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Article

Chemical Compositions, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Five Species of Cinnamomum Growing Wild in North Central Vietnam

by
Do N. Dai
1,2,*,
Nguyen T. Chung
1,
Le T. Huong
3,
Nguyen H. Hung
4,
Dao T.M. Chau
5,
Nguyen T. Yen
3 and
William N. Setzer
6,7,*
1
Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Nghe An College of Economics, 51-Ly Tu Trong, Vinh City 4300, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
3
School of Natural Science Education, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh City 4300, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam
4
Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 5000, Vietnam
5
Institute of Environmental Biochemistry, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh City 4300, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam
6
Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
7
Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(6), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061303
Submission received: 20 January 2020 / Revised: 12 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 February 2020 / Published: 12 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide, Acaricide, Repellent and Antimicrobial Development)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Members of the genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) have aromatic volatiles in their leaves and bark and some species are commercially important herbs and spices. In this work, the essential oils from five species of Cinnamomum (C. damhaensis, C. longipetiolatum, C. ovatum, C. polyadelphum and C. tonkinense) growing wild in north central Vietnam were obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by gas chromatography and screened for antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal activity. The leaf essential oil of C. tonkinense, rich in β-phellandrene (23.1%) and linalool (32.2%), showed excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC of 32 μg/mL against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans) and larvicidal activity (24 h LC50 of 17.4 μg/mL on Aedes aegypti and 14.1 μg/mL against Culex quinquefasciatus). Cinnamomum polyadelphum leaf essential oil also showed notable antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mosquito larvicidal activity, attributable to relatively high concentrations of neral (11.7%) and geranial (16.6%). Thus, members of the genus Cinnamomum from Vietnam have shown promise as antimicrobial agents and as potential vector control agents for mosquitoes.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The Lauraceae is a large family of tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs [1]. In this family, the genus Cinnamomum is comprised of around 250 species with concentrations in east and southeast Asia [1]. Vietnam is home to 45 species of Cinnamomum [2,3], many of which are used in traditional medicine, for essential oils, as well as for timber [4,5].
We are in the midst of a post-antibiotic era. Numerous pathogenic microorganisms have developed resistance to commonly used antibiotic agents [6,7]. For example, Klebsiella pneumoniae [8], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [9] and Staphylococcus aureus [10], three organisms that are major causes of nosocomial infections, have developed extremely drug resistant (XDR) strains. Likewise, antibiotic resistance is increasing in fungi such as Candida ssp. and Aspergillus spp. [11]. Essential oils have shown promise as complementary or adjuvant therapies for combating antimicrobial resistance [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19].
Mosquitoes have been and continue to be the deadliest animals on earth. Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) are vectors for the arboviral diseases dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever and Ae. aegypti is also a vector for the emerging Rift Valley fever virus [20]. Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) is a vector of West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus and lymphatic filariasis [21]. Culex quinquefasciatus may also serve as a vector in emerging viral diseases such as Zika virus [22], Sindbis virus [23] and Usutu virus [24]. Unfortunately, insecticidal resistance of these mosquito species is increasing leading to failure of vector control programs in many locations [25]. Furthermore, populations of Ae. aegypti [26], Ae. albopictus [27] and Cx. quinquefasciatus [28] are showing widespread resistance to commonly used larvicidal agents. It has been suggested that essential oils may serve as alternative and more ecologically benign mosquito larvicidal agents [29,30,31].
Because of the biological activities and traditional uses of members of the Cinnamomum genus, we hypothesize that Cinnamomum species from Vietnam may also exhibit potentially useful biological activities. As part of our ongoing investigations into the essential oils of Vietnamese Cinnamomum [32,33,34], we have obtained, analyzed and carried out antimicrobial and larvicidal screening of Cinnamomum ovatum C.K. Allen (syn. Cinnamomum rigidissimum H.T. Chang), Cinnamomum tonkinense (Lecomte) A. Chev. (syn. Cinnamomum albiflorum var. tonkinense Lecomte), Cinnamomum damhaensis Kosterm., Cinnamomum longipetiolatum H.W. Li and Cinnamomum polyadelphum (Lour.) Kosterm. (syn. Laurus polyadelpha Lour., Cinnamomum litseafolium Lecomte, Cinnamomum litseafolium var. denticupulatum Liou, Cinnamomum saigonicum Farw, Camphorina saigonica Farw).

