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Review

Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development

by
Elnaz Movahedifar
1,
Henri Vahabi
2,3,*,
Mohammad Reza Saeb
4,* and
Sabu Thomas
5
1
Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran
2
Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
3
Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France
4
Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran
5
School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(21), 3964; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213964
Submission received: 1 October 2019 / Revised: 25 October 2019 / Accepted: 28 October 2019 / Published: 1 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Flame Retardants)
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Abstract

:
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.

1. Introduction

Innovations are mainly born in a very disciplined manner, but sometimes they arise from serendipity. Regardless of the origin of innovative materials and systems, the identification and classification of systems in terms of explanatory variables requires the use of universal, well-accepted criteria. Nowadays, epoxy-based composites are elements of advanced systems [1,2,3]. There has been continued interest in the use of epoxy for developing a wide variety of general- and specific-purpose products such as adhesives, coatings, and medical devices thanks to the versatility of this thermosetting material [4,5,6,7]. Nevertheless, research outcomes reveal that epoxy is highly flammable, and one principally requires flame retardant materials for applications where epoxy should stand against fire [8,9,10,11,12]. In general, it has been understood that careful selection of additives is the first step in development of flame retardant polymer composites, but the performance of the material may additionally depend on the type and the amount of additives used individually or simultaneously [13,14]. Particularly, flame retardant epoxy composites consisting of phosphorus flame-retardant additives were the subject of different reports [15,16]. Moreover, combination of phosphorus and nonphosphorus additives was considered in the quest of higher flame retardancy performance [17,18,19]. In almost all reports, however, there was a lack of a correlation between the crosslinking state of resin in the presence of additives and flame retardancy.
In a previous work, we used two dimensionless indexes to correlate cure state with corrosion inhibition and flame-retardant properties of epoxy/Fe3O4 nanocomposites [20]. By the use of dimensionless Cure Index [21] and dimensionless Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) [22], it was demonstrated that the quality of cure in epoxy composites (Poor, Good, or Excellent) can be correlated to the performance of flame retardancy (Poor, Good, or Excellent). The FRI was also powerful in exploring the complementary actions of mineral and organic additives in polymer systems in terms of the peak of HRR (pHRR), the total heat release (THR), and the time to ignition (TTI) of neat polymer and polymer composites [23]. In this work, with the aim of recognizing the future ahead of innovations in flame-retardant epoxy composites, reports on flame-retardant epoxy composites were comprehensively reviewed and then classified as a function of their flame retardancy performance by the use of the FRI criterion. Classification was performed on account of phosphorus (P)-, nonphosphorus (NP)-, and combined P/NP-incorporated epoxy composites. In each class, comprehensive master tables were provided in which the polymer matrix, the additives, the content of additives, and cone calorimetry data including TTI, THR, and pHRR and the calculated FRI values were summarized. Moreover, the available UL-94 test data were provided and plotted similar to the FRI curves, but in four groups of V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR).

2. Epoxy Resins Containing Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants

According to the literature, a variety of phosphorus-based flame retardants have been used in epoxy resins. Table 1 summarizes pHRR, THR, and TTI and the FRI values of epoxy/P systems. The percentage of incorporated flame retardant (FR) as well as the results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 test are given.
A brief yet informative view of the effect of the used P family of FRs on the flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins is given in Figure 1. It is apparent from the figure that all sorts of behavior, including Poor, Good, and Excellent flame-retardant performance, are achieved. This is the characteristic of dependency of flame retardancy performance on both the type and the content of the P type of FR. It can be observed that the majority of epoxy systems contains less than 20 wt.% of phosphorus flame retardants. For instance, a compromise between FRI and FR loading percentage was achieved by incorporation of encapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (APP- Molecules 24 03964 i312) at 15 wt.% with an FRI value of 19. Detailed information about the type of phosphorus flame retardants was provided to the reader in the caption of Figure 1. Thus, innovations in design and manufacture of P type FR for epoxy should carefully meet the requirements based on the lesson learned from the multivariable behavior of flame retardancy brought about by P-type FR additives. Precise detection of the performance of each class of P-type FR in this table from one side and the chemical structure of the used FR from the other side should be balanced towards a high-performance FR for developing flame-retardant epoxy composites.
Although variation of FRI values according to the composition reflects the flame retardancy of epoxy composites from cone calorimetry angle (the most reliable test among those normally used for analysis of performance of flame retardants), other types of flame tests would give more insights into the real effect of one or complementary actions of two or more P type FR additives in epoxy. Based on available data, a brief view of the effect of the used P-based FRs on the flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins as a function of UL94 results is given in Figure 2. The distribution of data in this figure gives useful information about the efficiency of the FR system in harsh conditions. For instance, this figure suggests that V-0 performance in UL94 can be achieved even at the Poor category of flame retardancy performance in terms of FRI. It appears that it is not possible to roughly correlate the obtained results in UL94 to those obtained in cone calorimetry tests.
Another test of importance is the limiting oxygen index (LOI), which is demonstrative of flammability. A self-extinguishing behavior is expected when the LOI value is higher than 28. A brief overview of the effect of the used phosphorus-type flame retardants on the flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins as a function of LOI results is given in Figure 3. Surprisingly, the highest value obtained in LOI testing is located in the Good zone of FRI. The collection of data with FRI values below 5, where LOI% varies depending on the type of phosphorus additive and undoubtedly the content, is hidden behind these symbols.

3. Epoxy Resins Containing Nonphosphorus Flame Retardants

According to the literature, a variety of nonphosphorus FRs have been used in epoxy resins. Table 2 summarizes pHRR, THR, and TTI and the FRI values of epoxy/NP systems. The percentage of incorporated FR as well as the results of LOI and UL-94 test are also given for comprehensive determination of the behavior of this family of epoxy composites.
From the comparison between Table 1 and Table 2, one can simply infer that the NP family is less effective in terms of the flame retardancy of the composite epoxy with respect to the P family of FR. The effect of the used NP-type FR on the flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins can be visually assessed in Figure 4. Moreover, detailed information about the type of NP additives is provided to the reader in the caption of Figure 4. The quality of epoxy composites containing NP additives suggests that even at high loading levels it is difficult to attain very high efficiencies. As an informative case, alumina Trihydrate (ATH, Molecules 24 03964 i313) has been used in a wide range of content in development of flame-retardant epoxy nanocomposites. It can be seen that at high loading rate (up to 30 wt.%), it gives the best results, Excellent in terms of FRI. It can be concluded that the NP class of additives are not individually responsible for high fire resistance of epoxy.
A brief overview of the effect of the NP used as FR in epoxy composite preparation and on the flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins as a function of UL-94 results is given in Figure 5. Since data are limited and spread over the plot, there is no conclusion about the relationship between FRI (cone calorimetry) and UL-94 analysis to be highlighted. Nevertheless, all sorts of behavior can be seen in the plot, depending on the type and content of NP type of FRs. It is worthy of note that the NR category of UL-94 constitutes a high proportion of the results.
A brief overview of the effect of NP-type FR on the flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins as a function of LOI results is given in Figure 6. Surprisingly, the highest value obtained in LOI testing is located in Poor zone of FRI. On the other hand, Excellent flame retardancy seen at high FRI values has LOI of about 22%. From this perspective, it can be concluded that cone calorimetry is not monotonically representative of the character of FR when used in epoxy.

4. Epoxy Resins Containing Combinatorial Flame Retardant Systems

Assessing the flame retardancy performance of P- and NP-incorporated epoxy systems unraveled the inadequacy of using one FR additive alone when a high performance is required. The antagonism or synergism may be the result of using two or more FR systems in a given polymer matrix. In the case of epoxy, there have been some attempts towards combinatorial use of P and NP additives for the sake of higher performance. Table 3 summarizes pHRR, THR, TTI, and FRI values of epoxy/P/NP combinatorial flame-retardant systems. The percentage of incorporated FR as well as the results of LOI and UL-94 tests are also given.
To give a more meaningful overview of the effect of combined P and NP additives on flame retardancy performance of epoxy, FRI values are calculated by using calorimetric data given in Table 3 and plotted in Figure 7. In this figure, the vertical axis shows the amount of additive system used in preparation of epoxy composites. The plot also reveals that three types of flame retardancy performances are observed, depending on the type of combinatorial systems as well as the amount of FR additives used. Attention should be paid to the fact that even at lower loading levels, careful coupling of one or more P and NP additives could lead to superiority of the FR system used, and there was a possibility for attaining higher performances compared to highly-filled systems (FR content ≥ 40). Thus, careful selection of complementary additives with disciplined loading can result in high flame retardancy performance.
When looking at the UL-94 test results (considering the fact that there were some data in Table 3 for some systems to be plotted and discussed in Figure 8), it can be seen that, except for some data, the whole systems take Poor and Good labels based on FRI values. It is also interesting to note that for a given category, e.g., V-0, the amount of additive changes the FRI, and UL-94 testing does not make sense of such variations.
The more interesting outcome of this work is that LOI percent similarly detects Poor and Good behaviors, not principally Excellent performance (Figure 9). This suggests that development of innovative FR additives by combination of P and NP and using highly efficient synthesis routes is the essential step to be taken in the near future for developing flame retardant epoxy composites.

5. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective

In previous sections, we categorized the flame-retardant properties of epoxy resins in terms of the universal FRI criterion and the content of flame retardants of three families. We also attempted to find possible correlations between cone calorimetry (reflected in FRI variations), UL-94, and LOI analyses. Since cone calorimetry is the best way to simulate real state combustion of polymers, here, we give a general picture of flame retardancy of epoxy resins (Figure 10). The Poor, Good, or Excellent flame retardancy cases are the result of the P, NP, or P/NP types of flame retardants used in preparation of epoxy composites as well as the FR loading. Each kind of behavior can be visualized by providing a full snapshot of the Poor, Good, and Excellent regions of the FRI to see how closely the data are collected in each zone. Overall, it can be seen that Poor and Good are the cases for majority of data, while the Excellent zone contains limited data. This highlights the difficulty of achieving high flame-retardant efficiency in epoxy composites when merely using flame retardants. Thus, development of innovative flame retardants through blending different FR families and making them reactive towards epoxy may result in a fully cured 3D network with high flame resistance. This requires the knowledge and experience of chemists and engineers who can adjust the performance of the system in a very disciplined manner. Moreover, using bio-based epoxy resins with limited environmental threats would be another solution to the question of “which FR additive(s) meet the requirements of highly flame-retardant epoxy composites?”.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.V. and M.R.S.; methodology, H.V. and M.R.S.; validation, H.V. and M.R.S.; investigation, E.M., H.V. and M.R.S.; data curation, E.M.; writing—original draft preparation, H.V. and M.R.S.; writing—review and editing H.V., S.T. and M.R.S.; visualization, H.V., S.T. and M.R.S.; supervision, H.V., S.T. and M.R.S.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molecules 24 03964 g001 550
