Study on the Sequential Combination of Bioethanol and Biogas Production from Corn Straw
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Cellulose (30%–60% of total feedstock dry matter)—the major component of plant biomass, a linear polymer of glucose, harder hydrolytic decomposition is connected to its crystalline and amorphous areas;
- Hemicellulose (20%–40% of total feedstock dry matter)—is a short, highly branched polymer characterized by complex carbohydrate structures (xylose, arabinose mannose, glucose, and galactose) that often create branched chains, it is more prone to hydrolysis than cellulose;
- Lignin (15%–25% of total feedstock dry matter)—is an aromatic polymer synthesized from phenylpropanoid precursors, ensures plants with impermeability and immunity against attack from micro-organisms and protection from chemical degradation.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Pretreatment and Chemical Composition of Corn Straw
- initial processing—mechanical fragmentation of biomass, thermal hydrolysis, detoxification;
- enzymatic hydrolysis;
- alcoholic fermentation;
- methane fermentation.
2.2. Ethanol Fermentation
2.3. Methane Fermentation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Raw Material
3.2. Pretreatment of Raw Material
3.2.1. Mechanical Comminution
3.2.2. Chemical Pretreatment
3.2.3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
3.3. Bioethanol Production
3.3.1. Microbial Strain
3.3.2. SSF—Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
3.4. Biogas Production
3.5. Analytical Methods
Marking Bioethanol and Biogas with Gas Chromatography Method
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Components of Lignoelluloses | Before Pretreatment | After Pretreatment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Result (%) | Uncertainty (%) | Result (%) | Uncertainty (%) | |
Cellulose | 11.57 | ± 0.68 | 7.76 | ± 0.43 |
Hemicellulose | 43.21 | ± 2.41 | 9.71 | ± 0.87 |
Lignin | 2.22 | ± 0.04 | 1.26 | ± 0.03 |
Other (Ash + Extractives) | 43.00 | ± 1.69 | 81.27 | ± 3.45 |
Parameters | Fermentation Time (h) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 24 | 48 | 72 | |
Apparent extract (°Blg) | 5.00 ± 0.02 | 3.80 ± 0.00 | 2.90 ± 0.00 | 2.90 ± 0.00 |
Concentration of ethanol (g/L) | - | 14.54 ± 0.38 | 16.98 ± 0.26 | 16.98 ± 0.00 |
Actual extract (°Blg) | 5.00 ± 0.02 | 3.90 ± 0.10 | 3.20 ± 0.0 | 3.20 ± 0.00 |
Reducing sugars in slop (mg/L) | 19.10 ± 0.03 | 6.12 ± 0.00 | 5.10 ± 0.00 | 4.90 ± 0.04 |
Biotechnological Indicators | Fermentation Time (h) | ||
---|---|---|---|
24 | 48 | 72 | |
Ethanol yield (L EtOH/100 kg of cellulose) | 26.74 ± 1.23 | 31.25 ± 0.82 | 31.25 ± 0.21 |
Speed of fermentation (L EtOH/kg of glucose x h) | 10.03 ± 0.46 | 5.86 ± 0.15 | 3.91 ± 0.03 |
Fermentation productivity (L EtOH/L of mash x h) | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.00 |
Fermentation yield (% of theoret.) | 37.24 ± 1.72 | 43.51 ± 1.14 | 43.51 ± 0.29 |
Type of Chemical Compound | Corn Straw | |
---|---|---|
Result (g/L EtOH) | Uncertainty (g/L EtOH) | |
Aldehydes: | 0.209 | ± 0.071 |
Acetaldehyde | 0.125 | ± 0.015 |
Propionaldehyde | 0.011 | ± 0.001 |
Furfural | 0.073 | ± 0.001 |
Esters | 0.018 | ± 0.003 |
Methanol | 0.001 | ± 0.000 |
Higher alcohols: | 2.009 | ± 0.004 |
Isoamyl alcohol | 0.417 | ± 0.065 |
n-propanol | 0.436 | ± 0.013 |
Isobutanol | 1.152 | ± 0.046 |
n-butanol | 0.004 | ± 0.000 |
Retention Time (day) | pH | Dry Matter (DM) (g/L) | Dry Organic Matter (g/L DM) | VFA (mg/L) | Daily Biogas Volume (L/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 7.45 ± 0.02 | 92.0 ± 0.8 | 66.2 ± 0.6 | 850.0 ± 33,7 | - |
1 | 5.17 ± 0.08 | 85.9 ± 2.2 | 54.8 ± 0.1 | 1904.2 ± 58.1 | 3.73 ± 0.35 |
2 | 6.13 ± 0.12 | 79.8 ± 2.4 | 48.1 ± 0.3 | 960.8 ± 38.9 | 4.20 ± 0.42 |
3 | 6.52 ± 0.15 | 78.3 ± 1.7 | 46.5 ± 2.1 | 578.4 ± 29.9 | 1.20 ± 0.10 |
4 | 6.77 ± 0.09 | 73.5 ± 0.9 | 41.5 ± 0.8 | 520.1 ± 37.8 | 0.80 ± 0.07 |
5 | 6.85 ± 0.05 | 69.1 ± 1.1 | 37.0 ± 0.5 | 548.6 ± 41.8 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
6 | 6.91 ± 0.06 | 67.8 ± 0.7 | 35.7 ± 0.9 | 556.9 ± 25.8 | 0.13 ± 0.04 |
7 | 6.83 ± 1.10 | 66.5 ± 2.5 | 34.2 ± 1.8 | 523.3 ± 32.7 | 0.13 ± 0.02 |
8 | 7.02 ± 0.08 | 66.5 ± 1.9 | 34.2 ± 1.8 | 580.2 ± 18.8 | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
Parameters | Cellulose Stillage | |
---|---|---|
Result | Uncertainty | |
Degree of organic substance decomposition (DOSD) (%) | 48.34 | ± 2.75 |
Fermentation module (%) | 58.74 | ± 1.48 |
Biogas volume from 1 L of cellulose stillage (L/L) | 10.63 | ± 0.49 |
Biogas volume of 1 kg of dry organic matter (L/kg DOM) | 330.0 | ± 0.0 |
Raw Material | Moisture (%) | Dry Matter DM (%) | Dry Organic Matter (% DM) | Mineral Substances (% DM) | Crude Fibre (% DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn straw | 6.8 ± 0.2 | 93.2 ± 1.1 | 94.3 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 39.2 ± 0.7 |
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Kotarska, K.; Dziemianowicz, W.; Świerczyńska, A. Study on the Sequential Combination of Bioethanol and Biogas Production from Corn Straw. Molecules 2019, 24, 4558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244558
Kotarska K, Dziemianowicz W, Świerczyńska A. Study on the Sequential Combination of Bioethanol and Biogas Production from Corn Straw. Molecules. 2019; 24(24):4558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244558
Chicago/Turabian StyleKotarska, Katarzyna, Wojciech Dziemianowicz, and Anna Świerczyńska. 2019. "Study on the Sequential Combination of Bioethanol and Biogas Production from Corn Straw" Molecules 24, no. 24: 4558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244558