2. Results

2.1. Essential Oil Collection and Analysis

Plant materials were collected from mature Cinnamomum trees from different locations in north central Vietnam. The collection details and essential oil yields of the Cinnamomum species are summarized in Table 1. The essential oils were analyzed by gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID). The chemical compositions of the Cinnamomum species are presented in Table 2.

2.2. Antimicrobial Screening

The Cinnamomum essential oils were screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica) bacteria and a yeast (Candida albicans). Minimum inhibitory concentrations and IC50 values were determined using the microbroth dilution assay (Table 3).

2.3. Larvicidal Screening

The Cinnamomum essential oils were screened for mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The 24 h and 48 h LC50 and LC90 values are summarized in Table 4 and Table 5.

3. Discussion

3.1. Cinnamomum ovatum

The leaf and stem bark essential oils of C. ovatum demonstrated broad antimicrobial activity against the organisms tested with MIC values ranging from 16 to 128 μg/mL (Table 3). The major components of the leaf and stem essential oils were eugenol (70.5% and 71.2%, respectively), eugenyl acetate (9.5% and 9.3%, respectively) and linalool (5.9% and 8.3%, respectively) (Table 2). The high concentration of eugenol in these two essential oils is likely responsible for the observed antimicrobial effects. Eugenol has shown broad spectrum antibacterial [35,36] and antifungal [37,38,39] activities. Likewise, the mosquito larvicidal activity of C. ovatum leaf essential oil is likely due to eugenol; that compound has shown larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti [40], Ae. albopictus [41] and Cx. quinquefasciatus [42]. Cinnamomum cambodianum leaf [34] and stem bark [33] essential oils from Vietnam have also shown high concentrations of linalool (27.0% and 33.1%, respectively).

3.2. Cinnamomum tonkinense

Cinnamomum tonkinense leaf essential oil showed excellent antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and C. albicans with MIC of 32 μg/mL and good activity against B. cereus and S. aureus (Table 3). The essential oil is rich in monoterpenes, α-pinene (4.0%), sabinene (3.4%), α-phellandrene (4.8%), β-phellandrene (23.1%), 1,8-cineole (9.8%), linalool (32.2%) (Table 2). Both α-pinene and linalool have shown antibacterial activity against E. faecalis [35] and S. aureus [43]; α-pinene and 1,8-cineole have shown antifungal activity against C. albicans [43]. Sabinene, on the other hand, has shown little [44] or no [45] antimicrobial activity. Likewise, α-phellandrene has shown no activity against C. albicans [46]. The leaf essential oils of C. cordatum and C. scortechini from Pahang, Malaysia, both rich in β-phellandrene (9.0% and 17.3%, respectively) and linalool (17.3% and 16.4%, respectively), have shown antifungal activities against several fungal strains [47].
The leaf essential oil of C. tonkinense is one of the most larvicidal in this study (Table 4 and Table 5). The major components in the essential oil likely account for the observed larvicidal activity. α-Pinene, has been shown to be larvicidal against Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus [48]; sabinene and linalool have both demonstrated larvicidal against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus [49]; and α-phellandrene has shown activity against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus [50] as well as Culex pipiens molestus [51]. The leaf essential oil of C. scortechinii, rich in β-phellandrene (17.3%) and linalool (16.4%), had shown excellent larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (LC50 = 21.5 and 16.7 μg/mL, respectively) [52].

3.3. Cinnamomum damhaensis

The major components of C. damhaensis leaf essential oil were linalool (44.8%) and β-selinene (19.1%) (Table 2). The essential oil also showed pronounced larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus with 48 h LC50 values of 17.4 and 18.6 μg/mL, respectively (Table 5), which can be attributed to the high concentration of linalool (see above). Note that Piper gaudichaudianum and Piper humaytanum leaf essential oils, rich in β-selinene (10.5% and 15.8%, respectively), but devoid of linalool, showed only marginal larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti [53].