Figure 1. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing phosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of P type and content. Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to l notes. Here: Molecules 24 03964 i001 FP1-4, FP1-6, FP1-8 [24], Molecules 24 03964 i002 DPO-PHE-11.68, DOPO-PHE-12.03 [25], Molecules 24 03964 i003 DOPO-T-2.34, DOPO-T-4.67, DOPO-T-6.99, DOPO-T-9.34 [26], Molecules 24 03964 i004 AEPP-5, AEPP-10, AEPP-15 [27], Molecules 24 03964 i005 DiDOPO-3 [28], Molecules 24 03964 i006 DiDOPO-10, DiDOPO-11 [29], Molecules 24 03964 i007 DiDOPO-7 [30], Molecules 24 03964 i008 DiDOPO-1, DiDOPO-5, DiDOPO-10 [31], Molecules 24 03964 i009 DiDOPO-1, DiDOPO-5, DiDOPO-10, DiDOPO-15, DiDOPO-20 [32], Molecules 24 03964 i010 PPMS-15, PPMS-EG-15 [33], Molecules 24 03964 i011 PPMS-MWCNT-5, PPMS-MWCNT-10, PPMS-MWCNT-15, PPMS-15 [34], Molecules 24 03964 i012 DPIPP-7.5, DPIPP-15, DPPIO-7.5, DPPIO-15 [35], Molecules 24 03964 i013 IDOP-5, IDOP-10, IDOP-15 [36], Molecules 24 03964 i014 PPAP-5 [37], Molecules 24 03964 i015 AlPBu-10, AlPBu-11, AlPBu-12 [38], Molecules 24 03964 i016 MPL-DOPO-2.5, MPL-DOPO-5, DDM-DOPO-2.5, DDM-DOPO-5 [39], Molecules 24 03964 i017 ATZ-6 [40], Molecules 24 03964 i018 P-KC-30, DOPO-30 [41], Molecules 24 03964 i019 DHPP-OH-BAC-5, DHPP-OH-BAC-10, DHPP-OH-BAC-15 [42], Molecules 24 03964 i020 PPAP-5, PPAP-10, PPAP-20 [43], Molecules 24 03964 i021 [Dmim]Tos-2.4, [Dmim]Tos-4, [Dmim]Tos-7.5 [44], Molecules 24 03964 i022 MPhP-10, MPhP-15, MPhP-20 [45], Molecules 24 03964 i023 MDOP-0.96, MDOP-1.9, MDOP-3.75, MDOP-7.24 [46], Molecules 24 03964 i024 AlPi-7, MPP-7 [47], Molecules 24 03964 i025 A-BP-9 [48], Molecules 24 03964 i026 CLEP–DOPO–POSS-2.91 [19], Molecules 24 03964 i027 CuPP-1, CuPP-2, CuPP-4, CuPP-6, CuPP-8 [49], Molecules 24 03964 i028 DOP-ABZ-15, DOP-ABZ-17.5, DOP-ABZ-20 [50], Molecules 24 03964 i029 DOPO-7.11, BPD-3.38, BPD-6.71, BPD-10.04, BPD-13.41 [51], Molecules 24 03964 i030 DOPO-7.7, HPCP-8.2 [52], Molecules 24 03964 i031 DOPO-TPMP-2.5, DOPO-TPMP-5, DOPO-TPMP-7.5, DOPO-TPMP-10 [53], Molecules 24 03964 i032 HB-DPPA-2 [54], Molecules 24 03964 i033 APP-21, EDA-APP-21 [55], Molecules 24 03964 i034 CP-6B-3 [56], Molecules 24 03964 i035 PM-2, PM-6, PM-βCD-2, PM-βCD-6 [57], Molecules 24 03964 i036 PSA-10, PSA-20 [58], Molecules 24 03964 i037 BPA-BPP-9 [59], Molecules 24 03964 i038 DOPO-9.1, PEPA-9.1, DOPO-PEPA-5.7, DOPO-PEPA-7.4, DOPO-PEPA-9.1 [60], Molecules 24 03964 i039 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [61], Molecules 24 03964 i040 HPCTP-7.46, HPCTP-11.19, HPCTP-14.92, DOPO-6.97, DOPO-10.46, DOPO-13.94 [62], Molecules 24 03964 i041 TP-12.42, TNTP-14.36 [63], Molecules 24 03964 i042 DOPO-7, BNP-7, BNP-11, BNP-14.7, BNP-18.4 [64], Molecules 24 03964 i043 DOPO-7, DTB-7, DTB-10, DTB-15, DTB-20 [65], Molecules 24 03964 i044 DOPO-7.7, HPCP-8.2 [66], Molecules 24 03964 i045 DOPO-7.1 [67], Molecules 24 03964 i046 DOPO-7, DOPO-TMT-7, DOPO-TMT-10.4, DOPO-TMT-13.9, DOPO-TMT-17.3, DOPO-TMT-20.8 [68], Molecules 24 03964 i047 HMCP-3.4, HMCP-6.8, HMCP-10.2, HMCP-13.6, HMCP-17 [69], Molecules 24 03964 i048 DOPO-bp-3.4, DOPO-bp-6.7, DOPO-bp-13.5 [70], Molecules 24 03964 i049 CTP-DOPO-10.6 [71], Molecules 24 03964 i050 PMTMPS-11 [72], Molecules 24 03964 i051 PUTMPS-12, [73], Molecules 24 03964 i052 APHP-2, APHP-4, APHP-6 [74], Molecules 24 03964 i053 APHP-6, DOPO-6 [75], Molecules 24 03964 i054 HP-1001-COOH-10, HP-1001-COOH-20, HP-1001-COOH-30, HP-1001-COOH-40, HP-1001-COOH-50 [76], Molecules 24 03964 i055 TAD-4 [77], Molecules 24 03964 i056 DOPO-10, TAD-6, TAD-8, TAD-10, TAD-12 [78], Molecules 24 03964 i057 PAz-APP-10, PAz-APP-15 [79], Molecules 24 03964 i058 DETA-APP-10, DETA-APP-15 [80], Molecules 24 03964 i059 DOPO-8.3, Trif-DOPO-11.7, Trif-DOPO-14 [81], Molecules 24 03964 i060 TOD-2, TOD-4, TOD-6 [82], Molecules 24 03964 i061 DOPO-DDM-10, DOPO-DDE-10, DOPO-DDS-10 [83], Molecules 24 03964 i062 DPP-POSS-5, DPOP-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-5 [84], Molecules 24 03964 i063 ATH-DOPO-10, ATH-DOPO-20, pATH-DOPO-10 [85], Molecules 24 03964 i064 BPS-BPP-9 [86], Molecules 24 03964 i065 PN-15, PSi-25 [87], Molecules 24 03964 i066 BDMPP-14 [88], Molecules 24 03964 i067 ATCP-15 [89], Molecules 24 03964 i068 ATCP-15 [90], Molecules 24 03964 i069 DOPO-4.5, DOPO-ABZ-7.5, DOPO-ABZ-10 [91], Molecules 24 03964 i070 DMT-3.3, DMT-6.6, DMT-10, DMT-13.5, DMT-17 [92], Molecules 24 03964 i071 APP-10, APP-MMT-10 [93], Molecules 24 03964 i072 DOPO-6, DOPO-MMT-6 [94], Molecules 24 03964 i073 APHP-10, BDP-10 [95], Molecules 24 03964 i074 FIPF-20, FTBF-20 [96], Molecules 24 03964 i075 PPDAB-10 [97], Molecules 24 03964 i076 BP-5, BP-9, BP-15 [98], Molecules 24 03964 i077 PS-APP-2, PS-APP-5, PS-APP-10, PS-APP-15, PS-APP-20 [99], Molecules 24 03964 i078 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [100], Molecules 24 03964 i079 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [100], Molecules 24 03964 i080 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [101], Molecules 24 03964 i081 DOPO-5 [102], Molecules 24 03964 i082 DOPO-6.3 [103], Molecules 24 03964 i083 DOPO-6.3 [104], Molecules 24 03964 i084 APP-MMT-10 [105], Molecules 24 03964 i085 PEPA-5.2, APP-2.9, DOPO-6.3 [106], Molecules 24 03964 i086 PCPBO-5, PCPBO-10, PCPBO-15, PCPBO-20 [107], Molecules 24 03964 i087 APP-15, GMA-APP-15 [108], Molecules 24 03964 i088 APP-12, MAPP-12 [109], Molecules 24 03964 i089 APP-12 [110], Molecules 24 03964 i090 HAP-DOPO-9.3, HAP-DOPO-15.47 [111], Molecules 24 03964 i091 TGIC-DOPO-6.1, TGIC-DOPO-8.1, TGIC-DOPO-10.2, TGIC-DOPO-12.2 [112], Molecules 24 03964 i092 DOPP-19.6, DOPI-23.1 [113], Molecules 24 03964 i093 PMPC-10, PMPC-15, PMPC-20 [114], Molecules 24 03964 i094 DOPO-5 [115], Molecules 24 03964 i095 SIEPDP-Mg-Al LDH-4 [116], Molecules 24 03964 i096 CBz-10, CBz-15, CBz-20 [118], Molecules 24 03964 i097 APP-5 [117], Molecules 24 03964 i098 DOPMPA-10, DOPMPA-13 [119], Molecules 24 03964 i099 MFR-10, MFR-15, MFR-20 [9], Molecules 24 03964 i100 DOPO-COFs-0.4, DOPO-COFs-0.8, DOPO-COFs-1.6, DOPO-COFs-3.2, COFs-3.2 [17], Molecules 24 03964 i101 Mel-APP-20 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i102 FR-1 [121], Molecules 24 03964 i103 ArPN2-15, ArPO2-15, ArOPN2-15.6, ArOPO2-15.6 [122], Molecules 24 03964 i104 PMAIL-6 [123], Molecules 24 03964 i105 oDOPI-13.81, PZ -10.8, MPP-15 [124], Molecules 24 03964 i106 AHP-5 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i107 Mel-APP-29.7 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i108 MPAlP-20, MPZnP-20, MPMgP-20, MPP-20, AlPi-Et-20, DOPAc-Bu-20 [127], Molecules 24 03964 i109 HPCTP-5, HPCTP-10, HPCTP-15 [128], Molecules 24 03964 i110 HPCTP-15 [129], Molecules 24 03964 i111 TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i112 TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i113 TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i114 hbPPE-10, hbPPE-20 [131], Molecules 24 03964 i115 PZS-3, PZS@SrSn(OH)6-3 [132], Molecules 24 03964 i116 PEPA-TMAC-16.5, PEPA-TMAC-33 [133], Molecules 24 03964 i117 PCPS-1, PCPS-3, PCPS-5 [134], Molecules 24 03964 i118 BP1-5, BP2-5, BP3-5, BP4-5, BP5-5 [135], Molecules 24 03964 i119 SDPS-10.4 [136], Molecules 24 03964 i120 AOPH-NR-4.25, AOPH-C1-4.25, AOPH-C2-4.25, AOPH-C3-4.25 [137], Molecules 24 03964 i121 BHAAPE-5, BHAAPE-10, BHAAPE-20 [138], Molecules 24 03964 i122 APP-10 [139], Molecules 24 03964 i123 PZS-2, PZS@MoS2-2, PZS@MoS2-3 [140], Molecules 24 03964 i124 DBPDA-βCD-3 [141], Molecules 24 03964 i125 BP-PZN-0.5, BP-PZN-1, BP-PZN-2, BP-Bulk-2 [142], Molecules 24 03964 i126 HPPA-2, HPPA-SH-mSiO2-2 [143], Molecules 24 03964 i127 P-MOF-0.5, P-MOF-1, P-MOF-2 [144], Molecules 24 03964 i128 CZrP-2, CZrP-4, CZrP-6, ZrP-6 [145], Molecules 24 03964 i129 DMMP-HNT-20 [146], Molecules 24 03964 i130 S600-20, AlPi-20, MPP-20 [147], Molecules 24 03964 i131 SiO2@PZM-1, SiO2@PZM@Cu-1, SiO2@PZM@Cu-2 [148], Molecules 24 03964 i132 FR@PZS-0.5, FR@PZS-1, FR@PZS-3, PZS-3 [149], Molecules 24 03964 i133 APP-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i134 DOPO-POSS [151], Molecules 24 03964 i135 APP-30, M(APP & PER)-30 [152], Molecules 24 03964 i136 TPPi-15, TPPa-15, TPPO-15 [153], Molecules 24 03964 i137 PMP-11.4, DOPO-13.9, RP-4.3, OP-8.3 [154], Molecules 24 03964 i138 IFR-30, IFR-30, IFR-30 [155], Molecules 24 03964 i139 BPE-33.3, EPE-33.3, BBPE-33.3, BOPE-33.3, HBPE-33.3 [156], Molecules 24 03964 i140 IFR-30, IFR-30, IFR-30, IFR-30 [157], Molecules 24 03964 i141 EGM-5, EGM-15 [158], Molecules 24 03964 i142 PCTS-Fe-OMMT-1, PCTS-Fe-OMMT-3, PCTS-Fe-OMMT-5 [159], Molecules 24 03964 i143 APP-20, APP-40 [160], Molecules 24 03964 i144 DOPOph-RGNO-1, DOPOph-RGNO-2, DOPOph-RGNO-3 [161], Molecules 24 03964 i145 Mel-APP-9.59 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i146 FP1-2.6 [24], Molecules 24 03964 i147 PEC-5.2, PEC-6.9, PEC-8.1 [162], Molecules 24 03964 i148 DOPP-5.9, DOPI-6.9 [113], Molecules 24 03964 i149 Mel-APP-14.6 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i150 IFR-4.7 [163,164], Molecules 24 03964 i151 APP-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i152 APP-3.15, APP-8.88, APP-16.32 [165], Molecules 24 03964 i153 MP-5, DOPO-5 [166], Molecules 24 03964 i154 IFR-5, IFR-10, IFR-15 [167], Molecules 24 03964 i155 APP-15 [168], Molecules 24 03964 i156 APP-15 [168].
Figure 1. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing phosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of P type and content. Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to l notes. Here: Molecules 24 03964 i001 FP1-4, FP1-6, FP1-8 [24], Molecules 24 03964 i002 DPO-PHE-11.68, DOPO-PHE-12.03 [25], Molecules 24 03964 i003 DOPO-T-2.34, DOPO-T-4.67, DOPO-T-6.99, DOPO-T-9.34 [26], Molecules 24 03964 i004 AEPP-5, AEPP-10, AEPP-15 [27], Molecules 24 03964 i005 DiDOPO-3 [28], Molecules 24 03964 i006 DiDOPO-10, DiDOPO-11 [29], Molecules 24 03964 i007 DiDOPO-7 [30], Molecules 24 03964 i008 DiDOPO-1, DiDOPO-5, DiDOPO-10 [31], Molecules 24 03964 i009 DiDOPO-1, DiDOPO-5, DiDOPO-10, DiDOPO-15, DiDOPO-20 [32], Molecules 24 03964 i010 PPMS-15, PPMS-EG-15 [33], Molecules 24 03964 i011 PPMS-MWCNT-5, PPMS-MWCNT-10, PPMS-MWCNT-15, PPMS-15 [34], Molecules 24 03964 i012 DPIPP-7.5, DPIPP-15, DPPIO-7.5, DPPIO-15 [35], Molecules 24 03964 i013 IDOP-5, IDOP-10, IDOP-15 [36], Molecules 24 03964 i014 PPAP-5 [37], Molecules 24 03964 i015 AlPBu-10, AlPBu-11, AlPBu-12 [38], Molecules 24 03964 i016 MPL-DOPO-2.5, MPL-DOPO-5, DDM-DOPO-2.5, DDM-DOPO-5 [39], Molecules 24 03964 i017 ATZ-6 [40], Molecules 24 03964 i018 P-KC-30, DOPO-30 [41], Molecules 24 03964 i019 DHPP-OH-BAC-5, DHPP-OH-BAC-10, DHPP-OH-BAC-15 [42], Molecules 24 03964 i020 PPAP-5, PPAP-10, PPAP-20 [43], Molecules 24 03964 i021 [Dmim]Tos-2.4, [Dmim]Tos-4, [Dmim]Tos-7.5 [44], Molecules 24 03964 i022 MPhP-10, MPhP-15, MPhP-20 [45], Molecules 24 03964 i023 MDOP-0.96, MDOP-1.9, MDOP-3.75, MDOP-7.24 [46], Molecules 24 03964 i024 AlPi-7, MPP-7 [47], Molecules 24 03964 i025 A-BP-9 [48], Molecules 24 03964 i026 CLEP–DOPO–POSS-2.91 [19], Molecules 24 03964 i027 CuPP-1, CuPP-2, CuPP-4, CuPP-6, CuPP-8 [49], Molecules 24 03964 i028 DOP-ABZ-15, DOP-ABZ-17.5, DOP-ABZ-20 [50], Molecules 24 03964 i029 DOPO-7.11, BPD-3.38, BPD-6.71, BPD-10.04, BPD-13.41 [51], Molecules 24 03964 i030 DOPO-7.7, HPCP-8.2 [52], Molecules 24 03964 i031 DOPO-TPMP-2.5, DOPO-TPMP-5, DOPO-TPMP-7.5, DOPO-TPMP-10 [53], Molecules 24 03964 i032 HB-DPPA-2 [54], Molecules 24 03964 i033 APP-21, EDA-APP-21 [55], Molecules 24 03964 i034 CP-6B-3 [56], Molecules 24 03964 i035 PM-2, PM-6, PM-βCD-2, PM-βCD-6 [57], Molecules 24 03964 i036 PSA-10, PSA-20 [58], Molecules 24 03964 i037 BPA-BPP-9 [59], Molecules 24 03964 i038 DOPO-9.1, PEPA-9.1, DOPO-PEPA-5.7, DOPO-PEPA-7.4, DOPO-PEPA-9.1 [60], Molecules 24 03964 i039 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [61], Molecules 24 03964 i040 HPCTP-7.46, HPCTP-11.19, HPCTP-14.92, DOPO-6.97, DOPO-10.46, DOPO-13.94 [62], Molecules 24 03964 i041 TP-12.42, TNTP-14.36 [63], Molecules 24 03964 i042 DOPO-7, BNP-7, BNP-11, BNP-14.7, BNP-18.4 [64], Molecules 24 03964 i043 DOPO-7, DTB-7, DTB-10, DTB-15, DTB-20 [65], Molecules 24 03964 i044 DOPO-7.7, HPCP-8.2 [66], Molecules 24 03964 i045 DOPO-7.1 [67], Molecules 24 03964 i046 DOPO-7, DOPO-TMT-7, DOPO-TMT-10.4, DOPO-TMT-13.9, DOPO-TMT-17.3, DOPO-TMT-20.8 [68], Molecules 24 03964 i047 HMCP-3.4, HMCP-6.8, HMCP-10.2, HMCP-13.6, HMCP-17 [69], Molecules 24 03964 i048 DOPO-bp-3.4, DOPO-bp-6.7, DOPO-bp-13.5 [70], Molecules 24 03964 i049 CTP-DOPO-10.6 [71], Molecules 24 03964 i050 PMTMPS-11 [72], Molecules 24 03964 i051 PUTMPS-12, [73], Molecules 24 03964 i052 APHP-2, APHP-4, APHP-6 [74], Molecules 24 03964 i053 APHP-6, DOPO-6 [75], Molecules 24 03964 i054 HP-1001-COOH-10, HP-1001-COOH-20, HP-1001-COOH-30, HP-1001-COOH-40, HP-1001-COOH-50 [76], Molecules 24 03964 i055 TAD-4 [77], Molecules 