Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Seeds from Spanish Cultivars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Metabolite Identification Using UPLC-MS Analysis
2.1.1. Phenolic Acid Derivatives
2.1.2. Flavonols
2.1.3. Organic Acids
2.1.4. Other Compounds
2.2. Quantitative Analysis of Polyphenols
2.3. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
2.4. Protein and Amino Acid Composition
2.5. Fat and Fatty Acid Composition
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Standards
3.2. Plant Material and Sample Processing
3.3. Identification and Quantification of Polyphenols by the UPLC-PDA-MS Method
3.4. Antioxidant Capacity
3.5. Proximate Composition
3.6. Amino Acid Analysis
3.7. Quantitative Evaluation of Protein Quality
3.8. Fatty Acids Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Peak No. | Rt | UV [nm] | MS [M − H]− (m/z) a | MS/MS (m/z) a | Tentative Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 0.62 | 360 | 195.0522 | 177.0404; 159.2073; 129.0194 | Gluconic acid |
2. | 1.66 | 210 | 191.0051 | 110.9974 | (Iso)Citric acid |
3. | 2.04 | 340 | 301.0920 | 179.0521; 151.0274 | Quercetin |
4. | 2.62 | 220, 275 | 255.0366 | 237.0222; 193.0362; 165.0417 | Piscidic acid |
5. | 3.38 | 299 | 315.0781 | 153.0173 | Protocatechuic acid hexoside |
6. | 3.68 | 325 | 517.1523 | 386.1084; 193.0476 | Ferulic acid derivative |
7. | 4.39 | 220, 275 | 239.0416 | 179.0218; 149.0408 | Eucomic acid |
8. | 5.02 | 325 | 341.0837 | 179.0372 | Caffeic acid glucoside I |
9. | 5.18 | 325 | 517.1543 | 193.0480; 175.0378 | Ferulic acid diglucoside |
10. | 5.94 | 324 | 341.0697 | 179.0523 | Caffeic acid glucoside II |
11. | 6.40 | 325 | 371.1151 | 249.9247; 193.0503; 175.0273 | Feruloyl gluconic acid |
12. | 6.73 | 202, 216, 275 | 565.1764 | 339.1087; 327.1086 | - |
13. | 6.91 | 325 | 595.2080 | 329.1040; 197.8092; 175.0987; 193.0476; 162.8393 | Ferulic acid derivative |
14. | 7.49 | 350 | 609.1295 | 301.0355 | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside |
15. | 7.69 | 355 | 463.1399 | 301.0355 | Quercetin-3-O-galactoside |
16. | 7.75 | 350 | 755.1174 | 623.0457; 315.0475 | Isorhamnetin-pentosyl rutinoside |
17. | 8.04 | 340 | 593.1521 | 315.0511 | Isorhamnetin-pentosyl rhamnoside |
18. | 8.28 | 350 | 623.1598 | 315.0420 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside |
19. | 8.91 | 350 | 477.1020 | 315.0455 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside |
20. | 8.96 | 350 | 477.1022 | 315.0475 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside |
21. | 9.41 | 340 | 519.1130 | 315.0510 | Isorhamnetin acylated hexoside |