3.4. Cinnamomum longipetiolatum

The leaf essential oil of C. longipetiolatum was dominated by linalool (75.7%, Table 2), which likely accounts for the observed antimicrobial (Table 3) activity; linalool has shown broad antibacterial and antifungal activity [35,54]. Although linalool has shown larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 38.6 μg/mL) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 42.3 μg/mL) [49], the larvicidal activity of C. longipetiolatum leaf oil was less (24 h LC50 = 64.2 and 126.8 μg/mL against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, Table 4).

3.5. Cinnamomum polyadelphum

The leaf essential oil of C. polyadelphum showed good activity against the Gram-positive organisms tested with MIC values of 32, 64 and 64 μg/mL on E. faecalis, S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively (Table 3). The essential oil also showed notable larvicidal activity against all three mosquito species with 48-h LC50 values of 17.3, 20.8 and 11.0 μg/mL against Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively (Table 5). The major components in C. polyadelphum leaf essential oil were camphor (32.2%), neral (11.7%) and geranial (16.6%) (Table 2). The antimicrobial properties of camphor are relatively marginal [55,56]. Citral (mixture of neral and geranial), on the other hand, has shown greater antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria [57,58,59] and fungi [60,61]. Likewise, citral has exhibited mosquito larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus [62] but camphor is inactive against larvae of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus [52,62] or Cx. pipiens [63].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Material

Leaves or stem bark of the Cinnamomum species were collected from locations in north central Vietnam (see Table 1). Plants were identified by Do N. Dai and voucher specimens (Table 1) have been deposited in the plant specimen room, Faculty Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Nghe An, College of Economics. The fresh plant materials (2.0 kg each) were shredded and hydrodistilled using a Clevenger apparatus for 4 h to give the essential oils. The essential oil yields are summarized in Table 1.

4.2. Gas Chromatographic Analysis

Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed on an Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA) HP 7890A Plus Gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and fitted with HP-5ms column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm, Agilent Technologies). The analytical conditions were—carrier gas H2 (1 mL/min), injector temperature (PTV) 250 °C, detector temperature 260 °C, column temperature programmed from 60 °C (2 min hold) to 220 °C (10 min hold) at 4 °C/min. Samples were injected by splitting and the split ratio was 10:1. The volume injected was 1.0 μL. Inlet pressure was 6.1 kPa.
An Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, California, USA) HP 7890A Plus Chromatograph fitted with a fused silica capillary HP-5ms (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) and interfaced with a mass spectrometer (HP 5973 MSD) was used for the GC-MS analysis, under the same conditions as those used for GC-FID analysis. The conditions were the same as described above with He (1 mL/min) as carrier gas. The MS conditions were as follows—ionization voltage 70 eV; emission current 40 mA; acquisitions scan mass range of 35–350 amu at a sampling rate of 1.0 scan/s.
The identification of constituents was performed on the basis of retention indices (RI) determined with reference to a homologous series of n-alkanes, under identical experimental conditions, co-injection with standards (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) or known essential oil constituents, MS library search (NIST 08 and Wiley 9th Version) and by comparing with MS literature data [64]. The relative amounts of individual components were calculated based on the GC peak area (FID response) without using correction factors.

