.2540.20
Journal of Neurology42.98--18546.2518.50
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García-Fernández, F.J.; García-Fernández, A.E.; Ikuta, I.; Nava, E.; Solis García del Pozo, J.; Jordan, J.; Galindo, M.F. A Bibliometric Evaluation of the Top 100 Cited Dimethyl Fumarate Articles. Molecules 2021, 26, 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041085

AMA Style

García-Fernández FJ, García-Fernández AE, Ikuta I, Nava E, Solis García del Pozo J, Jordan J, Galindo MF. A Bibliometric Evaluation of the Top 100 Cited Dimethyl Fumarate Articles. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041085

Chicago/Turabian Style

García-Fernández, Francisco Javier, Alba Estela García-Fernández, Ichiro Ikuta, Eduardo Nava, Julian Solis García del Pozo, Joaquin Jordan, and Maria F. Galindo. 2021. "A Bibliometric Evaluation of the Top 100 Cited Dimethyl Fumarate Articles" Molecules 26, no. 4: 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041085

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