Peak No. | [mg/kg] | Fresa | Nopal Alargado | Nopal Espinoso | Nalle | Nopal Ovalado | Nopal Tradicional | Orito |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | ||||||||
5. | Protocatechuic acid hexoside | 4.57 ± 0.2 a | 7.13 ± 0.2 b | 22.36 ± 1.1 f | 11.37 ± 0.2 c | 11.24 ± 0.2 c | 12.56 ± 0.1 d | 19.03 ± 0.3 e |
6. | Ferulic acid derivative | 2.35 ± 0.1 c | 0.00 ± 0.0 a | 0.00 ± 0.0 a | 11.62 ± 0.1 d | 1.08 ± 0.0 b | 0.00 ± 0.0 a | 0.00 ± 0.0 a |
8. | Caffeic acid hexoside I | 1.28 ± 0.0 a | 4.35 ± 0.3 b | 12.59 ± 0.2 e | 11.95 ± 0.2 d | 4.09 ± 0.1 b | 5.51 ± 0.1 c | 13.50 ± 0.9 f |
9. | Ferulic acid diglucoside | 4.10 ± 0.1 a | 37.07 ± 1.2 c | 108.97 ± 3.5 e | 63.46 ± 3.3 d | 13.59 ± 1.0 b | 31.68 ± 1.2 c | 60.56 ± 2.2 d |
10. | Caffeic acid hexoside II | 1.75 ± 0.0 c | 2.41 ± 0.1 d | 1.54 ± 0.0 b | 1.07 ± 0.0 a | 2.40 ± 0.0 d | 2.61 ± 0.0 d | 1.71 ± 0.0 c |
11. | Feruloyl gluconic acid | 2.64 ± 0.0 a | 2.43 ± 0.1 a | 14.21 ± 0.5 c | 3.67 ± 0.0 b | 2.20 ± 0.1 a | 3.22 ± 0.0 b | 2.57 ± 0.1 a |
13. | Ferulic acid derivative | 2.35 ± 0.1 a | 7.09 ± 0.3 d | 11.93 ± 0.2 f | 6.28 ± 0.5 c | 4.69 ± 0.2 b | 10.16 ± 0.3 | 7.64 ± 0.4 e |
Sum of phenolic acids | 19.05 | 60.47 | 171.60 | 109.44 | 39.29 | 65.75 | 105.01 | |
Flavonols | ||||||||
3. | Quercetin | 1.95 ± 0.0 d | 1.21 ± 0.0 b | 0.90 ± 0.0 a | 8.40 ± 0.4 e | 1.52 ± 0.1 c | 2.03 ± 0.0 d | 1.16 ± 0.1 ab |
14. | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 0.96 ± 0.0 a | 5.95 ± 0.3 c | 8.34 ± 0.2 e | 5.41 ± 0.1 c | 4.18 ± 0.1 b | 7.48 ± 0.6 d | 4.78 ± 0.1 b |
15. | Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 1.46 ± 0.1 a | 4.99 ± 0.2 e | 3.58 ± 0.1 c | 4.96 ± 0.1 e | 2.62 ± 0.0 b | 7.13 ± 0.3 f | 4.34 ± 0.3 d |
16. | Isorhamnetin-pentosyl rutinoside | 1.97 ± 0.1 a | 2.98 ± 0.2 b | 3.71 ± 0.1 c | 1.60 ± 0.0 a | 3.92 ± 0.1 c | 4.77 ± 0.0 d | 1.67 ± 0.1 a |
17. | Isorhamnetin-pentosyl rhamnoside | 1.05 ± 0.0 bc | 1.23 ± 0.1 c | 0.86 ± 0.0 b | 0.94 ± 0.0 b | 0.12 ± 0.0 a | 0.15 ± 0.0 a | 1.03 ± 0.0 bc |
18. | Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside | 1.23 ± 0.0 b | 1.62 ± 0.0 c | 1.59 ± 0.0 c | 1.10 ± 0.0 b | 0.64 ± 0.0 a | 1.82 ± 0.0 de | 1.94 ± 0.0 e |
19. | Isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside | 0.00 ± 0.0 a | 2.06 ± 0.1 e | 3.31 ± 0.1 f | 1.11 ± 0.0 c | 0.61 ± 0.0 b | 1.99 ± 0.1 e | 1.66 ± 0.0 d |
20. | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | 2.65 ± 0.2 a | 38.92 ± 1.1 d | 51.03 ± 1.6 e | 22.76 ± 0.8 c | 12.75 ± 0.6 b | 29.81 ± 1.1 cd | 23.93 ± 1.0 c |
21. | Isorhamnetin acylated hexoside | 3.75 ± 0.2 a | 17.26 ± 1.0 c | 21.74 ± 1.1 d | 21.21 ± 0.6 d | 3.46 ± 0.1 a | 10.28 ± 0.6 b | 17.69 ± 1.1 c |