24 03964 i056 DOPO-10, TAD-6, TAD-8, TAD-10, TAD-12 [78], Molecules 24 03964 i057 PAz-APP-10, PAz-APP-15 [79], Molecules 24 03964 i058 DETA-APP-10, DETA-APP-15 [80], Molecules 24 03964 i059 DOPO-8.3, Trif-DOPO-11.7, Trif-DOPO-14 [81], Molecules 24 03964 i060 TOD-2, TOD-4, TOD-6 [82], Molecules 24 03964 i061 DOPO-DDM-10, DOPO-DDE-10, DOPO-DDS-10 [83], Molecules 24 03964 i062 DPP-POSS-5, DPOP-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-5 [84], Molecules 24 03964 i063 ATH-DOPO-10, ATH-DOPO-20, pATH-DOPO-10 [85], Molecules 24 03964 i064 BPS-BPP-9 [86], Molecules 24 03964 i065 PN-15, PSi-25 [87], Molecules 24 03964 i066 BDMPP-14 [88], Molecules 24 03964 i067 ATCP-15 [89], Molecules 24 03964 i068 ATCP-15 [90], Molecules 24 03964 i069 DOPO-4.5, DOPO-ABZ-7.5, DOPO-ABZ-10 [91], Molecules 24 03964 i070 DMT-3.3, DMT-6.6, DMT-10, DMT-13.5, DMT-17 [92], Molecules 24 03964 i071 APP-10, APP-MMT-10 [93], Molecules 24 03964 i072 DOPO-6, DOPO-MMT-6 [94], Molecules 24 03964 i073 APHP-10, BDP-10 [95], Molecules 24 03964 i074 FIPF-20, FTBF-20 [96], Molecules 24 03964 i075 PPDAB-10 [97], Molecules 24 03964 i076 BP-5, BP-9, BP-15 [98], Molecules 24 03964 i077 PS-APP-2, PS-APP-5, PS-APP-10, PS-APP-15, PS-APP-20 [99], Molecules 24 03964 i078 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [100], Molecules 24 03964 i079 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [100], Molecules 24 03964 i080 DOPO-POSS-2.5, DOPO-POSS-5, DOPO-POSS-10 [101], Molecules 24 03964 i081 DOPO-5 [102], Molecules 24 03964 i082 DOPO-6.3 [103], Molecules 24 03964 i083 DOPO-6.3 [104], Molecules 24 03964 i084 APP-MMT-10 [105], Molecules 24 03964 i085 PEPA-5.2, APP-2.9, DOPO-6.3 [106], Molecules 24 03964 i086 PCPBO-5, PCPBO-10, PCPBO-15, PCPBO-20 [107], Molecules 24 03964 i087 APP-15, GMA-APP-15 [108], Molecules 24 03964 i088 APP-12, MAPP-12 [109], Molecules 24 03964 i089 APP-12 [110], Molecules 24 03964 i090 HAP-DOPO-9.3, HAP-DOPO-15.47 [111], Molecules 24 03964 i091 TGIC-DOPO-6.1, TGIC-DOPO-8.1, TGIC-DOPO-10.2, TGIC-DOPO-12.2 [112], Molecules 24 03964 i092 DOPP-19.6, DOPI-23.1 [113], Molecules 24 03964 i093 PMPC-10, PMPC-15, PMPC-20 [114], Molecules 24 03964 i094 DOPO-5 [115], Molecules 24 03964 i095 SIEPDP-Mg-Al LDH-4 [116], Molecules 24 03964 i096 CBz-10, CBz-15, CBz-20 [118], Molecules 24 03964 i097 APP-5 [117], Molecules 24 03964 i098 DOPMPA-10, DOPMPA-13 [119], Molecules 24 03964 i099 MFR-10, MFR-15, MFR-20 [9], Molecules 24 03964 i100 DOPO-COFs-0.4, DOPO-COFs-0.8, DOPO-COFs-1.6, DOPO-COFs-3.2, COFs-3.2 [17], Molecules 24 03964 i101 Mel-APP-20 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i102 FR-1 [121], Molecules 24 03964 i103 ArPN2-15, ArPO2-15, ArOPN2-15.6, ArOPO2-15.6 [122], Molecules 24 03964 i104 PMAIL-6 [123], Molecules 24 03964 i105 oDOPI-13.81, PZ -10.8, MPP-15 [124], Molecules 24 03964 i106 AHP-5 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i107 Mel-APP-29.7 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i108 MPAlP-20, MPZnP-20, MPMgP-20, MPP-20, AlPi-Et-20, DOPAc-Bu-20 [127], Molecules 24 03964 i109 HPCTP-5, HPCTP-10, HPCTP-15 [128], Molecules 24 03964 i110 HPCTP-15 [129], Molecules 24 03964 i111 TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i112 TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i113 TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i114 hbPPE-10, hbPPE-20 [131], Molecules 24 03964 i115 PZS-3, PZS@SrSn(OH)6-3 [132], Molecules 24 03964 i116 PEPA-TMAC-16.5, PEPA-TMAC-33 [133], Molecules 24 03964 i117 PCPS-1, PCPS-3, PCPS-5 [134], Molecules 24 03964 i118 BP1-5, BP2-5, BP3-5, BP4-5, BP5-5 [135], Molecules 24 03964 i119 SDPS-10.4 [136], Molecules 24 03964 i120 AOPH-NR-4.25, AOPH-C1-4.25, AOPH-C2-4.25, AOPH-C3-4.25 [137], Molecules 24 03964 i121 BHAAPE-5, BHAAPE-10, BHAAPE-20 [138], Molecules 24 03964 i122 APP-10 [139], Molecules 24 03964 i123 PZS-2, PZS@MoS2-2, PZS@MoS2-3 [140], Molecules 24 03964 i124 DBPDA-βCD-3 [141], Molecules 24 03964 i125 BP-PZN-0.5, BP-PZN-1, BP-PZN-2, BP-Bulk-2 [142], Molecules 24 03964 i126 HPPA-2, HPPA-SH-mSiO2-2 [143], Molecules 24 03964 i127 P-MOF-0.5, P-MOF-1, P-MOF-2 [144], Molecules 24 03964 i128 CZrP-2, CZrP-4, CZrP-6, ZrP-6 [145], Molecules 24 03964 i129 DMMP-HNT-20 [146], Molecules 24 03964 i130 S600-20, AlPi-20, MPP-20 [147], Molecules 24 03964 i131 SiO2@PZM-1, SiO2@PZM@Cu-1, SiO2@PZM@Cu-2 [148], Molecules 24 03964 i132 FR@PZS-0.5, FR@PZS-1, FR@PZS-3, PZS-3 [149], Molecules 24 03964 i133 APP-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i134 DOPO-POSS [151], Molecules 24 03964 i135 APP-30, M(APP & PER)-30 [152], Molecules 24 03964 i136 TPPi-15, TPPa-15, TPPO-15 [153], Molecules 24 03964 i137 PMP-11.4, DOPO-13.9, RP-4.3, OP-8.3 [154], Molecules 24 03964 i138 IFR-30, IFR-30, IFR-30 [155], Molecules 24 03964 i139 BPE-33.3, EPE-33.3, BBPE-33.3, BOPE-33.3, HBPE-33.3 [156], Molecules 24 03964 i140 IFR-30, IFR-30, IFR-30, IFR-30 [157], Molecules 24 03964 i141 EGM-5, EGM-15 [158], Molecules 24 03964 i142 PCTS-Fe-OMMT-1, PCTS-Fe-OMMT-3, PCTS-Fe-OMMT-5 [159], Molecules 24 03964 i143 APP-20, APP-40 [160], Molecules 24 03964 i144 DOPOph-RGNO-1, DOPOph-RGNO-2, DOPOph-RGNO-3 [161], Molecules 24 03964 i145 Mel-APP-9.59 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i146 FP1-2.6 [24], Molecules 24 03964 i147 PEC-5.2, PEC-6.9, PEC-8.1 [162], Molecules 24 03964 i148 DOPP-5.9, DOPI-6.9 [113], Molecules 24 03964 i149 Mel-APP-14.6 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i150 IFR-4.7 [163,164], Molecules 24 03964 i151 APP-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i152 APP-3.15, APP-8.88, APP-16.32 [165], Molecules 24 03964 i153 MP-5, DOPO-5 [166], Molecules 24 03964 i154 IFR-5, IFR-10, IFR-15 [167], Molecules 24 03964 i155 APP-15 [168], Molecules 24 03964 i156 APP-15 [168].
Molecules 24 03964 g001
Molecules 24 03964 g002 550
Figure 2. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing phosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of UL-94 test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to l notes. The vertical variation in each category, i.e., V-0, V-1, V-2, and NR, is schematically representative of the amount of additive used. For example, among two data distinguished by different symbols having the same or very close FRI values (horizontal quantity) in a given category (e.g., V-1), which have different vertical quantity both revealed V-1 behavior in UL-94 test, but the upper was an FR used in more quantity in preparation of epoxy composites.
Figure 2. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing phosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of UL-94 test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to l notes. The vertical variation in each category, i.e., V-0, V-1, V-2, and NR, is schematically representative of the amount of additive used. For example, among two data distinguished by different symbols having the same or very close FRI values (horizontal quantity) in a given category (e.g., V-1), which have different vertical quantity both revealed V-1 behavior in UL-94 test, but the upper was an FR used in more quantity in preparation of epoxy composites.
Molecules 24 03964 g002
Molecules 24 03964 g003 550
Figure 3. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing phosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of LOI test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to l notes.
Figure 3. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing phosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of LOI test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to l notes.
Molecules 24 03964 g003
Molecules 24 03964 g004 550
Figure 4. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of NP type and content. Symbols are indicative of different types of NP type of FR used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as notes a to h. Here: Molecules 24 03964 i157 3TT-3BA-20 [169], Molecules 24 03964 i158 GN-3 [28], Molecules 24 03964 i159 MWCNT-0.8 [29], Molecules 24 03964 i160 OMMT-7 [30], Molecules 24 03964 i161 OLDH-1, OLDH-5, OLDH-10 [31], Molecules 24 03964 i162 MgAl-LDH-2, ZIF8-2, ZIF8@MgAl-LDH-2, ZIF67-2, ZIF67@MgAl-LDH-2 [170], Molecules 24 03964 i163 TAT-20 [52], Molecules 24 03964 i164 TNB-1, TNB-5, TNB-10, TNB-15, TNB-20 [171], Molecules 24 03964 i165 Cu2O-21 [55], Molecules 24 03964 i166 MH-3, [56], Molecules 24 03964 i167 TN-3.42 [63], Molecules 24 03964 i168 EG-20 [66], Molecules 24 03964 i169 TMT-8 [67], Molecules 24 03964 i170 TMT-7 [68], Molecules 24 03964 i171 OMMT-1 [77], Molecules 24 03964 i172 TAIC-10 [78], Molecules 24 03964 i173 TPT-14 [81], Molecules 24 03964 i174 HNT-5, HNT-10, HNT@PDA-5, HNT@PDA-10, HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3-5, HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3-10 [172], Molecules 24 03964 i175 MMT-6 [94], Molecules 24 03964 i176 OPS-5 [102], Molecules 24 03964 i177 OPS-4.1, PPSQ-4.1 [103], Molecules 24 03964 i178 OPS-4.1, OAPS-4.6 [104], Molecules 24 03964 i179 OPS-4.1 [106], Molecules 24 03964 i180 ATH-40, C-40, U-40, BA-40, BO-40, MB-30, GB-30 [173], Molecules 24 03964 i181 ODPSS-5 [115], Molecules 24 03964 i182 Mg-Al LDH-4 [116], Molecules 24 03964 i183 T8POSS-10, TGIC-10 [174], Molecules 24 03964 i184 RGO-1 [121], Molecules 24 03964 i185 HNT-2, LDH-2, LDH-4, LDH-6 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i186 AlO(OH)-30 [124], Molecules 24 03964 i187 ACS-2, ACS@SnO2-2, ACS@SnO2@NiO-2 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i188 ACS@SnO2@NiO-5 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i189 OGPOSS-15 [129], Molecules 24 03964 i190 EG-15 [33], Molecules 24 03964 i191 CP-10, CP-15 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i192 CP-10, CP-15 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i193 CP-10, CP-15 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i194 SrSn(OH)6-3 [132], Molecules 24 03964 i195 SiO2-2, ZIF8-2, ZIF8@SiO2-2 [175], Molecules 24 03964 i196 MoS2-2, TNT-2, MoS2-TNT-1, MoS2-TNT-2, MoS2-TNT-3 [176], Molecules 24 03964 i197 Sep-2, Sep-4, Fe3o4–Sep-2, Fe3o4–Sep-4 [177], Molecules 24 03964 i198 GNO-1, GNO-3, GN-Cu-1, GN-Cu-3 [178], Molecules 24 03964 i199 AlO(OH)-20 [147], Molecules 24 03964 i200 AlO(OH)-20, SiO2-20 [127], Molecules 24 03964 i201 α-MnO2-0.5, α-MnO2-1, α-MnO2-2, δ-MnO2-0.5, δ-MnO2-1, δ-MnO2-2 [179], Molecules 24 03964 i202 MoS2-2 [140], Molecules 24 03964 i203 AI-POSS-7.2, AI-POSS-21.8, AI-POSS-54 [180], Molecules 24 03964 i204 EG-9, HNT-9 [181], Molecules 24 03964 i205 BN 2 μm-45, BT 2 μm-45 [182], Molecules 24 03964 i206 MnO2-2, MnO2@ZHS-0.5, MnO2@ZHS-1, MnO2@ZHS-2 [183], Molecules 24 03964 i208 ILFR-5, BN-5, ILFR-fBN-5 [184], Molecules 24 03964 i209 SH-mSiO2-2 [143], Molecules 24 03964 i210 SCF-0.5, SCF-0.7, SCF-1, SCF-1.5 [185], Molecules 24 03964 i211 HNT-20 [146], Molecules 24 03964 i212 m-Clay-2.5, d-Clay-2.5 [186], Molecules 24 03964 i213 LDH-3, β-FeOOH-3, LDH-β-FeOOH-3 [187], Molecules 24 03964 i214 AHTSS-0.5, AHTSS-2, UMTHS-0.5, UMTHS-2 [188], Molecules 24 03964 i215 CS-MoS2-0.5, CS-MoS2-1, CS-MoS2-2, MoS2-2 [189], Molecules 24 03964 i216 SiO2-1 [148], Molecules 24 03964 i217 CNT-1, CCNT-1, TCNT-1, LDH-5, OLDH-5, MMT-5, OMMT-5, ATH-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i218 EG-5, EG-10, EG-15, EG-23, EG-50 [190], Molecules 24 03964 i219 BT-3, BT-5, BFTDA-BT-3, BFTDA-BT-5, APUA-BT-3, APUA-BT-5 [191,192], Molecules 24 03964 i220 GN-2, Ni–Fe LDH-2 [193], Molecules 24 03964 i221 OAPOSS-MMT-2, OAPOSS-MMT-4, OAPOSS-MMT-6 [194], Molecules 24 03964 i222 Na-magadiite-3, S-Na-magadiite-3, S-H-magadiite-3, OM-magadiite-3, S-OM-magadiite-3 [195], Molecules 24 03964 i223 TBBA-17 [154], Molecules 24 03964 i224 GN-2, Ce–MnO2-2, Ce–MnO2–GN-2 [196], Molecules 24 03964 i225 m-SiO2-2, Co−Al LDH-2, m-SiO2@Co−Al LDH-2 [197], Molecules 24 03964 i226 ZnS-2, GN-2, ZnS-GN-2 [198], Molecules 24 03964 i227 sep idra-2, sep idra-5, sep idra-10, sep anidra-2, sep anidra-5, sep anidra-10 [199], Molecules 24 03964 i228 EG-5 [158], Molecules 24 03964 i229 CTS-Fe-OMMT-3, CTAB-Fe-OMMT-3 [159], Molecules 24 03964 i230 A-MWCNT(Polish)-0.05, A-MWCNT(Polish)-0.1, A-MWCNT(Polish)-0.5, A-MWCNT(Polish)-1, A-MWCNT(Polish)-5, C-MWCNT(Polish)-0.05, C-MWCNT(Polish)-0.1, C-MWCNT(Polish)-0.5, C-MWCNT(Polish)-1, C-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.05, C-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.5, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-0.05, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-0.1, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-0.5, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-1, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-5, A-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.05, A-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.1, A-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.5 [200], Molecules 24 03964 i231 GNO-1 [201], Molecules 24 03964 i232 I.30E-3 [160], Molecules 24 03964 i233 MoS2-2,GN-2, MoS2-GN-2 [202], Molecules 24 03964 i234 GNO-1 [161], Molecules 24 03964 i235 BNO-1, BNO-3 [203], Molecules 24 03964 i236 Vis-4.7, Ky-4.7 [163,164], Molecules 24 03964 i237 clay-1, clay-3, clay-5 [204], Molecules 24 03964 i238 LDH-5, OLDH-1, CNT-1, CCNT-1, TCNT-1, ATH-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i239 Mg(OH)2-1, Mg(OH)2-7.5, Mg(OH)2-15, Mg(OH)2-25, Al(OH)3-1, Al(OH)3-7.5, Al(OH)3-15, Al(OH)3-25, ZB-1, ZB-7.5, ZB-15, ZB-25 [205], Molecules 24 03964 i240 SWCNT-BP-1.06, MWCNT-BP-1.34, CNF-1.57 [206], Molecules 24 03964 i241 Vis-5, Vis-10, Vis-15 [167], Molecules 24 03964 i242 SWCNT-BP-1.06, MWCNT-BP-1.34 [207], Molecules 24 03964 i243 T8POSS-5, TGIC-5 [174].