4.3. Antimicrobial Screening

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated using three strains of Gram-positive test bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC299212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579), three strains of Gram-negative test bacteria, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), Salmonella enterica (ATCC13076) and one strain of yeast, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231).
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were measured by the microdilution broth susceptibility assay [65]. Stock solutions of the oil were prepared in dimethylsulfoxide. Dilution series were prepared from 16,384 to 2 μg/mL (214, 213, 212, 211, 210, 29, 27, 25, 23 and 21 µg/mL) in sterile distilled water in micro-test tubes from where they were transferred to 96-well microtiter plates. Bacteria grown in double-strength Mueller-Hinton broth or double-strength tryptic soy broth and fungi grown in double-strength Sabouraud dextrose broth were standardized to 5 × 105 and 1 × 103 CFU/mL, respectively. The last row, containing only the serial dilutions of sample without microorganisms, was used as a positive (no growth) control. Sterile distilled water and medium served as a negative (no antimicrobial agent) control. Streptomycin was used as the antibacterial standard, nystatin and cycloheximide were used as antifungal standards. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 h, the MIC values were determined to be the well with the lowest concentration of agents completely inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. The IC50 values were determined by the percentage of microorganisms that inhibited growth based on the turbidity measurement data of EPOCH2C spectrophotometer (BioTeK Instruments, Inc Highland Park Winooski, VT, USA) and Rawdata computer software (Brussels, Belgium) according to the following equations:
% i n h i b i t i o n = O D c o n t r o l ( − ) − O D t e s t   a g e n t O D c o n t r o l   ( − ) − O D c o n t r o l ( + )
I C 50 = H i g h c o n c − ( H i g h i n h % − 50 % ) × ( H i g h c o n c − L o w c o n c ) ( H i g h i n h % − L o w i n h % )
where OD is the optical density, control(–) are the cells with medium but without antimicrobial agent, test agent corresponds to a known concentration of antimicrobial agent, control(+) is the culture medium without cells, Highconc/Lowconc is the concentration of test agent at high concentration/low concentration and Highinh%/Lowinh% is the % inhibition at high concentration/% inhibition at low concentration). Each of the antimicrobial screens were carried out in triplicate.

4.4. Larvicidal Screening

Eggs of Aedes aegypti were purchased from Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology and maintained at the Laboratory of Department of Pharmacy of Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. Adults of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus collected in Hoa Khanh Nam ward, Lien Chieu district, Da Nang city (16°03′14.9″N, 108°09′31.2″E) and were identified by National institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ho Chi Minh City. Adult mosquitoes were maintained in entomological cages (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and fed a 10% sucrose solution and were allowed to blood feed on 1-week-old chicks and mice, respectively. Egg hatchings were induced with tap water. Larvae were reared in plastic trays (24 × 35 × 5 cm). The larvae were fed on Koi fish food. All developmental stages were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C, 65–75% relative humidity and a 12:12 h light:dark cycle at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering of Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
Larvicidal activities of the Cinnamomum essential oils were evaluated according to the protocol Liu and co-workers [66] with slight modifications. For the assay, 150 mL of water that contained 20 larvae (fourth instar) was placed in 250-mL beakers and aliquots of the Cinnamomum essential oils dissolved in EtOH (1% stock solution) were then added. With each experiment, a set of controls using EtOH only (negative control) and permethrin (positive control) were also run for comparison. Mortality was recorded after 24 h and again after 48 h of exposure during which no nutritional supplement was added. The experiments were carried out at 25 ± 2 °C. Each test was conducted with four replicates with five concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6 μg/mL). The data obtained were subjected to log-probit analysis [67] to obtain LC50 values, LC90 values and 95% confidence limits using Minitab® 19 (Minitab, LLC, State College, PA, USA).

5. Conclusions

The essential oils of five species of Cinnamomum were collected from north central Vietnam and screened for antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal activities. According to Duarte and co-workers [68], essential oils with MIC values between 50 and 500 μg/mL can be considered to have strong antimicrobial activity. Similarly, Dias and Moraes have concluded that essential oils with LC50 < 100 μg/mL are considered to be active [69]. Therefore, all of the Cinnamomum essential oils in this study can be considered to be active and show promise as antimicrobial agents and as alternative insecticidal agents against mosquito larvae.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.N.D. and W.N.S.; methodology, D.N.D., L.T.H., N.H.H., W.N.S.; validation, D.N.D. and W.N.S.; formal analysis, L.T.H., W.N.S.; investigation, N.T.C., L.T.H., N.T.Y., D.T.M.C.; resources, D.N.D.; data curation, W.N.S.; writing—original draft preparation, W.N.S., D.N.D.; writing—review and editing, D.N.D., L.T.H., W.N.S.; supervision, D.N.D.; project administration, D.N.D.; funding acquisition, D.N.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number: 106.03-2018.02.