Sum of flavonols | 15.02 | 76.22 | 95.07 | 67.49 | 29.83 | 65.47 | 58.21 | |
Total | 34.07 | 136.69 | 266.67 | 176.92 | 69.13 | 131.21 | 163.22 |
[mMol Trolox/kg] | Fresa | Nopal Alargado | Nopal Espinoso | Nalle | Nopal Ovalado | Nopal Tradicional | Orito |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | 1.39 ± 0.0 a | 2.62 ± 0.0 b | 4.99 ± 0.0 d | 3.11 ± 0.0 c | 2.57 ± 0.0 b | 1.92 ± 0.0 a | 2.44 ± 0.0 b |
ABTS | 7.08 ± 0.1 a | 10.43 ± 0.2 c | 11.67 ± 0.2 e | 11.33 ± 0.1 d | 9.97 ± 0.1 b | 10.04 ± 0.1 b,c | 11.49 ± 0.1 d |
FRAP | 3.67 ± 0.0 a | 6.14 ± 0.0 c | 8.89 ± 0.1 f | 6.77 ± 0.0 d | 6.86 ± 0.1 d | 5.9 ± 0.0 b | 7.22 ± 0.1 e |
[g/100 g] | Fresa | Nopal Alargado | Nopal Espinoso | Nalle | Nopal Ovalado | Nopal Tradicional | Orito |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 9.97 ± 0.5 f | 9.45 ± 0.2 d | 9.61 ± 0.2 e | 6.36 ± 0.2 a | 9.97 ± 0.3 f | 7.69 ± 0.4 c | 7.09 ± 0.1 b |
Fat | 4.94 ± 0.2 b | 6.17 ± 0.3 d | 5.24 ± 0.3 c | 2.61 ± 0.1 a | 3.25 ± 0.2 c | 5.97 ± 0.3 d | 4.39 ± 0.2 c |
Amino Acids | Fresa | Nopal Alargado | Nopal Espinoso | Nalle | Nopal Ovalado | Nopal Tradicional | Orito | FAO/WHO Reference Pattern (1991) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IAA * | ||||||||
LEU | 2.41 ± 0.04 b | 4.75 ± 0.08 a | 3.55 ± 0.28 a,b | 4.23 ± 0.11 a | 4.04 ± 0.43 a,b | 4.05 ± 0.35 a,b | 4.24 ± 0.19 a | 6.60 |
Leucine | 1.33 ± 0.03 b | 2.54 ± 0.04 a | 1.98 ± 0.12 a,b | 2.45 ± 0.18 a | 2.24 ± 0.24 a | 2.24 ± 0.15 a | 2.32 ± 0.12 a | 2.80 |
Isoleucine | 0.32 ± 0.02 b | 0.56 ± 0.02 b | 0.72 ± 0.21 a | 0.63 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.78 ± 0.14 a | 0.65 ± 0.17 a,b | 0.64 ± 0.09 a,b | |
Methionine | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.58 ± 0.05 a | 0.44 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.58 ± 0.04 a | 0.46 ± 0.11 a | 0.60 ± 0.06 a | 0.49 ± 0.05 a | |
Cysteine | 0.54 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 2.50 |
Cysteine+Methionie | 1.32 ± 0.04 b | 3.13 ± 0.09 a | 2.14 ± 0.18 a,b | 2.57 ± 0.10 a | 2.53 ± 0.34 a | 2.54 ± 0.29 a | 2.53 ± 0.11 a | |
Phenyloalanie | 1.08 ± 0.08 b | 2.39 ± 0.09 a | 1.83 ± 0.11 a,b | 2.06 ± 0.02 a | 2.17 ± 0.29 a | 2.08 ± 0.16 a | 2.08 ± 0.05 a | 3.40 |
Threonine | 1.93 | 4.77 | 3.28 | 4.63 | 3.82 | 4.08 | 3.89 | 6.30 |
Phenyloalanine+Threonine | 1.48 ± 0.05 b | 2.59 ± 0.04 a | 2.09 ± 0.17 a,b | 2.41 ± 0.04 a,b | 2.43 ± 0.25 a,b | 2.32 ± 0.21 a,b | 2.39 ± 0.09 a,b | 5.80 |
Lysine | 0.61 ± 0.03 b | 1.64 ± 0.10 a | 1.14 ± 0.11 a,b | 1.42 ± 0.14 a | 1.29 ± 0.25 a,b | 1.54 ± 0.19 a | 1.36 ± 0.09 a,b | |