Figure 4. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of NP type and content. Symbols are indicative of different types of NP type of FR used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as notes a to h. Here: Molecules 24 03964 i157 3TT-3BA-20 [169], Molecules 24 03964 i158 GN-3 [28], Molecules 24 03964 i159 MWCNT-0.8 [29], Molecules 24 03964 i160 OMMT-7 [30], Molecules 24 03964 i161 OLDH-1, OLDH-5, OLDH-10 [31], Molecules 24 03964 i162 MgAl-LDH-2, ZIF8-2, ZIF8@MgAl-LDH-2, ZIF67-2, ZIF67@MgAl-LDH-2 [170], Molecules 24 03964 i163 TAT-20 [52], Molecules 24 03964 i164 TNB-1, TNB-5, TNB-10, TNB-15, TNB-20 [171], Molecules 24 03964 i165 Cu2O-21 [55], Molecules 24 03964 i166 MH-3, [56], Molecules 24 03964 i167 TN-3.42 [63], Molecules 24 03964 i168 EG-20 [66], Molecules 24 03964 i169 TMT-8 [67], Molecules 24 03964 i170 TMT-7 [68], Molecules 24 03964 i171 OMMT-1 [77], Molecules 24 03964 i172 TAIC-10 [78], Molecules 24 03964 i173 TPT-14 [81], Molecules 24 03964 i174 HNT-5, HNT-10, HNT@PDA-5, HNT@PDA-10, HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3-5, HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3-10 [172], Molecules 24 03964 i175 MMT-6 [94], Molecules 24 03964 i176 OPS-5 [102], Molecules 24 03964 i177 OPS-4.1, PPSQ-4.1 [103], Molecules 24 03964 i178 OPS-4.1, OAPS-4.6 [104], Molecules 24 03964 i179 OPS-4.1 [106], Molecules 24 03964 i180 ATH-40, C-40, U-40, BA-40, BO-40, MB-30, GB-30 [173], Molecules 24 03964 i181 ODPSS-5 [115], Molecules 24 03964 i182 Mg-Al LDH-4 [116], Molecules 24 03964 i183 T8POSS-10, TGIC-10 [174], Molecules 24 03964 i184 RGO-1 [121], Molecules 24 03964 i185 HNT-2, LDH-2, LDH-4, LDH-6 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i186 AlO(OH)-30 [124], Molecules 24 03964 i187 ACS-2, ACS@SnO2-2, ACS@SnO2@NiO-2 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i188 ACS@SnO2@NiO-5 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i189 OGPOSS-15 [129], Molecules 24 03964 i190 EG-15 [33], Molecules 24 03964 i191 CP-10, CP-15 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i192 CP-10, CP-15 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i193 CP-10, CP-15 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i194 SrSn(OH)6-3 [132], Molecules 24 03964 i195 SiO2-2, ZIF8-2, ZIF8@SiO2-2 [175], Molecules 24 03964 i196 MoS2-2, TNT-2, MoS2-TNT-1, MoS2-TNT-2, MoS2-TNT-3 [176], Molecules 24 03964 i197 Sep-2, Sep-4, Fe3o4–Sep-2, Fe3o4–Sep-4 [177], Molecules 24 03964 i198 GNO-1, GNO-3, GN-Cu-1, GN-Cu-3 [178], Molecules 24 03964 i199 AlO(OH)-20 [147], Molecules 24 03964 i200 AlO(OH)-20, SiO2-20 [127], Molecules 24 03964 i201 α-MnO2-0.5, α-MnO2-1, α-MnO2-2, δ-MnO2-0.5, δ-MnO2-1, δ-MnO2-2 [179], Molecules 24 03964 i202 MoS2-2 [140], Molecules 24 03964 i203 AI-POSS-7.2, AI-POSS-21.8, AI-POSS-54 [180], Molecules 24 03964 i204 EG-9, HNT-9 [181], Molecules 24 03964 i205 BN 2 μm-45, BT 2 μm-45 [182], Molecules 24 03964 i206 MnO2-2, MnO2@ZHS-0.5, MnO2@ZHS-1, MnO2@ZHS-2 [183], Molecules 24 03964 i208 ILFR-5, BN-5, ILFR-fBN-5 [184], Molecules 24 03964 i209 SH-mSiO2-2 [143], Molecules 24 03964 i210 SCF-0.5, SCF-0.7, SCF-1, SCF-1.5 [185], Molecules 24 03964 i211 HNT-20 [146], Molecules 24 03964 i212 m-Clay-2.5, d-Clay-2.5 [186], Molecules 24 03964 i213 LDH-3, β-FeOOH-3, LDH-β-FeOOH-3 [187], Molecules 24 03964 i214 AHTSS-0.5, AHTSS-2, UMTHS-0.5, UMTHS-2 [188], Molecules 24 03964 i215 CS-MoS2-0.5, CS-MoS2-1, CS-MoS2-2, MoS2-2 [189], Molecules 24 03964 i216 SiO2-1 [148], Molecules 24 03964 i217 CNT-1, CCNT-1, TCNT-1, LDH-5, OLDH-5, MMT-5, OMMT-5, ATH-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i218 EG-5, EG-10, EG-15, EG-23, EG-50 [190], Molecules 24 03964 i219 BT-3, BT-5, BFTDA-BT-3, BFTDA-BT-5, APUA-BT-3, APUA-BT-5 [191,192], Molecules 24 03964 i220 GN-2, Ni–Fe LDH-2 [193], Molecules 24 03964 i221 OAPOSS-MMT-2, OAPOSS-MMT-4, OAPOSS-MMT-6 [194], Molecules 24 03964 i222 Na-magadiite-3, S-Na-magadiite-3, S-H-magadiite-3, OM-magadiite-3, S-OM-magadiite-3 [195], Molecules 24 03964 i223 TBBA-17 [154], Molecules 24 03964 i224 GN-2, Ce–MnO2-2, Ce–MnO2–GN-2 [196], Molecules 24 03964 i225 m-SiO2-2, Co−Al LDH-2, m-SiO2@Co−Al LDH-2 [197], Molecules 24 03964 i226 ZnS-2, GN-2, ZnS-GN-2 [198], Molecules 24 03964 i227 sep idra-2, sep idra-5, sep idra-10, sep anidra-2, sep anidra-5, sep anidra-10 [199], Molecules 24 03964 i228 EG-5 [158], Molecules 24 03964 i229 CTS-Fe-OMMT-3, CTAB-Fe-OMMT-3 [159], Molecules 24 03964 i230 A-MWCNT(Polish)-0.05, A-MWCNT(Polish)-0.1, A-MWCNT(Polish)-0.5, A-MWCNT(Polish)-1, A-MWCNT(Polish)-5, C-MWCNT(Polish)-0.05, C-MWCNT(Polish)-0.1, C-MWCNT(Polish)-0.5, C-MWCNT(Polish)-1, C-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.05, C-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.5, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-0.05, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-0.1, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-0.5, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-1, CA-MWCNT(Polish)-5, A-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.05, A-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.1, A-MWCNT(Belgian)-0.5 [200], Molecules 24 03964 i231 GNO-1 [201], Molecules 24 03964 i232 I.30E-3 [160], Molecules 24 03964 i233 MoS2-2,GN-2, MoS2-GN-2 [202], Molecules 24 03964 i234 GNO-1 [161], Molecules 24 03964 i235 BNO-1, BNO-3 [203], Molecules 24 03964 i236 Vis-4.7, Ky-4.7 [163,164], Molecules 24 03964 i237 clay-1, clay-3, clay-5 [204], Molecules 24 03964 i238 LDH-5, OLDH-1, CNT-1, CCNT-1, TCNT-1, ATH-5 [150], Molecules 24 03964 i239 Mg(OH)2-1, Mg(OH)2-7.5, Mg(OH)2-15, Mg(OH)2-25, Al(OH)3-1, Al(OH)3-7.5, Al(OH)3-15, Al(OH)3-25, ZB-1, ZB-7.5, ZB-15, ZB-25 [205], Molecules 24 03964 i240 SWCNT-BP-1.06, MWCNT-BP-1.34, CNF-1.57 [206], Molecules 24 03964 i241 Vis-5, Vis-10, Vis-15 [167], Molecules 24 03964 i242 SWCNT-BP-1.06, MWCNT-BP-1.34 [207], Molecules 24 03964 i243 T8POSS-5, TGIC-5 [174].
Molecules 24 03964 g004
Molecules 24 03964 g005 550
Figure 5. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of UL-94 test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of NP type of FR used in this figure. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 2 as notes a to h. The vertical variation in each category, i.e., V-0, V-1, V-2, and NR, is schematically representative of the amount of additive used. For example, among two data distinguished by different symbols having the same or very close FRI values (horizontal quantity) in a given category (e.g., V-1), which have different vertical quantity both revealed V-1 behavior in UL-94 test, but the upper was an FR used in greater quantity in preparation of epoxy composites.
Figure 5. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of UL-94 test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of NP type of FR used in this figure. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 2 as notes a to h. The vertical variation in each category, i.e., V-0, V-1, V-2, and NR, is schematically representative of the amount of additive used. For example, among two data distinguished by different symbols having the same or very close FRI values (horizontal quantity) in a given category (e.g., V-1), which have different vertical quantity both revealed V-1 behavior in UL-94 test, but the upper was an FR used in greater quantity in preparation of epoxy composites.
Molecules 24 03964 g005
Molecules 24 03964 g006 550
Figure 6. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of LOI test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of NP flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 2 as notes a to h.
Figure 6. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of LOI test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of NP flame retardant used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 2 as notes a to h.
Molecules 24 03964 g006
Molecules 24 03964 g007 550
Figure 7. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing combinatorial flame retardant systems in terms of the FRI values as a function of combinatorial flame retardants systems retardant type and content. Symbols are indicative of different types of combinatorial flame retardants systems used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as notes a to i. Here: Molecules 24 03964 i244 DiDOPO-1.5/GN-1.5 [28], Molecules 24 03964 i245 DiDOPO-10/MWCNT-0.8 [29], Molecules 24 03964 i246 DiDOPO-3.5/OMMT-3.5 [30], Molecules 24 03964 i247 DiDOPO-0.5/OLDH-0.5, DiDOPO-2.5/OLDH-2.5, DiDOPO-5/OLDH-5 [31], Molecules 24 03964 i248 IFR-40, IFR-39/CES-1, IFR-38/CES-2, IFR-37/CES-3, IFR-35/CES-5 [208], Molecules 24 03964 i249 DOPO-15/P-KC-15, DOPO-20/P-KC-10, DOPO-25/P-KC-5 [41], Molecules 24 03964 i250 mAPP-5/PER-5, mAPP-5/RCC-5, mAPP-5/ORCC-5 [209], Molecules 24 03964 i251 PEPA–TMA-12/MCA-6, PEPA–TMA-16/MCA-8, PEPA–TMA-20/MCA-10 [210], Molecules 24 03964 i252 ZIF8-1/MgAl-LDH-1, ZIF67-1/MgAl-LDH-1 [170], Molecules 24 03964 i253 TAT-18/DOPO-2, TAT-16/DOPO-4, TAT-14/DOPO-6, TAT-12/DOPO-8, TAT-18/HPCP-2, TAT-16/HPCP-4, TAT-14/HPCP-6, TAT-12/HPCP-8 [52], Molecules 24 03964 i254 EDA-APP-19/Cu2O-2 [55], Molecules 24 03964 i255 CP-6B-3/MH-0.5 [56], Molecules 24 03964 i256 IFR-20, IFR-19.5/HGM-0.5, IFR-19/HGM-1, IFR-18/HGM-2, IFR-16/HGM-4 [211], Molecules 24 03964 i257 APP-5/PSA-5 [58], Molecules 24 03964 i258 MFAPP-6.25/PER-6.25, MFAPP-6.25/ST-6.25, MFAPP-6.25/OST-6.25 [212], Molecules 24 03964 i259 EG-16/DOPO-4, EG-14/DOPO-6, EG-12/DOPO-8, EG-10/DOPO-10, EG-16/HPCP-4, EG-14/HPCP-6, EG-12/HPCP-8, EG-10/HPCP-10 [66], Molecules 24 03964 i260 TMT-8.3/DOPO-2.7, TMT-8.2/DOPO-4.1, TMT-8.1/DOPO-5.6, TMT-8/DOPO-7 [67], Molecules 24 03964 i261 DOPO-3/APHP-3, DOPO-4/APHP-2 [75], Molecules 24 03964 i262 TAD-4/OMMT-1 [77], Molecules 24 03964 i263 FR-20/APP-10, FR-15/APP-15, FR-12/APP-18, FR-10/APP-20 [213], Molecules 24 03964 i264 ATCP-15/FRHA-1, ATCP-15/FRHA-3, ATCP-15/FRHA-5 [89], Molecules 24 03964 i265 ATCP-15/FRHA-1, ATCP-15/FRHA-3, ATCP-15/FRHA-5 [90], Molecules 24 03964 i266 APP-4/MMT-6 [93], Molecules 24 03964 i267 DOPO-5/MMT-1 [94], Molecules 24 03964 i268 BDP-6.7/PHP-3.3 [95], Molecules 24 03964 i269 OPS-2.5/DOPO-2.5 [102], Molecules 24 03964 i270 DOPO-3.1/OPS-2.1, DOPO-3.1/PPSQ-2.1 [103], Molecules 24 03964 i272 DOPO-3.1/OPS-2.1, DOPO-3.1/OAPS-2.3 [104], Molecules 24 03964 i273 OPS-2.5/DOPO-2.5 [105], Molecules 24 03964 i274 OPS-2.1/PEPA-2.6, OPS-2.1/APP-1.4, OPS-2.1/DOPO-3.1 [106], Molecules 24 03964 i275 ODPSS-2.5/DOPO-2.5 [115], Molecules 24 03964 i276 BBO-10/PPA-10 [214], Molecules 24 03964 i277 T8POSS-5/TGIC-5 [174], Molecules 24 03964 i278 APP-4.83/CoSA-0.17 [117], Molecules 24 03964 i279 CBz-8/BGN-2, CBz-13/BGN-2, CBz-18/BGN-2 [118], Molecules 24 03964 i280 Mel-APP-18/LDH-2, Mel-APP-18/HNT-2 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i281 oDOPI-17.76/MPP-15, AlO(OH)-30/oDOPI-11.05, MPP-15/PZ-1.54, AlO(OH)-30/PZ-3.08 [124], Molecules 24 03964 i282 AHP-4.5/ACS@SnO2@NiO-0.5 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i283 Mel-APP-19.97/Talc-9.73 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i284 MPP-10/MPZnP-10, AlPi-Et-10/MPZnP-10, DOPAc-Bu-10/MPZnP-10, AlO(OH)-10/MPZnP-10, MPZnP-10/SiO2-10, MPP-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, AlPi-Et-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, DOPAc-Bu-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, AlO(OH)-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, SiO2-13.4/MPZnP-6.6 [127], Molecules 24 03964 i285 HPCTP-10/OGPOSS-5, HPCTP-7.5/OGPOSS-7.5, HPCTP-5/OGPOSS-10 [129], Molecules 24 03964 i286 CP-10/TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i287 CP-10/TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i288 CP-10/TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i289 MoS2-1/TNT-1 [176], Molecules 24 03964 i290 APP-15/PER-HNT-10 [215], Molecules 24 03964 i291 S600-10/AlPi-10, S600-10/AlO(OH)-10, S600-10/MPP-10 [147], Molecules 24 03964 i292 SDPS-5.2/SPDM-5.2 [136], Molecules 24 03964 i293 AlPi-4.7/MPP-2.3, AlPi-4.5/MPP-2.25/Al2O3-0.25 [47], Molecules 24 03964 i294 APP-8/CSA-2, APP-7.5/CSA-2.5, APP-6.7/CSA-3.3 [139], Molecules 24 03964 i295 BN 12 μm-33.75/BN 2 μm-11.25, BN 12 μm-33.75/BT 2 μm-11.25 [182], Molecules 24 03964 i296 IFR-30, IFR-29.5/FeP-0.5, IFR-29/FeP-1, IFR-28/FeP-2, IFR-27/FeP-3 [216], Molecules 24 03964 i297 IFR-30, IFR-29.5/αFeOOH-0.5, IFR-29/αFeOOH-1, IFR-28/αFeOOH-2, IFR-27/αFeOOH-3 [217], Molecules 24 03964 i298 IFR-30, IFR-29.5/iron oxide brown-0.5, IFR-29/iron oxide brown-1, IFR-28/iron oxide brown-2, IFR-27/iron oxide brown-3 [218], Molecules 24 03964 i299 Ni–Fe LDH-2/GN-2 [193], Molecules 24 03964 i300 APP-22.5/PER-7.5 [152], Molecules 24 03964 i301 IFR-30, IFR29.5/Fe-OMMT-0.5, IFR-29/Fe-OMMT-1, IFR-28/Fe-OMMT-2, IFR-27/Fe-OMMT-3 [219], Molecules 24 03964 i302 APP-20/I.30E-3 [160], Molecules 24 03964 i303 Mel-APP-8.59/LDH-0.96, Mel-APP-8.65/HNT-0.96 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i304 Mel-APP-9.93/Talc-4.84 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i305, IFR-5/Vis-5, Ky-5/IFR-5 [163,164], Molecules 24 03964 i306 ZB-0.5/Mg(OH)2-0.5, ZB-3.75/Mg(OH)2-3.75, ZB-7.5/Mg(OH)2-7.5, ZB-12.5/Mg(OH)2-12.5, ZB-0.5/Al(OH)3-0.5, ZB-3.75/Al(OH)3-3.75, ZB-7.5/Al(OH)3-7.5, ZB-12.5/Al(OH)3-12.5 [205], Molecules 24 03964 i307 MP-4.5/GN-0.5, DOPO-4.5/GN-0.5 [166], Molecules 24 03964 i308 PFR-25/ZB-5 [220], Molecules 24 03964 i309 IFR-2.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-2.5/Vis-5, IFR-2.5/Vis-7.5, IFR-2.5/Vis-10, IFR-2.5/Vis-12.5, IFR-5/Vis-2.5, IFR-5/Vis-5, IFR-5/Vis-7.5, IFR-5/Vis-10, IFR-7.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-7.5/Vis-5, IFR-7.5/Vis-7.5, IFR-10/Vis-2.5, IFR-10/Vis-5, IFR-12.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-15/Vis-2.5 [167], Molecules 24 03964 i310 T8POSS-2.5/TGIC-2.5 [174], Molecules 24 03964 i311 IFR-2.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-3.75/Vis-3.75, IFR-7.5/Vis-2.5 [221].