Acknowledgments

W.N.S. participated in this work as part of the activities of the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC, https://aromaticplant.org/).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: The Cinnamomum essential oils are no longer available.
Table
Table 1. Collection details for Cinnamomum species from north central Vietnam.
Table 1. Collection details for Cinnamomum species from north central Vietnam.
Cinnamomum SpeciesVietnamese NameVoucher NumbersPartYield, % v/wCollection Month/YearCollection Location
Cinnamomum ovatumRe trứngDND-762Leaf
Stems		0.60
0.21		April/2019Chau Hoan Commune, Pù Huống Nature Reserve
19°28′12″N, 104°56′45″E, elev. 374 m
Cinnamomum tonkinenseRe xanh, Re bắc, Quế bắcDND-768Leaf0.33April/2019Chau Hoan Commune, Pù Huống Nature Reserve
19°28′12″N, 104°56′45″E, elev. 374 m
Cinnamomum damhaensisRe đầm hàDND-786Leaf0.30July/2019Huong Phu Commune, Nam Đông District, Bach Ma National Park
16°12′47″N, 107°43′33″E, elev. 101 m
Cinnamomum longipetiolatumRe cuống dàiDND-800Leaf1.35August/2019Nam Nhong Commune, Que Phong District, Pù Hoạt Nature Reserve
19°30′24″N, 104°42′52″E, elev. 667 m
Cinnamomum polyadelphumQuế bời lời, Miếng sành, Tà Dúi, Ô dược, Đam dao, Hậu phátDND-813Leaf1.20August/2019Nam Nhong Commune, Que Phong District, Pù Hoạt Nature Reserve
19°30′24″N, 104°42′52″E, elev. 667 m
Table
Table 2. Chemical compositions (%) of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
Table 2. Chemical compositions (%) of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
NoCompoundsRIaRIbC. ov.cC. ov.cC. to.dC. da.eC. lo.fC. po.g
LeafStemLeafLeafLeafLeaf
1α-Thujene930924--0.4--0.3
2α-Pinene9399322.11.640.32.94.3
3α-Fenchene953945---0.1-0.2
4Camphene9559460.70.60.40.20.31.9
5Sabinene978969--3.40.70.50.4
6β-Pinene9849740.90.62.10.21.72.4
7Myrcene9929880.20.13.10.10.22.1
8Dehydroxy-trans-linalool oxide995991----0.7-
9Dehydroxy-cis-linalool oxide10081006----0.6-
10α-Phellandrene101010021.30.34.8--0.2
11α-Terpinene10221014--0.4-0.2
12p-Cymene103010200.70.40.50.70.20.7
13Limonene103510240.90.83.40.20.35.4
14β-Phellandrene10361025--23.1---
151,8-Cineole103810260.20.69.812.50.8
16(E)-β-Ocimene104910440.30.20.3-0.8-
17γ-Terpinene10631054--0.5-0.3-
18Terpinolene109410860.20.10.2---
19Rosefuran10981091-----0.1
20Perillene11041102-----0.2
21Linalool110510955.98.332.244.875.73.2
22Hotrienol11071104----3.2-
23Isocitral11471140-----0.2
24Camphor11561141-----32.2
25Nerol oxide11581154----0.2-
26Isoneral11661162-----0.6
27cis-Linalool oxide (pyranoid)11741170----3.2-
28trans-Linalool oxide (pyranoid)11771173----2.7-
29Borneol11781165--0.2--1.6
30Isogeranial11841180-----0.9
31Terpinen-4-ol11871174--0.70.40.50.4
32α-Terpineol12001186--1.70.20.60.6
33Decanal12081201--0.2--0.2
34Citronellol12281223-----0.4
35Nerol12311227-----0.8
36Cuminal12381238---0.1--
37Neral12451235-----11.7
38Geraniol12551249----0.21.9
39Geranial12741264-----16.6
40(E)-Cinnamaldehyde12781267-----0.2
41Bornyl acetate129412870.50.50.1--0.1
42Safrole12991285-0.2----
43δ-Elemene13481335--0.2---
44Eugenol1367135670.571.20.2--0.4
45α-Ylangene138513730.40.3----
46α-Copaene13891374--0.4--0.1
47β-Elemene14031389--0.30.7--
48Methyl eugenol14091403-0.3-0.1-0.3
49β-Caryophyllene143714171.911.80.2-1.3
50trans-α-Bergamotene144514320.20.20.1---
51allo-Aromadendrene145714580.1--0.3--