Tyrosine | 1.53 ± 0.25 b | 3.43 ± 0.06 a | 2.60 ± 0.21 a,b | 2.77 ± 0.15 a | 3.00 ± 0.31 a | 2.94 ± 0.10 a | 2.82 ± 0.10 a | 3.50 |
Valine | 10.30 | 21.60 | 16.49 | 19.12 | 18.94 | 18.97 | 18.86 | |
DAA ** | ||||||||
ASP | 2.78 ± 0.23 c | 5.82 ± 0.08 a | 4.42 ± 0.37 a,b | 5.16 ± 0.54 a | 5.33 ± 0.74 a | 4.99 ± 0.40 a,b | 5.05 ± 0.16 a,b | |
Aspartic acid | 5.44 ± 0.41 b | 13.85 ± 0.23 a | 9.69 ± 1.33 a,b | 12.02 ± 0.33 a | 11.44 ± 1.73 a,b | 11.83 ± 1.13 a | 11.40 ± 0.36 a,b | |
Glutamic acid | 1.40 ± 0.10 b | 2.76 ± 0.07 a | 2.40 ± 0.20 a,b | 2.66 ± 0.22 a | 2.74 ± 0.35 a | 2.55 ± 0.18 a | 2.51 ± 0.08 a,b | |
Serine | 1.97 ± 0.13 b | 4.79 ± 0.17 a | 3.66 ± 0.46 a,b | 4.13 ± 0.11 a | 3.65 ± 0.43 a,b | 4.18 ± 0.42 a | 4.27 ± 0.17 a | |
Glycine | 2.14 ± 0.03 b | 3.65 ± 0.05 a | 3.18 ± 0.21 a,b | 3.48 ± 0.45 a | 4.02 ± 0.27 a | 3.71 ± 0.23 a | 3.21 ± 0.21 a,b | |
Alanine | 1.44 ± 0.39 | 2.77 ± 0.53 | 2.43 ± 0.12 | 2.66 ± 0.12 | 2.31 ± 0.22 | 2.67 ± 0.57 | 2.63 ± 0.58 | |
Histidine | 4.21 ± 0.04 c | 9.58 ± 0.52 a | 6.09 ± 0.67 a,b | 8.08 ± 0.43 a,b | 7.62 ± 1.03 a,b | 8.17 ± 0.85 a,b | 7.93 ± 0.42 a,b | |
Arginine | 3.52 ± 0.22 b | 4.15 ± 0.17 a,b | 7.39 ± 0.32 a | 6.89 ± 0.18 a,b | 7.09 ± 0.46 a,b | 5.18 ± 0.16 a,b | 4.71 ± 0.28 a,b | |
Proline | 22.90 | 47.36 | 39.25 | 45.08 | 44.20 | 43.28 | 41.75 | |
IAA/DAA | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.45 | |
I limiting amino acid | Met+Cys | Lys | Lys | Lys | Lys | Lys | Lys | |
II limiting amino acid | Lys | Met+Cys | Met+Cys | Met+Cys | Met+Cys | Met+Cys | Met+Cys | |
TP | 9.97 ± 0.5 a | 9.45 ± 0.2 c | 9.61 ± 0.2 b | 6.36 ± 0.2 f | 9.97 ± 0.3 a | 7.69 ± 0.4 d | 7.09 ± 0.1 e |
Fresa | Nopal Alargado | Nopal Espinoso | Nalle | Nopal Ovalado | Nopal Tradicional | Orito | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fat content (%) | 4.99 ± 0.2 b | 6.17 ± 0.3 d | 5.24 ± 0.3 c | 2.61 ± 0.1 a | 7.69 ± 0.2 e | 5.97 ± 0.3 d | 5.55 ± 0.2 c |
Fatty acid (%) | |||||||
Miristic acid (C 14:0) | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a |
Palmitic acid (C 16:0) | 14.56 ± 0.53 d | 15.06 ± 0.35 e | 12.47 ± 0.41 a | 13.83 ± 0.28 b | 14.33 ± 0.26 c | 13.77 ± 0.82 b | 14.16 ± 0.51 c |
Palmitooleic acid (C 16:1) | 0.82 ± 0.28 a | 0.79 ± 0.12 a | 0.78 ± 0.12 a | 0.84 ± 0.15 a | 0.85 ± 0.25 a | 0.91 ± 0.32 a | 0.83 ± 0.30 a |
Margaric acid (C 17:0) | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a |
Stearic acid (C 18:0) | 3.50 ± 0.22 b | 3.36 ± 0.17 b | 2.56 ± 0.21 a | 4.12 ± 0.16 c | 4.00 ± 0.27 c | 3.62 ± 0.31 b | 3.88 ± 0.28 c |
Oleic acid (C 18:1) | 20.26 ± 0.61 b | 20.48 ± 0.51 b | 19.37 ± 0.37 a | 21.23 ± 0.41 d | 21.64 ± 0.41 e | 21.79 ± 0.54 e | 20.77 ± 0.41 c |