Figure 7. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing combinatorial flame retardant systems in terms of the FRI values as a function of combinatorial flame retardants systems retardant type and content. Symbols are indicative of different types of combinatorial flame retardants systems used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details earlier given in the bottom of Table 1 as notes a to i. Here: Molecules 24 03964 i244 DiDOPO-1.5/GN-1.5 [28], Molecules 24 03964 i245 DiDOPO-10/MWCNT-0.8 [29], Molecules 24 03964 i246 DiDOPO-3.5/OMMT-3.5 [30], Molecules 24 03964 i247 DiDOPO-0.5/OLDH-0.5, DiDOPO-2.5/OLDH-2.5, DiDOPO-5/OLDH-5 [31], Molecules 24 03964 i248 IFR-40, IFR-39/CES-1, IFR-38/CES-2, IFR-37/CES-3, IFR-35/CES-5 [208], Molecules 24 03964 i249 DOPO-15/P-KC-15, DOPO-20/P-KC-10, DOPO-25/P-KC-5 [41], Molecules 24 03964 i250 mAPP-5/PER-5, mAPP-5/RCC-5, mAPP-5/ORCC-5 [209], Molecules 24 03964 i251 PEPA–TMA-12/MCA-6, PEPA–TMA-16/MCA-8, PEPA–TMA-20/MCA-10 [210], Molecules 24 03964 i252 ZIF8-1/MgAl-LDH-1, ZIF67-1/MgAl-LDH-1 [170], Molecules 24 03964 i253 TAT-18/DOPO-2, TAT-16/DOPO-4, TAT-14/DOPO-6, TAT-12/DOPO-8, TAT-18/HPCP-2, TAT-16/HPCP-4, TAT-14/HPCP-6, TAT-12/HPCP-8 [52], Molecules 24 03964 i254 EDA-APP-19/Cu2O-2 [55], Molecules 24 03964 i255 CP-6B-3/MH-0.5 [56], Molecules 24 03964 i256 IFR-20, IFR-19.5/HGM-0.5, IFR-19/HGM-1, IFR-18/HGM-2, IFR-16/HGM-4 [211], Molecules 24 03964 i257 APP-5/PSA-5 [58], Molecules 24 03964 i258 MFAPP-6.25/PER-6.25, MFAPP-6.25/ST-6.25, MFAPP-6.25/OST-6.25 [212], Molecules 24 03964 i259 EG-16/DOPO-4, EG-14/DOPO-6, EG-12/DOPO-8, EG-10/DOPO-10, EG-16/HPCP-4, EG-14/HPCP-6, EG-12/HPCP-8, EG-10/HPCP-10 [66], Molecules 24 03964 i260 TMT-8.3/DOPO-2.7, TMT-8.2/DOPO-4.1, TMT-8.1/DOPO-5.6, TMT-8/DOPO-7 [67], Molecules 24 03964 i261 DOPO-3/APHP-3, DOPO-4/APHP-2 [75], Molecules 24 03964 i262 TAD-4/OMMT-1 [77], Molecules 24 03964 i263 FR-20/APP-10, FR-15/APP-15, FR-12/APP-18, FR-10/APP-20 [213], Molecules 24 03964 i264 ATCP-15/FRHA-1, ATCP-15/FRHA-3, ATCP-15/FRHA-5 [89], Molecules 24 03964 i265 ATCP-15/FRHA-1, ATCP-15/FRHA-3, ATCP-15/FRHA-5 [90], Molecules 24 03964 i266 APP-4/MMT-6 [93], Molecules 24 03964 i267 DOPO-5/MMT-1 [94], Molecules 24 03964 i268 BDP-6.7/PHP-3.3 [95], Molecules 24 03964 i269 OPS-2.5/DOPO-2.5 [102], Molecules 24 03964 i270 DOPO-3.1/OPS-2.1, DOPO-3.1/PPSQ-2.1 [103], Molecules 24 03964 i272 DOPO-3.1/OPS-2.1, DOPO-3.1/OAPS-2.3 [104], Molecules 24 03964 i273 OPS-2.5/DOPO-2.5 [105], Molecules 24 03964 i274 OPS-2.1/PEPA-2.6, OPS-2.1/APP-1.4, OPS-2.1/DOPO-3.1 [106], Molecules 24 03964 i275 ODPSS-2.5/DOPO-2.5 [115], Molecules 24 03964 i276 BBO-10/PPA-10 [214], Molecules 24 03964 i277 T8POSS-5/TGIC-5 [174], Molecules 24 03964 i278 APP-4.83/CoSA-0.17 [117], Molecules 24 03964 i279 CBz-8/BGN-2, CBz-13/BGN-2, CBz-18/BGN-2 [118], Molecules 24 03964 i280 Mel-APP-18/LDH-2, Mel-APP-18/HNT-2 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i281 oDOPI-17.76/MPP-15, AlO(OH)-30/oDOPI-11.05, MPP-15/PZ-1.54, AlO(OH)-30/PZ-3.08 [124], Molecules 24 03964 i282 AHP-4.5/ACS@SnO2@NiO-0.5 [125], Molecules 24 03964 i283 Mel-APP-19.97/Talc-9.73 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i284 MPP-10/MPZnP-10, AlPi-Et-10/MPZnP-10, DOPAc-Bu-10/MPZnP-10, AlO(OH)-10/MPZnP-10, MPZnP-10/SiO2-10, MPP-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, AlPi-Et-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, DOPAc-Bu-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, AlO(OH)-13.4/MPZnP-6.6, SiO2-13.4/MPZnP-6.6 [127], Molecules 24 03964 i285 HPCTP-10/OGPOSS-5, HPCTP-7.5/OGPOSS-7.5, HPCTP-5/OGPOSS-10 [129], Molecules 24 03964 i286 CP-10/TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i287 CP-10/TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i288 CP-10/TPP-MMT-5 [130], Molecules 24 03964 i289 MoS2-1/TNT-1 [176], Molecules 24 03964 i290 APP-15/PER-HNT-10 [215], Molecules 24 03964 i291 S600-10/AlPi-10, S600-10/AlO(OH)-10, S600-10/MPP-10 [147], Molecules 24 03964 i292 SDPS-5.2/SPDM-5.2 [136], Molecules 24 03964 i293 AlPi-4.7/MPP-2.3, AlPi-4.5/MPP-2.25/Al2O3-0.25 [47], Molecules 24 03964 i294 APP-8/CSA-2, APP-7.5/CSA-2.5, APP-6.7/CSA-3.3 [139], Molecules 24 03964 i295 BN 12 μm-33.75/BN 2 μm-11.25, BN 12 μm-33.75/BT 2 μm-11.25 [182], Molecules 24 03964 i296 IFR-30, IFR-29.5/FeP-0.5, IFR-29/FeP-1, IFR-28/FeP-2, IFR-27/FeP-3 [216], Molecules 24 03964 i297 IFR-30, IFR-29.5/αFeOOH-0.5, IFR-29/αFeOOH-1, IFR-28/αFeOOH-2, IFR-27/αFeOOH-3 [217], Molecules 24 03964 i298 IFR-30, IFR-29.5/iron oxide brown-0.5, IFR-29/iron oxide brown-1, IFR-28/iron oxide brown-2, IFR-27/iron oxide brown-3 [218], Molecules 24 03964 i299 Ni–Fe LDH-2/GN-2 [193], Molecules 24 03964 i300 APP-22.5/PER-7.5 [152], Molecules 24 03964 i301 IFR-30, IFR29.5/Fe-OMMT-0.5, IFR-29/Fe-OMMT-1, IFR-28/Fe-OMMT-2, IFR-27/Fe-OMMT-3 [219], Molecules 24 03964 i302 APP-20/I.30E-3 [160], Molecules 24 03964 i303 Mel-APP-8.59/LDH-0.96, Mel-APP-8.65/HNT-0.96 [120], Molecules 24 03964 i304 Mel-APP-9.93/Talc-4.84 [126], Molecules 24 03964 i305, IFR-5/Vis-5, Ky-5/IFR-5 [163,164], Molecules 24 03964 i306 ZB-0.5/Mg(OH)2-0.5, ZB-3.75/Mg(OH)2-3.75, ZB-7.5/Mg(OH)2-7.5, ZB-12.5/Mg(OH)2-12.5, ZB-0.5/Al(OH)3-0.5, ZB-3.75/Al(OH)3-3.75, ZB-7.5/Al(OH)3-7.5, ZB-12.5/Al(OH)3-12.5 [205], Molecules 24 03964 i307 MP-4.5/GN-0.5, DOPO-4.5/GN-0.5 [166], Molecules 24 03964 i308 PFR-25/ZB-5 [220], Molecules 24 03964 i309 IFR-2.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-2.5/Vis-5, IFR-2.5/Vis-7.5, IFR-2.5/Vis-10, IFR-2.5/Vis-12.5, IFR-5/Vis-2.5, IFR-5/Vis-5, IFR-5/Vis-7.5, IFR-5/Vis-10, IFR-7.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-7.5/Vis-5, IFR-7.5/Vis-7.5, IFR-10/Vis-2.5, IFR-10/Vis-5, IFR-12.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-15/Vis-2.5 [167], Molecules 24 03964 i310 T8POSS-2.5/TGIC-2.5 [174], Molecules 24 03964 i311 IFR-2.5/Vis-2.5, IFR-3.75/Vis-3.75, IFR-7.5/Vis-2.5 [221].
Molecules 24 03964 g007
Molecules 24 03964 g008 550
Figure 8. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing combinatorial flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of UL-94 test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of combinatorial flame retardants used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to i notes. The vertical variation in each category, i.e., V-0, V-1, and NR, is schematically representative of the amount of additive used. For example, two data distinguished by different symbols have the same or very close FRI values (horizontal quantity) in a given category (e.g., V-1), but higher V-1 behavior in UL-94 testing means the FR was used in greater quantity.
Figure 8. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing combinatorial flame retardants in terms of the FRI values as a function of UL-94 test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of combinatorial flame retardants used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 1 as a to i notes. The vertical variation in each category, i.e., V-0, V-1, and NR, is schematically representative of the amount of additive used. For example, two data distinguished by different symbols have the same or very close FRI values (horizontal quantity) in a given category (e.g., V-1), but higher V-1 behavior in UL-94 testing means the FR was used in greater quantity.
Molecules 24 03964 g008
Molecules 24 03964 g009 550
Figure 9. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing combinatorial flame-retardant systems in terms of the FRI values as a function of LOI test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of combinatorial flame-retardant systems used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 1 as notes a to i.
Figure 9. Flame retardancy analysis of epoxy resins containing combinatorial flame-retardant systems in terms of the FRI values as a function of LOI test results. Symbols are indicative of different types of combinatorial flame-retardant systems used. Hollow symbols are indicative of fiber-incorporated composites with details given in the bottom of Table 1 as notes a to i.
Molecules 24 03964 g009
Molecules 24 03964 g010 550
Figure 10. Overall flame retardancy behavior of epoxy resins regardless of the type of flame retardant. Poor, Good, and Excellent efficiencies are magnified to give a close-up of the data distribution.
Figure 10. Overall flame retardancy behavior of epoxy resins regardless of the type of flame retardant. Poor, Good, and Excellent efficiencies are magnified to give a close-up of the data distribution.
Molecules 24 03964 g010
Table
Table 1. The flame retardancy performance of epoxy containing phosphorus-based (P) flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). Notes a to l on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.
Table 1. The flame retardancy performance of epoxy containing phosphorus-based (P) flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). Notes a to l on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.
Epoxy Resins and Incorporated Phosphorus FR *wt.%TTI (s)pHRR (kW·m−2)THR (MJ·m−2)FRILOIUL94Ref.