52α-Humulene147114520.3-0.6--0.2
53α-Amorphene14831483---0.3--
54β-Selinene14891489---19.1--
55trans-β-Bergamotene14961480-0.1----
56α-Selinene14981498---0.5--
57Germacrene D149814840.30.12.7---
58Bicyclogermacrene151315000.70.61-0.20.2
59β-Bisabolene15171505-0.2----
60Eugenyl acetate153315219.59.30.1---
61δ-Cadinene153715220.20.30.2--0.1
62(E)-α-Bisabolene15511544-0.3----
63(E)-Nerolidol15701561--0.30.9--
64Germacrene B15771559--0.2---
65Spathulenol15981577-0.6-0.41.10.8
66Caryophyllene oxide16051582-0.50.21.10.50.9
67Intermedeol isomer1616----5.8--
68Selin-11-en-4-one16261626---1.5--
69Selina-3,11-dien-6α-ol16441642---0.6--
70α-Cadinol16521652---0.5--
71Selin-11-en-4α-ol16601658---7.3--
72Germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1α-ol16851685---1--
73Aromadendrane-4,10-diol1717----0.5--
74Oplopanone17351739---0.3--
75α-Cyperone1747----4--
76Cyclocolorenone17631759---0.1--
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 7.34.746.62.57.417.9
Oxygenated monoterpenoids 6.69.444.746.590.172.3
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 4.13.17.521.10.21.9
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids 01.10.5241.61.7
Phenylpropanoids 80810.30.100.9
Others 000.2000.2
Total identified 9899.399.894.299.394.9
a RI = Retention Index determined on an HP-5ms column. b RI from the databases. c C. ov. = Cinnamomum ovatum. d C. to. = Cinnamomum tonkinense. e C. da. = Cinnamomum damhaensis. f C. lo. = Cinnamomum longipetiolatum. g C. po. = Cinnamomum polyadelphum.
Table
Table 3. Antimicrobial activities of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
Table 3. Antimicrobial activities of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
Gram-PositiveGram-NegativeYeast
SampleEnterococcus faecalisStaphylococcus aureusBacillus cereusEscherichia coliPseudomonas aeruginosaSalmonella entericaCandida albicans
MIC (μg/mLa)
C. ovatum leaf6464128641286464
C. ovatum stem64646464166432
C. tonkinense32128128---32
C. damhaensis-------
C. longipetiolatum64128128256256128256
C. polyadelphum326464--128256
Streptomycin32128643212864-
Nistatin------8
Cyclohexamide------32
IC50 (μg/mLa)
C. ovatum leaf32.3332.3365.4532.5665.4433.2233.22
C. ovatum stem32.4432.7833.5632.568.7731.2215.67
C. tonkinense5.6737.7856.67---15.67
C. damhaensis-------
C. longipetiolatum17.8836.7856.79100.34105.6756.78112.45
C. polyadelphum10.6724.7830.24--57.45123.45
a Micrograms of essential oil per milliliter of test solution.
Table
Table 4. Twenty-four-hour mosquito larvicidal activities (μg/mL) of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
Table 4. Twenty-four-hour mosquito larvicidal activities (μg/mL) of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
SampleLC50 (95% Confidence Limits)LC90 (95% Confidence Limits)χ2p
Aedes aegypti
C. ovatum leaf EO24.12 (20.92–27.45)50.61 (45.02–58.65)48.860.000
C. ovatum stem EO52.51 (48.77–57.69)71.23 (64.50–82.64)0.47220.790
C. tonkinensis leaf EO17.44 (15.53–19.58)31.40 (27.93–36.64)0.13540.987
C. damhaensis leaf EO21.43 (18.66–24.15)38.98 (34.75–45.58)0.54940.760
C. longepetiolatum leaf EO64.20 (55.67–73.61)127.9 (111.0–156.5)8.8050.003
C. polyadelphum leaf EO23.41 (21.37–25.78)36.69 (33.27–41.52)8.2770.041
Aedes albopictus
C. ovatum leaf EOn.t.n.t.------
C. ovatum stem EO61.45 (55.66–68.20)103.3 (93.3–117.1)34.380.000