Liloleic acid (C 18:2) | 60.04 ± 0.43 d | 59.38 ± 0.66 c | 63.11 ± 0.82 e | 58.11 ± 0.48 c | 57.72 ± 0.70 a | 58.30 ± 0.72 b | 59.29 ± 0.55 c |
Linolenic acid (C 18:3) | 0.23 ± 0.10 a | 0.33 ± 0.10 a | 1.10 ± 0.19 d | 0.54 ± 0.07 b | 0.89 ± 0.20 c | 1.01 ± 0.09 d | 0.46 ± 0.10 b |
Arachidic acid (C 20:0) | 0.20 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 a |
Gondoic acid (C 20:1) | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a |
Eicosatrienoic acid (C 20:3) | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 a |
Behenic acid (C 22:0) | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.10 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a |
Lignoceric acid (C 24:0) | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a |
∑ MUFA | 21.17 ± 0.6 b | 21.38 ± 0.33 b | 20.26 ± 0.32 a | 22.16 ± 0.34 d | 22.61 ± 0.29 e | 22.71 ± 0.55 e | 21.72 ± 0.41 c |
∑ PUFA | 60.40 ± 0.38 d | 59.86 ± 0.51 c | 64.33 ± 0.50 e | 59.56 ± 0.50 c | 58.74 ± 0.62 a | 59.55 ± 0.72 b | 59.89 ± 0.48 c |
∑ SFA | 18.43 ± 0.34 d | 18.76 ± 0.36 e | 15.41 ± 0.31 a | 18.28 ± 0.17 c | 18.65 ± 0.45 e | 17.74 ± 0.21 b | 18.39 ± 0.25 d |
Cultivar | Characteristics |
---|---|
Fresa | Red cultivar. High amount of betalains and polyphenols. Weight of the fruit: 100–140 g. |
Nalle | Green cultivar. Average weight of the fruit 90−100 g. |
Nopal alargado | Green-yellow cultivar without prickles. Weight of the fruit: 120–160 g. |
Nopal espinoso | Highly spiny green cultivar. Weight of the fruit 60–80 g. |
Nopal ovalado | Green-yellow cultivar. Weight of the fruit: 90–120 g. |
Nopal tradicional | Traditional cultivar (orange). Weight of the fruit: 90–120 g. |
Orito | Orange cultivar. Average weight of the fruit 110−140 g. High fruit production. |
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Kolniak-Ostek, J.; Kita, A.; Miedzianka, J.; Andreu-Coll, L.; Legua, P.; Hernandez, F. Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Seeds from Spanish Cultivars. Molecules 2020, 25, 5734. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235734
Kolniak-Ostek J, Kita A, Miedzianka J, Andreu-Coll L, Legua P, Hernandez F. Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Seeds from Spanish Cultivars. Molecules. 2020; 25(23):5734. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235734
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolniak-Ostek, Joanna, Agnieszka Kita, Joanna Miedzianka, Lucia Andreu-Coll, Pilar Legua, and Francisca Hernandez. 2020. "Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Seeds from Spanish Cultivars" Molecules 25, no. 23: 5734. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235734