0491477118—27NR[24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1)4468311061.8533NR[24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1)6425001152.5936V-1[24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1)8405871092.2238V-0[24]
031106876—23.7NR[25]
(bis(4- hydroxyphenyl) methyl) diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO-PHE)11.6841657592.7632.1V-0[25]
1-(bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-9,10-dihydro-9- oxa-10-phosphaphenan-threne-10-oxide (DOPO-PHE)12.0339956571.8730.5V-0[25]
047120880—22.5NR[26]
Reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T)2.3438836691.3532.5NR[26]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T)4.6736727621.6434.6V-1[26]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T)6.9932629561.8636.2V-1[26]
Reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & cyanuric chloride (DOPO-T)9.3430613541.8633.4V-0[26]
0131495179—21.3V-2[27]
Aluminum ethylphenylphosphinate (AEPP)51192541312.4123.3V-2[27]
aluminum ethylphenylphosphinate (AEPP)101052411242.3725.7V-1[27]
aluminum ethylphenylphosphinate (AEPP)15912231192.3128.2V-0[27]
032827116—21.8NR[28]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)3413871043.0532.7V-0[28]
032781107—21.8NR[29]
Phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)1038508832.3538V-0[29]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)1143441962.6537.4V-0[29]
032781107—21.8NR[30]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)736491802.3935.7V-0[30]
032781107—21.8NR[31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)1335161161.4324.1V-2[31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative(DiDOPO)535491812.2935.8V-0[31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)1038508832.3538V-0[31]
032781107—21.8NR[32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)1335161161.4324.1V-2[32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)535491812.2935.7V-0[32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)1038508832.3538V-0[32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)1541436723.4133.6V-0[32]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO)2016298682.0627.5V-0[32]
0191324.695.7—19.2HB[33]
pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS)1520491.6743.6622.8V-2[33]
pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt functionalized Expandable graphite (PPMS-EG)1516414.366.73.8625.8V-1[33]
0151334.6100.1—19.3HB[34]
Pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt-functionalized Multiwalled carbon nanotube (PPMS-MWCNT)5131013.493.71.2121.5HB[34]
Pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt-functionalized Multiwalled carbon nanotube (PPMS-MWCNT)108680.790.71.1522.6V-2[34]
Pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt-functionalized Multiwalled carbon nanotube (PPMS-MWCNT)156444.677.61.5424.5V-2[34]
pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS)1511489.585.22.3422.8V-2[34]
066793.586.3—21NR[35]
diphenyl 1H-imidazol-1-ylphosphonate (DPIPP)7.556535.261.31.7727.5NR[35]
diphenyl 1H-imidazol-1-ylphosphonate (DPIPP)1559427.553.72.6631.5V-0[35]
1-(diphenylphosphinyl)-1H-imidazole oxide (DPPIO)7.562583.1601.8333NR[35]
1-(diphenylphosphinyl)-1H-imidazole oxide (DPPIO)1563432.948.43.1138V-0[35]
057770.182.6—20.5NR[36]
imidazolium dibenzo[c,e[1,2]oxaphosphate (IDOP)565617.565.81.7827NR[36]
imidazolium dibenzo[c,e [1,2]oxaphosphate (IDOP)1067586.564.21.9834.5V-1[36]
imidazolium dibenzo[c,e [1,2]oxaphosphate (IDOP)1568485.651.23.0537V-0[36]
063731.2103.2—21.1NR[37]
polyphosphoric acid piperazine (PPAP)538511.992.50.9630.8V-0[37]
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin epoxy/hollow glass microspheres(foam)017444.92138.2—21.5NR[38]
aluminum diisobutylphosphinate (AlPBu)1017272.28113.21.9926.5NR[38]
aluminum diisobutylphosphinate (AlPBu)12.517264.98110.82.0927.8V-1[38]
Aluminum diisobutylphosphinate (AlPBu)1517260.77109.32.1529V-0[38]
053148486.4—26NR[39]
6-morpholino-6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (MPL-DOPO)2.546129674.31.1529.5V-1[39]
6-morpholino-6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (MPL-DOPO)545114567.11.4130.5V-0[39]
6,6′-((methylenebis(4,1 phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DDM-DOPO)2.551123676.51.3030V-0[39]
6,6′-((methylenebis(4,1 phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(6Hdibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DDM-DOPO)54899969.71.6631.5V-0[39]
071654.3100.3—25.7NR[40]
6-(((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)amino)(4hydroxyphenyl)methyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (ATZ)681482.583.91.8433.7V-0[40]
Waterborne EP resin025343.718.3—19.3NR[41]
phosphated K-carrageenan (P-KC)3014313.719.30.5820.8NR[41]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)3010279.615.10.5922.1V-1[41]
0391162104—26.8NR[42]
Tris(Bis(4((Diphenoxyphosphoryl)Oxy)Phenyl)Methyl)Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxylate (DHPP-OH-BAC)550796972.0031.2V-2[42]
Tris(Bis(4((Diphenoxyphosphoryl)Oxy)Phenyl)Methyl)Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxylate (DHPP-OH-BAC)1058643913.0732.4V-1[42]
Tris(Bis(4((Diphenoxyphosphoryl)Oxy)Phenyl)Methyl)Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxylate (DHPP-OH-BAC)1562610883.5733.6V-0[42]
0401511.7115.8—19NR[43]
poly(pentaerythritol phosphate phosphinic acyl piperazine) (PPAP)538838.175.42.6326NR[43]
poly(pentaerythritol phosphate phosphinic acyl piperazine) (PPAP)103652254.25.5628V-1[43]
poly(pentaerythritol phosphate phosphinic acyl piperazine) (PPAP)203441644.58.0335V-0[43]
0611125.866.2—26.5NR[44]
1-methyl-3-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin 6-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium 4 methylbenzenesulfonate ([Dmim]Tos)2.451947.667.30.9731.7V-1[44]
1-methyl-3-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin 6-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium 4 methylbenzenesulfonate ([Dmim]Tos)457705.457.61.7132.5V-0[44]
1-methyl-3-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin 6-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium 4 methylbenzenesulfonate ([Dmim]Tos)7.55176756.21.4433.9V-0[44]
032111118.2—20.5NR[45]
melamine phenylphosphate (MPhP)1038100812.41.9223.5NR[45]
melamine phenylphosphate (MPhP)154084612.22.4424.5V-1[45]
melamine phenylphosphate (MPhP)2041545123.9626.5V-0[45]
0741205.477.1—26.4NR[46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP)0.96791426.475.40.9231V-1[46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP)1.9761209.574.21.0632V-1[46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP)3.7578915.367.11.5935.6V-0[46]
melamine-organophosphinic acid salt (MDOP)7.2467660.760.22.1138V-0[46]
070149181—19NR[47]
aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi)758572632.7728.5V-0[47]
Melamine polyphosphate (MPP)775479683.97——[47]
0701000.595.2—22.6NR[48]
bisphenol-A bridged penta(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (A-BP)96278355.91.9233.9V-0[48]
060128583.5—25.5NR[19]
cage–ladder-structure, phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquinoxane (CLEP–DOPO–POSS) via the hydrolytic condensation of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)–vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS)with 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyl trimethoxysilane (CLEP–DOPO–POSS)2.916296184.91.3531.9V-0[19]
09593998—23NR[49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP)1103511932.0932.4NR[49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP)280466832.0035.5V-1[49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP)488454822.2838.2V-1[49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP)688448722.6437.8V-1[49]
copper phenylphosphate nanoplate (CuPP)886401732.8434.6V-1[49]
0691139.775.7—25.2NR[50]
reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOP-ABZ)1566327.2634.0026.8V-1[50]
reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOP-ABZ)17.565308.940.66.4827.5V-0[50]
reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOP-ABZ)2052238.9289.7228.3V-0[50]
036155893—24.2NR[51]
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)7.1133130164.61.5835.1V-1[51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD)3.3834131378.91.3232.8V-1[51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD)6.7132127369.81.4434.3V-1[51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD)10.0433122063.81.7036.9V-0[51]
reaction between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde & 2-benzothiazolamine & 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (BPD)13.4131107159.11.9739.1V-0[51]
061120877.3—22.5NR[52]
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)7.75682861.61.6834.5V-1[52]
hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (HPCP)8.25251063.12.4732.5V-1[52]
781934.2103.3—23.5NR[53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP)2.5761683.991.11.2628.2V-1[53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e] [1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP)5721544.882.91.4434.8V-1[53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP)7.5721483.675.71.6435.6V-0[53]
reaction between 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide & 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DOPO-TPMP)1063819.369.22.8436.1V-0[53]
54880187—24.1NR[54]
10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA)2658001621.5229.3V-0[54]
531121102—20NR[55]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)2157594533.9033NR[55]
ethanediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-APP)2161398546.1233V-0[55]
45109183—22.8NR[56]
hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (CP-6B)342608711.9530.8V-0[56]
57110896.2—22NR[57]
N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM)25697084.21.2824.5NR[57]
N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM)65484078.51.5325.5NR[57]
IC: inclusion complex β-cyclodextrin & N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM-βCD)255905731.5526.5NR[57]
IC: inclusion complex β-cyclodextrin & N,N′-diamyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (PM-βCD)65054168.82.5126.8NR[57]
4346966.2—24.7NR[58]
poly(4,40-diamino diphenyl sulfone 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol-substituted phosphoramide) (PSA)102814933.24.0828V-1[58]
poly(4,40-diamino diphenyl sulfone 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol-substituted phosphoramide) (PSA)202611821.77.3331V-0[58]
82114888.4—21NR[59]
bisphenol A bridged penta(anilino) cyclotriphosphazene (BPA-BPP)97245778.42.4828.7V-1[59]
46129187.2—23NR[60]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)9.12689359.61.1929NR[60]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (PEPA)9.14084759.51.9428NR[60]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DOPO-PEPA)5.74487360.92.0230V-0[60]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DOPO-PEPA)7.44868346.33.7135V-0[60]
reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DOPO-PEPA)9.14259545.93.7635V-0[60]
58839129——NR[61]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)2.5586311041.6427.1V-1[61]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)562404873.29—NR[61]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)1061346794.16—NR[61]
531034114—24.2NR[62]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP)7.4656918941.4426.2V-1[62]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP)11.1953796831.7828V-0[62]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP)14.9254840781.8328.6V-0[62]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)6.9751947921.3025.9NR[62]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)10.4650850881.4827.4NR[62]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)13.9446785811.6027.8V-1[62]
60872.888.5—22.5NR[63]
2-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (TP)12.4223312.6591.6031.8V-1[63]
[4-(2,4,6-Tris[24] dioxaphosphinan-2-yl) hydroxymety] phenoxy]-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNTP)14.363425365.82.6232.4V-0[63]
47120881—22.5NR[64]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)732853641.2234V-1[64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP)738505602.6129.5NR[64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP)1135425523.2932V-1[64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP)14.734410503.4532.5V-0[64]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & phenylboronic acid (BNP)18.433400473.6533.3V-0[64]
47120881—22.5NR[65]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)732853641.2234V-1[65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB)732556611.9631.5NR[65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB)1033453552.7533.2V-1[65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB)1534425543.0835.6V-0[65]
reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & boric acid (DTB)2031461572.4535.2V-0[65]
58120880.6—22.5NR[66]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)7.75882863.71.8434.5V-1[66]
hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (HPCP)8.249510642.5232.5V-1[66]
57155794.5—24.5NR[67]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)7.1521301651.5835.2V-1[67]
61120880.6—22.5NR[68]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)75883366.31.6734V-1[68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT)75691971.21.3629.5NR[68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT)10.45669463.72.0233V-1[68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT)13.95377660.61.7936.2V-0[68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT)17.34855656.52.4337.5V-0[68]
tri(phosphaphenanthrene-maleimide-phenoxyl)-triazine (DOPO-TMT)20.85067459.61.9838.4V-0[68]
47120880.6—22.5NR[69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP)3.439751771.3927NR[69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP)6.83846966.52.5229V-1[69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP)10.236506632.3333.4V-0[69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP)13.636467582.7535V-0[69]
hexa(4-maleimido-phenoxyl) cyclotriphosphazene (HMCP)1739351504.6036.5V-0[69]
53939.2227.4—24.2NR[70]
addition reaction between DOPO and Schiff-base obtained in advance by the condensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane & 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DOPO-bp)3.448757.1154.11.6530.5V-1[70]
addition reaction between DOPO and Schiff-base obtained in advance by the condensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane & 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DOPO-bp)6.747633.9145.22.0539.7V-0[70]
addition reaction between DOPO and Schiff-base obtained in advance by the condensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane & 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DOPO-bp)13.539535.1121.92.4041.6V-0[70]
63619.977.6—21.7NR[71]
hexa-[4-(phydroxyanilino- phosphaphenanthrene methyl)-phenoxyl]-cyclotriphosphazene (CTP-DOPO)10.652349.951.72.1936.6V-0[71]
63731.2103.2—20.3NR[72]
polymelamine tetramethylene phosphonium sulfate (PMTMPS)1159489.980.91.7832.5V-0[72]
63731.4103.2—20.3NR[73]
poly(urea tetramethylene phosphonium sulfate) (PUTMPS)1257525.879.21.6331.3V-0[73]
561420144—26.2NR[74]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP)254742982.7129.3NR[74]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP)458540954.1232.7V-1[74]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP)655603933.5833.1NR[74]
561420116—26.2NR[75]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP)655603693.8833.1NR[75]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO)644725702.5538.5V-1[75]
101685106—19NR[76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH)1072454841.3526.6NR[76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH)2068393791.5730.9NR[76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH)3066324751.9532.4V-0[76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH)4068351741.8830.3V-0[76]
α,ω-dicarboxyl aromatic polyphosphonate (HP-1001-COOH)5076351851.8327V-1[76]
561420140—26NR[77]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD)4461106821.8033.6V-1[77]
6996693.9—22.5NR[78]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)105046364.82.1930.6V-1[78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD)65169160.81.5932.4NR[78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD)85659053.72.3232.6V-1[78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD)105445257.72.7234.2V-1[78]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAD)125564155.72.0233.5V-0[78]
521334.358.8—22.2NR[79]
piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PAz-APP)1033261.515.612.2029V-0[79]
piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PAz-APP)1533246.111.317.9031.5V-0[79]
40980.455.2—21.5NR[80]
diethylenetriamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (DETA-APP)103538812.79.6028.5V-0[80]
diethylenetriamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (DETA-APP)1532310.511.412.2330.5V-0[80]
5299593.3—22.5NR[81]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)8.357437.260.63.8431.7V-1[81]
tri-(phosphaphenanthrene-(hydroxyl-methylene)-phenoxyl)-1, 3, 5-triazine (Trif-DOPO)11.748390.870.43.1133.9NR[81]
tri-(phosphaphenanthrene-(hydroxyl-methylene)-phenoxyl)-1, 3, 5-triazine (Trif-DOPO)1444420.767.92.7436V-0[81]
611420144—26.4NR[82]
addition reaction of 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-H-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TOD)261852892.6932.8V-1[82]
addition reaction of 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-H-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TOD)461830773.1935.9V-0[82]
addition reaction of 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-H-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TOD)661720694.1138V-0[82]
681730110—23NR[83]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DOPO-DDM)10761480492.9329.5V-1[83]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DOPO-DDE)10781370562.8431.5V-0[83]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether (DOPO-DDS)10741190602.9031V-0[83]
61893112—23NR[84]
diphenylphosphine containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DPP-POSS)56548994.12.3133.2V-0[84]
diphenylphosphine oxide containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DPOP-POSS)56241987.82.7629.3V-1[84]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS)56443391.12.6630V-1[84]
6996196—20NR[85]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide modified Aluminum hydroxide (ATH-DOPO)1075586642.6725.6NR[85]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide modified Aluminum hydroxide (ATH-DOPO)2087341575.9827.7V-0[85]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide modified honeycomb-like mesoporous aluminum hydroxide (pATH-DOPO)1075391524.9327.1V-0[85]
70100089—21.5NR[86]
bisphenol-S bridged penta(anilino)cyclotriphosphazene (BPS-BPP)962537761.9329.7V-1[86]
62688106—21NR[87]
1,3,5-tris(3-(diphenylphosphoryl)propyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (PN)1555567821.3933.5V-0[87]
[(1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disiloxanediyl)-di-2,1-ethanediyl]-bis(diphenylphosphine oxide) (PSi)2549309742.5234V-0[87]
7568595—20.3NR[88]
bis(2,6-dimethyphenyl) phenylphosphonate (BDMPP)1465528681.5733.8V-0[88]
6284084—23V-1[89]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene (ATCP)1566658621.8435V-0[89]
5771364—28V-1[90]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene (ATCP)1552610581.1734V-0[90]
63106876—26NR[91]
9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)4.583724732.0231.5V-1[91]
reaction between 9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOPO-ABZ)7.571652721.9433.5V-0[91]
reaction between 9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide & 2-aminobenzothiazole (DOPO-ABZ)1066609672.0833.5V-0[91]
47120881—22.5NR[92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT)3.339837671.4431.2NR[92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT)6.635685631.6832.8NR[92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT)1037544622.2834.4V-1[92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT)13.536506602.4635.8V-0[92]
reaction between maleimide & phosphaphenanthrene & triazine-trione (DMT)1734491582.4833V-0[92]
50860112—23NR[93]
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP)1059458624.0025NR[93]
Ammonium polyphosphate–montmorillonite (APP-MMT)1060393348.6530V-0[93]
50860133—23NR[94]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)664502793.6931.2V-1[94]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-Montmorillonite (DOPO-MMT)659398734.6433.4V-0[94]