C. tonkinensis leaf EO42.89 (39.73–46.59)61.65 (56.52–69.09)2.5950.273
C. damhaensis leaf EO43.91 (41.25–46.46)56.16 (52.95–60.79)0.044800.978
C. longepetiolatum leaf EOn.t.n.t.------
C. polyadelphum leaf EO20.66 (18.02–23.28)37.21 (33.04–43.97)2.5770.276
Culex quinquefasciatus
C. ovatum leaf EO34.19 (31.18–37.65)56.01 (50.85–63.12)10.730.013
C. ovatum stem EO28.79 (22.07–34.79)78.3 (67.72–94.578.2950.016
C. tonkinensis leaf EO14.05 (12.28–15.75)25.70 (23.06–29.59)16.310.001
C. damhaensis leaf EO46.74 (41.58–52.63)86.80 (77.37–100.39)13.530.001
C. longepetiolatum leaf EO126.8 (108.3–151.4)293.9 (248.2–368.9)21.470.000
C. polyadelphum leaf EO18.33 (13.26–22.87)58.95 (50.62–72.05)5.6390.131
Table
Table 5. Forty-eight-hour mosquito larvicidal activities (μg/mL) of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
Table 5. Forty-eight-hour mosquito larvicidal activities (μg/mL) of Cinnamomum essential oils from north central Vietnam.
SampleLC50 (95% Confidence Limits)LC90 (95% Confidence Limits)χ2p
Aedes aegypti
C. ovatum leaf EO13.76 (11.42–15.95)30.17 (26.76–35.17)46.160.000
C. ovatum stem EO46.74 (43.17–51.21)67.53 (61.30–77.07)2.7440.254
C. tonkinensis leaf EO15.83 (13.76–17.99)31.17 (27.53–36.80)2.1960.533
C. damhaensis leaf EO17.36 (13.67–20.36)37.53 (32.94–45.22)5.4940.064
C. longepetiolatum leaf EO39.50 (29.92–47.24)95.24 (83.27–114.77)2.5130.113
C. polyadelphum leaf EO17.30 (15.44–19.41)30.80 (27.43–35.89)3.6500.302
Aedes albopictus
C. ovatum leaf EOn.t.n.t.------
C. ovatum stem EO50.18 (45.07–56.12)87.98 (78.88–100.81)35.660.000
C. tonkinensis leaf EO42.74 (39.48–46.59)62.40 (57.00–70.25)4.0980.129
C. damhaensis leaf EO39.85 (37.05–42.91)56.02 (51.91–61.70)0.060060.970
C. longepetiolatum leaf EOn.t.n.t.------
C. polyadelphum leaf EO20.79 (17.84–23.61)39.45 (34.97–46.59)6.9800.031
Culex quinquefasciatus
C. ovatum leaf EO30.48 (27.00–34.48)59.19 (52.54–68.81)1.1810.757
C. ovatum stem EO20.54 (11.92–27.10)72.40 (62.01–89.54)5.7990.055
C. tonkinensis leaf EO8.721 (6.874–10.253)18.81 (16.70–22.01)26.830.000
C. damhaensis leaf EO18.63 (9.90–25.06)67.93 (58.16–84.15)6.2430.001
C. longepetiolatum leaf EO76.88 (52.08–101.93)314.5 (249.3–447.0)47.360.000
C. polyadelphum leaf EO11.03 (4.50–15.93)52.40 (44.35–65.76)10.300.016

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Dai, D.N.; Chung, N.T.; Huong, L.T.; Hung, N.H.; Chau, D.T.M.; Yen, N.T.; Setzer, W.N. Chemical Compositions, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Five Species of Cinnamomum Growing Wild in North Central Vietnam. Molecules 2020, 25, 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061303

AMA Style

Dai DN, Chung NT, Huong LT, Hung NH, Chau DTM, Yen NT, Setzer WN. Chemical Compositions, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Five Species of Cinnamomum Growing Wild in North Central Vietnam. Molecules. 2020; 25(6):1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061303

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dai, Do N., Nguyen T. Chung, Le T. Huong, Nguyen H. Hung, Dao T.M. Chau, Nguyen T. Yen, and William N. Setzer. 2020. "Chemical Compositions, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Five Species of Cinnamomum Growing Wild in North Central Vietnam" Molecules 25, no. 6: 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061303

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