6596696—22.5NR[95]
aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (APHP)1056855901.0331.5NR[95]
bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP)1050746861.1133.4NR[95]
56722.786.7—20.5NR[96]
isopropylphenyl phosphate (FIPF)2047363.1612.3733V-0[96]
tertbutylphenyl phosphate (FTBF)2050361.861.42.5130.3V-0[96]
4795559.7—22.5NR[97]
phenylphosphonic di-benzothiazolyl amide (PPDAB)106561146.42.7831V-0[97]
481227111—26.8NR[98]
boron phosphate (BP)546892911.6028.3V-1[98]
boron phosphate (BP)947805891.8629.2V-1[98]
boron phosphate (BP)1546602842.5831.5V-1[98]
401163.190.3—22NR[99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP)2211092.286.40.5823.2NR[99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP)520959.592.60.5925.7V-1[99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP)1010614.285.80.4926.8V-1[99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP)158375.465.70.8528.5V-1[99]
polystyrene encapsulating ammonium polyphosphate (PS-APP)2025733.781.71.0928.7V-1[99]
46892137—20NR[100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)2.5469631290.9821.5NR[100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)5479371281.0423.5NR[100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)10466901131.5625.9V-1[100]
58839129—22NR[100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)2.5586311041.6427.1V-1[100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)562404873.2926.2NR[100]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)1061346794.1624.8NR[100]
45855112—25NR[101]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)2.5489691031.0230.2V-1[101]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)558588922.2828.5NR[101]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)1061483853.1623NR[101]
45855112—25NR[102]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)554731931.6927.6NR[102]
45855112—25NR[103]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)6.354686961.7430.5NR[103]
45855112—25NR[104]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)6.354686961.7430.5NR[104]
50860112—23NR[105]
ammonium polyphosphate montmorillonite nanocomposite (APP-MMT)1060393338.9130V-0[105]
50860112—23NR[106]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (PEPA)5.253538782.4327NR[106]
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP)2.9611087961.1223.5NR[106]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)6.355684762.0332NR[106]
761160.9135—22.5NR[107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO)565882.8132.11.1427.3NR[107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO)1061460.5122.32.2328.8NR[107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO)1544375.4119.82.01730.3V-1[107]
poly(4,4-dihydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl diphenol-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphatephosphate) (PCPBO)2031337.1117.31.61631.2V-0[107]
571730.27114.16—21.5NR[108]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)1563397.8935.4915.4636V-0[108]
glycidyl methacrylate microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (GMA-APP)1568283.094418.9138.5V-0[108]
621192184—20.9NR[109]
ammonium polyphosphate(APP)12412001046.9731V-0[109]
modified ammonium polyphosphate(MAPP)1247184989.2232.5V-0[109]
621192184—20.9NR[110]
ammonium polyphosphate(APP)12412001046.9731.9V-0[110]
6689368—22.5NR[111]
hexa-(phosphaphenanthrene -hydroxyl-methyl-phenoxyl)-cyclotriphosphazene(HAP-DOPO)9.351383532.3131V-0[111]
hexa-(phosphaphenanthrene -hydroxyl-methyl-phenoxyl)-cyclotriphosphazene(HAP-DOPO)15.4743303413.1830.8V-0[111]
65966102—22.5NR[112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO)6.154800751.3633.3NR[112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO)8.154680761.5834.3V-1[112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO)10.250520712.0535.2V-1[112]
ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TGIC-DOPO)12.248481612.4733.3V-0[112]
35171974.2—25HB[113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body tetra-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] pentarythrit (DOPP)19.640119144.82.7337.9V-1[113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body heterocyclic tris-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate (DOPI)23.13686941.53.6334.2V-0[113]
4978176—20.5NR[114]
poly(melamine-ethoxyphosphinyl-diisocyanate) (PMPC)1059390335.5526NR[114]
poly(melamine-ethoxyphosphinyl-diisocyanate) (PMPC)1564292308.8527.5V-1[114]
poly(melamine-ethoxyphosphinyl-diisocyanate) (PMPC)20592352711.2628V-0[114]
6482194—23.2NR[115]
9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)554461702.0133.7V-1[115]
6092090.5—22.7NR[116]
((1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene)bis(phenylphosphonochloridate) modified Magnesium-Aluminum layered double hydroxide (SIEPDP-Mg-Al LDH)45565886.91.3325.3V-1[116]
64939179—19.6NR[117]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)5612831115.0927.1V-0[117]
53126284.7—25NR[118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer (CBz)1049111980.51.0931V-1[118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer (CBz)155092079.41.3832V-0[118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer (CBz)205096277.21.3533V-0[118]
59106376.1—25.8NR[119]
poly (piperazine phosphaphenanthrene) (DOPMPA)106839356.34.2129NR[119]
poly (piperazine phosphaphenanthrene) (DOPMPA)136728527.411.7634V-0[119]
27673.756—22.3NR[9]
reaction of spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride & 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (MFR)1026402.353.31.6929.6V-1[9]
reaction of spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride & 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (MFR)1517479.747.81.0330.8V-0[9]
reaction of spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride & 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (MFR)2022241.642.33.0032.2V-0[9]
581369135.6—23.5NR[17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs)0.470.21295133.41.3023.5NR[17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs)0.8641086125.31.5024NR[17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs)1.658.61227131.51.1624.5NR[17]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (DOPO-COFs)3.260.71117110.51.5725NR[17]
COFs: covalent organic frameworksnanosheets(reaction between melamine & o-phthalaldehyde) (COFs)3.2551295140.40.9624NR[17]
21191084.4—22.1NR[120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP)2022312.630.817.5432.6V-0[120]
051191481.9—22NR[121]
phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant (FR)143163169.61.1622.5NR[121]
050171283.7——NR[122]
poly(4,4′-diamino diphenyl sulfone phenyl phosphonamide) (ArPN2)152984761.51.59—V-0[122]
poly(bisphenol sulfone phenyl phosphonate) (ArPO2)153260842.73.53—V-1[122]
poly(4,4′-dia-minodiphenyl sulfone phenyl dichlorophosphate) (ArOPN2) 15.63054659.42.65—NR[122]
poly(bisphenol sulfone phenoxy phosphate) (ArOPO2)15.63072655.32.14—NR[122]
075977100——NR[123]
ionic liquid-based metal–organic hybrid = Phosphomolybdic acid hydrate:PMA & 1-ethyl 3-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-propylimidazolium bromide:IL (PMAIL)685674.4991.65—V-0[123]
epoxy novolac resin051682110——NR[124]
oligo[DOPAc-2-tris(acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate] (oDOPI)13.8152426862.08—V-0[124]
Phosphazene (PZ)10.850466801.97—V-0[124]
melamine polyphosphate(MPP)1545370862.08—V-1[124]
050985.791——NR[125]
aluminum hypophosphite (AHP)548970.2890.99—V-1[125]
23191061——NR[126]
Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP)29.7242812318.81—V-0[126]
54106875.8——HB[127]
Melamine poly(aluminum phosphate) (MPAlP)2040540601.85—HB[127]
melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPZnP)2043312603.44—HB[127]
melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (MPMgP)204429857.33.86—V-1[127]
melamine polyphosphate (MPP)203824426.68.77—V-0[127]
diethyl aluminum phosphinate (AlPi-Et)204149255.82.23—V-0[127]
6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide (DOPAc-Bu)204462450.22.10—HB[127]
531084115——NR[128]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP)558807961.76—V-0[128]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP)1060566932.68—V-0[128]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP)1551513822.85—V-0[128]
631321157——NR[129]
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP)1554513824.22—V-0[129]
100733141—21HB[130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite (TPP-MMT)51104821401.6825HB[130]
47891151—21HB[130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite (TPP-MMT)5535711381.9225HB[130]
221196147—21HB[130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite (TPP-MMT)5256941402.0525HB[130]
4990495—21NR[131]
hyperbranched poly(phosphoester) (hbPPE)1049506622.7323.6HB[131]
hyperbranched poly(phosphoester) (hbPPE)2049699532.3125.9HB[131]
0581126.3100.36—26.1—[132]
poly(cyclotriphosphazeneco-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS)361986.591.891.3128.6—[132]
hybrid poly(cyclotriphosphazeneco-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)-strontium hydroxystannate nanorod (PZS@SrSn(OH)6)360801.288.961.6429.5—[132]
036.6970.959.1—19.8—[133]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane modified trimellitic anhydride chloride (PEPA-TMAC)16.530.1523.7422.1423.4—[133]
1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane modified trimellitic anhydride chloride (PEPA-TMAC)3333.9337.236.94.2726.9—[133]
5098691.1—25.9—[134]
poly(cyclotriphosphazene-c-sulfonyldiphenol) (PCPS)14997992.10.9727—[134]
poly(cyclotriphosphazene-c-sulfonyldiphenol) (PCPS)34450085.81.8429.8—[134]
poly(cyclotriphosphazene-c-sulfonyldiphenol) (PCPS)54354278.71.8130.5—[134]
60114656—26.5—[135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 300 ˚C (BP1)553652312.8029.6—[135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 400 ˚C (BP2)553654342.5429.7—[135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 500 ˚C (BP3)554681332.5729.6—[135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 600 ˚C (BP4)556710382.2229.3—[135]
Boron phosphate: reaction between boric acid & phosphoric acid by calcining at 700 ˚C (BP5)556754382.0929—[135]
861650213—20.2—[136]
3-((Methoxydiphenylsilyl) oxy)-9-methyl-2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxa-3, 9-diphosphaspiro [5. 5] undecane 3, 9-dioxide (SDPS)10.46213782030.9028.9—[136]
481023109—22.2—[137]
dibenzylphosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-NR)4.25797891012.3028—[137]
diallylphosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-C1)4.258010921071.5923.4—[137]
bis(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)phosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-C2)4.25581063991.2823.6—[137]
bis(2-cyanoethyl)phosphinic acid modified aluminum hydroxide (AOPH-C3)4.257810241061.6623.8—[137]
epoxy acrylate 4188928.3—21—[138]
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) aminomethyl phosphonic acid diethylester (BHAAPE)53571925.31.1828—[138]
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) aminomethyl phosphonic acid diethylester (BHAAPE)102559023.71.0930—[138]
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) aminomethyl phosphonic acid diethylester (BHAAPE)201950822.31.0231—[138]
0251113222.9———[139]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)1035685.9127.43.97——[139]
0602187124———[140]
poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS)25718711011.36——[140]
poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)@molybdenum disulfide nanoflower (PZS@MoS2)2521335911.93——[140]
poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)@molybdenum disulfide nanoflower (PZS@MoS2)3561251852.38——[140]
01998081———[141]
N,N′-dibutyl-phosphate diamide assembled into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin (DBPDA-βCD)319756751.40——[141]
0782116167.1———[142]
Polyphosphazene functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (BP-PZN)0.5781613.7119.81.82——[142]
Polyphosphazene functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (BP-PZN)1851082.173.54.84——[142]
Polyphosphazene functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (BP-PZN)281859.560.87.02——[142]
black phosphorus bulk nanosheets (BP-Bulk)2871082.394.33.86——[142]
631396.981.3———[143]
ene-terminated hyperbranched polyphosphate acrylate (HPPA)2571096.975.41.24——[143]
ene-terminated hyperbranched polyphosphate acrylate-thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica (HPPA-SH-mSiO2)262995.368.31.64——[143]
7685088———[144]
phosphorous metal-organic framework (P-MOF)0.575766841.14——[144]
phosphorous metal-organic framework (P-MOF)179728711.50——[144]
phosphorous metal-organic framework (P-MOF)270615691.62——[144]
53148486.3———[145]
cardanol-derived zirconium phosphate (CZrP)256112276.11.58——[145]
cardanol-derived zirconium phosphate (CZrP)45097073.21.70——[145]
cardanol-derived zirconium phosphate (CZrP)65485867.82.24——[145]
zirconium phosphate (ZrP)651124885.51.15——[145]
241002.4104.1———[146]
Dimethyl methylphosphonate loaded halloysite nanotube (DMMP-HNT)2024578.173.82.44——[146]
54106876—21—[147]
melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (S600)2044298573.89——[147]
aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi)2041492562.23——[147]
melamine polyphosphate (MPP)2038244269.00——[147]
741915.3107.6———[148]
poly-(cyclotriphos pazene-co-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether) surface modified silica nanospheres (SiO2@PZM)1801363.486.81.88——[148]
poly-(cyclotriphos pazene-co-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether) surface modified silica nanospheres-cuprous (SiO2@PZM@Cu)1741289.3782.04——[148]
poly-(cyclotriphos pazene-co-4,40-diaminodiphenyl ether) surface modified silica nanospheres-cuprous (SiO2@PZM@Cu)2801188.873.92.53——[148]
821820.799.3———[149]
functionalized polyphosphazene nanotubes wrapped with a cross-linked DOPO-based flame retardant (FR@PZS)0.5821584.2871.31——[149]
functionalized polyphosphazene nanotubes wrapped with a cross-linked DOPO-based flame retardant (FR@PZS)1821298.280.81.72——[149]
functionalized polyphosphazene nanotubes wrapped with a cross-linked DOPO-based flame retardant (FR@PZS)382982.672.42.54——[149]
polyphosphazene nanotube (PZS)3821152.583.91.86——[149]
3894360.3———[150]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)53654358.81.68——[150]
45855118———[151]
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-POSS)2057431913.25——[151]
Epoxy acrylic 32223.430.8———[152]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)3035225.230.71.08——[152]
Co-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol (M(APP & PER))3058233.227.31.95——[152]
292467164———[153]
Triphenylphosphite (TPPi)15215041145.09——[153]
Triphenylphosphate (TPPa)151219591280.66——[153]
triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO)153413101262.87——[153]
—322572184———[154]
poly(m-phenylene methyl 1phosphonate) (PMP)11.4127241022.40——[154]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)13.9712861000.80——[154]
red phosphorus (RP)4.3716141560.41——[154]
aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP)8.3714801460.47——[154]
3391097.54———[155]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2.12 (IFR)303835780.353.56——[155]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2.12 (IFR)306535082.286.07——[155]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2.12 (IFR)307126373.259.91——[155]
67979.7128———[156]
Butyl phosphate ester (EPE)33.335203.3873.70——[156]
Ethylphosphonate ester (EPE)33.376304.8805.83——[156]
Butanediol and butanol mixed phosphate ester (BBPE)33.376300.4835.70——[156]
Butanediol and octanol mixed phosphate ester (BOPE)33.379296.9915.47——[156]
Hexanediol and butanol mixed phosphate ester (HBPE)33.382283.1886.16——[156]
3291098———[157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR)3061341687.33——[157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR)3041248736.31——[157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR)3041268686.26——[157]
IFR: reaction between phosphorus acid & melamine & pentaerythritol with the molar ratio of 1:1:2 (IFR)3045237717.45——[157]
941097.2119———[158]
phosphorus oxychloride & pentaerythritol (POCl3 & PER) modified expandable graphite (EGM)576276.21362.81——[158]
phosphorus oxychloride & pentaerythritol (POCl3 & PER) modified expandable graphite (EGM)1545184.1883.85——[158]
54132799.1———[159]
Phosphorylated chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (PCTS-Fe-OMMT)151107188.31.31——[159]
Phosphorylated chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (PCTS-Fe-OMMT)34891786.81.46——[159]
Phosphorylated chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (PCTS-Fe-OMMT)54479482.21.64——[159]
411222159———[160]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)20498791052.51——[160]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP)40562255521.44——[160]
047163082.3———[161]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-phosphonamidate functionalized reduced graphene oxide(DOPOph-RGNO)149126862.31.77——[161]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-phosphonamidate functionalized reduced graphene oxide(DOPOph-RGNO)2431248551.78——[161]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-phosphonamidate functionalized reduced graphene oxide(DOPOph-RGNO)3451117542.12——[161]
021453.536.2—22.1NR[120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP) a9.5920290.432.21.6732V-1[120]
05338724.3—31NR[24]
N, N′-diallyl-p-phenylphosphonicdiamide (FP1) b2.64942320.41.0043NR[24]
054508.347.8—31NR[162]
polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of chitosan & ammonium polyphosphate (PEC) c5.251358441.4536NR[162]
polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of chitosan & ammonium polyphosphate (PEC) c6.950307.539.61.8438.5V-1[162]
polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of chitosan & ammonium polyphosphate (PEC) c8.149255.935.52.4240.5V-0[162]
5134726.2—33.2HB[113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body tetra-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] pentarythrit (DOPP) d5.95624819.92.0245.3V-0[113]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body heterocyclic tris-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate (DOPI) d6.960247202.1647.7V-0[113]
2445137——NR[126]
Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (Mel-APP) e14.622233115.96—V-1[126]
—4238521.8—27.5—[163,164]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) f4.73527818.31.3735.2—[163,164]
2834920.4———[150]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) g52434518.60.95——[150]
21.2720.568———[165]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) h3.1520.3375.3422.97——[165]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) h8.8818.1293.8334.31——[165]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) h16.3221186.7279.62——[165]
4485351.9———[166]
melamine phosphate (MP) i53852848.81.48——[166]
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) i53462441.31.32——[166]
03945638———[167]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) j53537428.81.44——[167]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) j105022617.35.68——[167]
IFR: contains melamine phosphate (IFR) j159425318.68.87——[167]
5575461.3———[168]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) k154625934.44.33——[168]
3964264.2———[168]
ammonium polyphosphate (APP) l154423240.14.99——[168]
a Matrix: eight layers of Woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; b Matrix: six layers of dry carbon fiber fabric reinforced RTM6 epoxy; c Matrix: Unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin; d Matrix: Carbon fibers reinforced epoxy; e Matrix: eight layers of Woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; f Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced film of multifunctional epoxy resin; g Matrix: carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin; h Matrix: four fabric layers of unidirectional hemp fabric reinforced epoxy; I Matrix: eight layers of woven roving glass fabric reinforced epoxy phenol novolak resin blend; j Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced epoxy; k Matrix: six layers of plain weave hemp fabric-reinforced epoxy; l Matrix: six layers of plain weave Hemp fabrics treated with water glass-reinforced epoxy.
Table
Table 2. The state of flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). The notes a to h on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.
Table 2. The state of flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). The notes a to h on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.
Epoxy Resins and Incorporated Non Phosphorus FR *wt.%TTI (s)pHRR (kW.m−2)THR (MJ·m−2)FRILOIUL94Ref.
011781142—21.8 [169]
(2,4,6-tris(4-boronic-2-thiophene)-1,3,5-triazine (3TT-3BA)20174541083.4931.2V-0[169]
032827116—21.8NR[28]
graphene nanosheet (GN)3355601131.6526.7NR[28]
032781107—21.8NR[29]
multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)0.840473972.2721.2NR[29]
032781107—21.8NR[30]
Organically modified montmorillonite (DK4:two longchain alkyl ammonium modified montmorillonite) (OMMT)740576981.8523.7NR[30]
032781107—21.8NR[31]
organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (OLDH)1355431211.3921.9NR[31]
organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (OLDH)5355211041.6823.6V-0[31]
organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (OLDH)10493911063.0822.1V-0[31]
071114656—21.2NR[170]
magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH)263865491.3423.8NR[170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework8 (ZIF8)258886411.4423.3NR[170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework8 decorated magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (ZIF8@MgAl-LDH)254562392.2224.7V-1[170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework67 (ZIF67)262817421.6323.6NR[170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework67 decorated MgAl-layered double hydroxide (ZIF67@MgAl-LDH)256432343.4425.5V-1[170]
061120877.3—22.5NR[52]
triazine-based flame retardant (TAT)2042103075.80.8224.1NR[52]
35106580.3—22.9NR[171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB)12368668.11.2026.1V-1[171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB)52242764.11.9628.3V-1[171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB)102032459.32.5429.4V-1[171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB)152230958.32.9830.4V-0[171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB)2022305583.0331.2V-0[171]
531121102—20NR[55]
Cuprous oxide (Cu2O)21471007861.1722NR[55]
45109183—22.8NR[56]
magnesium hydroxide (MH)338751801.2725.2NR[56]
6087388.5—22.5NR[63]
2,4,6-triphenoxy-1,3,5-triazine (TN)3.422594378.40.4329NR[63]
58120880.6—22.5NR[66]
expandable graphite (EG)204922563.35.7731NR[66]
57155794.5—24.5NR[67]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride (TMT)852139588.41.0827NR[67]
61120880.6—22.5NR[68]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride (TMT)76185873.51.5425.5NR[68]
561420140—26NR[77]
organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT)13915401160.7729.3NR[77]
6996693.9—22.5NR[78]
triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC)106113061230.5023.6NR[78]
5299593.3—22.5NR[81]
Triphenoxy-1,3,5-triazine (TPT)144896488.71.0024.5NR[81]
6795098—24.1NR[172]
Halloysite nanotube (HNT)5651170930.8326.1NR[172]
Halloysite nanotube (HNT)10651002950.9425.4NR[172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube (HNT@PDA)56510881040.7925.6NR[172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube (HNT@PDA)1067881911.1625.6NR[172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube and ultrafine Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles (HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3)561695901.3533.9V-1[172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube and ultrafine Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles (HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3)1058698881.3133.8NR[172]
50860133—23NR[94]
Montmorillonite (MMT)6497921001.4126NR[94]
45855112—25NR[102]
octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OPS)5607121031.7431.1NR[102]
45855112—25NR[103]
Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS)4.1556261121.6627.2NR[103]
Polyphenyl silsesquioxane (PPSQ)4.1509251160.9927.1NR[103]
45855112—25NR[104]
Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS)4.1556261121.6627.2NR[104]
Octaaminophenylsilsesquioxane (OAPS)4.6576351101.7327NR[104]
50860112—23NR[106]
Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OPS)4.1556261121.5125NR[106]
5745955.2—19.5NR[173]
aluminum trihydroxide (ATH)406823141.23.1723.6NR[173]
Colemanite (C)405815834.34.7523.6NR[173]
Ulexite (U)406217138.24.2122.6NR[173]
boric acid (BA)407613232.17.9728.5V-0[173]
boric oxide (BO)40688220.617.8924.2NR[173]
melamine borate (MB)307810726.912.0524.5V-0[173]
guanidinium nonaborate (GB)306510526.810.2723.6NR[173]
6482194—23.2NR[115]
polyhedral oligomeric octadiphenylsulfonylsilsesquioxane (ODPSS)559417742.3024.3NR[115]
6092090.5—22.7NR[116]
Magnesium-Aluminum layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al LDH)45383589.60.9824.3NR[116]
108163478—19.8NR[174]
Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T8POSS)1099774562.6920.7NR[174]
triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC)10861190671.2719.9NR[174]
051191481.9—22NR[121]
reduced graphene oxide (RGO)147135667.61.5723.5NR[121]
21191084.4—22.1NR[120]
halloysite nano-tube (HNT)220159190.71.0619.5NR[120]
layered double hydroxide (LDH)22180387.52.2921.6NR[120]
layered double hydroxide (LDH)42286185.42.2920. 6NR[120]
layered double hydroxide (LDH)62079182.92.3419.7NR[120]
epoxy novolac resin051682110——NR[124]
Boehmite (AlO(OH))3069535882.15—V-1[124]
05099291——NR[125]
activated carbon spheres (ACS)256898911.23——[125]
activated carbon spheres@SnO2 hybrid (ACS@SnO2)250761981.21——[125]
activated carbon spheres@SnO2@NiO hybrid (ACS@SnO2@NiO)256839921.31—NR[125]
05098691——NR[125]
activated carbon spheres@SnO2@NiO hybrid (ACS@SnO2@NiO)551823881.26—NR[125]
631321157——NR[129]
octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OGPOSS)156010261451.32—NR[129]
019132595.7—19.2HB[33]
Expandable graphite (EG)1534101585.32.6125.4HB[33]
100733141—21HB[130]
Silicate glass (CP)101013151392.3825HB[130]
Silicate glass (CP)15892681322.6024HB[130]
47891151—21HB[130]
Silicate glass (CP)10444081362.2725HB[130]
Silicate glass (CP)15463461342.8424HB[130]
221196147—21HB[130]
Silicate glass (CP)10205651372.0625HB[130]
Silicate glass (CP)15195851292.0124HB[130]
0581126100—26.1—[132]
strontium hydroxystannate nanorod (SrSn(OH)6)35588992.61.3028.4—[132]
073105439.1—22.4—[175]
silica nanoparticles (SiO2)26572734.41.4626—[175]
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanocrystals (ZIF8)26043125.33.1026.9—[175]
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 coated with SiO2 (ZIF8@SiO2)26825423.96.3228.1—[175]
069115054.7—22—[176]
molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)26585441.71.6625.7—[176]
titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT)25881539.51.6425.5—[176]
molybdenum disulfide decorated titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2-TNT)16385943.71.5325.1—[176]
molybdenum disulfide decorated titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2-TNT)26070137.12.1026.8—[176]
molybdenum disulfide decorated titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2-TNT)36162732.12.7628.1—[176]
45119376—23.8—[177]
Sepiolite (Sep)2491288780.9829.8—[177]
Sepiolite (Sep)4619631011.2630.1—[177]
Fe3O4-doped sepiolite (Fe3o4–Sep)2421093830.9333.8—[177]
Fe3O4-doped sepiolite (Fe3o4–Sep)445883891.1536.7—[177]
45119376—23.8—[178]
oxidized graphene nanoplatelets (GNO)1491204811.0125.2—[178]
oxidized graphene nanoplatelets (GNO)3471244721.0525.6—[178]
Cu-doped graphene (GN-Cu)145825661.6625.8—[178]
Cu-doped graphene (GN-Cu)347786641.8826.4—[178]
054106876—21—[147]
Boehmite (AlO(OH))2049870651.30——[147]
54106875.8——HB[127]
Boehmite (AlO(OH))204987065.51.28—HB[127]
amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2)204190757.61.17—HB[127]
Bisphenol-A022168079———[179]
α-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (α-MnO2)0.5251701771.15——[179]
α-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (α-MnO2)1241480731.34——[179]
α-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (α-MnO2)2231400671.47——[179]
δ-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (δ-MnO2)0.5251617741.26——[179]
δ-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (δ-MnO2)1261547741.37——[179]
δ-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (δ-MnO2)2271358641.87——[179]
0602187124———[140]
molybdenum disulfide nanoflower (MoS2)2491457981.55——[140]
047.7130886.8———[180]
Aminopropylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AI-POSS)7.244.388083.61.43——[180]
Aminopropylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AI-POSS)21.836.358597.71.51——[180]
Aminopropylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AI-POSS)5432.261665.31.90——[180]
05986113———[181]
Expandable graphite (EG)91015211013.33——[181]
halloysite nanotube (HNT)959691101.04——[181]
0117118495.3———[182]
Boron Nitride with D50 = 2 μm (BN 2 μm)4517576771.53.07——[182]
Boehmite with D50 = 2 μm (BT 2 μm)4514067472.22.77——[182]
022165080———[183]
Manganese dioxide (MnO2)2271443711.58——[183]
Manganese dioxide@zinc hydroxystannate binary hybrid (MnO2@ZHS)0.5241487561.72——[183]
Manganese dioxide@zinc hydroxystannate binary hybrid (MnO2@ZHS)1251275492.40——[183]
Manganese dioxide@zinc hydroxystannate binary hybrid (MnO2@ZHS)223989612.28——[183]
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F epoxy066119782.7———[184]
ionic liquid flame retardant (ILFR)55575362.51.75——[184]
boron nitride nanosheets (BN)57081368.21.89——[184]
ionic liquid flame retardant functionalized boron nitride nanosheets (ILFR-fBN)510468951.54.39——[184]
63139781.3———[143]
thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica (SH-mSiO2)265111777.81.34——[143]
5297299———[185]
short carbon fiber (SCF)0.569793921.75——[185]
short carbon fiber (SCF)0.780723882.32——[185]
short carbon fiber (SCF)162840891.53——[185]
short carbon fiber (SCF)1.5987931012.26——[185]
241002104———[146]
halloysite nanotube (HNT)204379075.23.14——[146]
38154276.2———[186]
nanomer I.28E organoclay (m-Clay)2.558129856.62.44——[186]
Deoxyribonucleic Acid modified clay (d-Clay)2.555122052.42.66——[186]
22103249.2———[187]
Layered double hydroxide (LDH)32796849.61.29——[187]
β-Iron oxyhydroxide (β-FeOOH)325857481.40——[187]
Layered double hydroxide nanosheet-wrapped β-Iron oxyhydroxide rod hybrid (LDH-β-FeOOH)32073644.81.40——[187]
47108345.7———[188]
amorphous hydrous TiO2 solid spheres (AHTSS)0.5521125461.05——[188]
amorphous hydrous TiO2 solid spheres (AHTSS)25395143.61.34——[188]
urchin-like mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres (UMTHS)0.55282743.31.52——[188]
urchin-like mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres (UMTHS-2)25270638.52.01——[188]
65159239.7———[189]
chitosan-modified molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (CS-MoS2)0.571124335.91.54——[189]
chitosan-modified molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (CS-MoS2)174110728.62.27——[189]
chitosan-modified molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (CS-MoS2)27590233.92.38——[189]
molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2)272117840.11.48——[189]
741915108———[148]
silica nanospheres (SiO2)174177795.61.21——[148]
3894360.3———[150]
carbon nanotube (CNT)12667353.81.07——[150]
chemical treatment carbon nanotube (CCNT)13283757.40.99——[150]
thermal treatment carbon nanotube (TCNT)12558556.61.13——[150]
layered double hydroxide (LDH)53557858.41.55——[150]
Hydrogenated fatty acid modified layered double hydroxide (OLDH)53845366.51.88——[150]
Montmorillonite (MMT)53871758.61.35——[150]
Quaternary ammonium salt modified montmorillonite (OMMT)53382361.70.97——[150]
aluminium trihydroxide (ATH)53561759.21.43——[150]
65993141———[190]
Expanded graphite (EG)56811881250.98——[190]
Expanded graphite (EG)108014871131.02——[190]
Expanded graphite (EG)1510219111240.92——[190]
Expanded graphite (EG)2311619921021.23——[190]
Expanded graphite (EG)501321800811.95——[190]
14193274.3———[191,192]
Bentonite (BT)31501094740.91——[191,192]
Bentonite (BT)5158119288.10.73——[191,192]
6-(4-butylphenyl)21,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine modified bentonite (BFTDA-BT)314096674.10.96——[191,192]
6-(4-butylphenyl)21,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine modified bentonite (BFTDA-BT)514599882.20.86——[191,192]
11-amino-N-(pyridine-2yl)undecanamide modified bentonite (APUA-BT)313877274.71.17——[191,192]
11-amino-N-(pyridine-2yl)undecanamide modified bentonite (APUA-BT)513981474.21.13——[191,192]
681730113———[193]
graphene nanosheets (GN)28698065.13.87——[193]
Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide (Ni–Fe LDH)280107058.93.65——[193]
491261114———[194]
octaammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified montmorillonite (OAPOSS-MMT)24212071030.99——[194]
octaammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified montmorillonite (OAPOSS-MMT)4481095941.36——[194]
octaammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified montmorillonite (OAPOSS-MMT)650982881.69——[194]
311933146———[195]
Sodium magadiite (Na-magadiite)33912831162.38——[195]
Sodium magadiite reaction with silane coupling agent (S-Na-magadiite)33816411201.75——[195]
protonated magadiite reaction with silane coupling agent (S-H-magadiite)33814161142.14——[195]
organo-modified magadiite (OM-magadiite)32913321051.88——[195]
silane grafting organo modified magadiite (S-OM-magadiite)33412731032.36——[195]
—322572184———[154]
tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBA)17171390921.96——[154]
901653130———[196]
graphene sheet (GN)28411561081.60——[196]
Ce-doped MnO2 (Ce–MnO2)27992096.72.11——[196]
Ce-doped MnO2 decorated graphene sheets (Ce–MnO2–GN)210076583.83.72——[196]
89147387.8———[197]
mesoporous silica (m-SiO2)2107119196.51.35——[197]
Co−Al layered double hydroxide (Co−Al LDH)2103118884.31.49——[197]
mesoporous silica@Co−Al layered double hydroxide (m-SiO2@Co−Al LDH)2110894563.19——[197]
651653130———[198]
Zinc sulfide (ZnS)28812131192.00——[198]
graphene sheet (GN)27011411081.88——[198]
Zinc sulfide decorated Graphene sheets (ZnS-GN)28787994.23.47——[198]
55129897.6———[199]
hydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep idra)25513701010.91——[199]
hydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep idra)565115799.51.30——[199]
hydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep idra)1065107295.71.45——[199]
dehydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep anidra)2551129971.157——[199]
dehydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep anidra)56511141071.26——[199]
dehydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep anidra)10659581081.45——[199]
941097119———[158]
expandable graphite (EG)51114631422.34——[158]
54132799.1———[159]
chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (CTS-Fe-OMMT)355116891.41.25——[159]
cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (CTAB-Fe-OMMT)34797589.21.31——[159]
80.41111140———[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish))0.0572.8116193.61.29——[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish))0.168.899293.61.43——[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish))0.57492696.91.59——[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish))171.987592.61.72——[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish))578.3114198.91.34——[200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish))0.0578.710801011.40——[200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish))0.172.612501001.12——[200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish))0.580.2116398.81.35——[200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish))181.29451021.63——[200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (C-MWCNT(Belgian))0.0576.291996.31.66——[200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (C-MWCNT(Belgian))0.567.41110991.19——[200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish))0.0583.912401041.26——[200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish))0.173.81162991.24——[200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish))0.576109599.51.35——[200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish))167.3119297.81.12——[200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish))569.711981001.12——[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (A-MWCNT(Belgian))0.0577.4131498.31.16——[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (A-MWCNT(Belgian))0.180.2122598.61.28——[200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (A-MWCNT(Belgian))0.556.6100562.41.75——[200]
6693495———[201]
graphene oxide (GNO)1768111330.94——[201]
411222159———[160]
onium ion modified nanoclay (I.30E)33212741540.77——[160]
0101134887.1———[202]
molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)296107675.71.37——[202]
graphene (GN)29296570.11.58——[202]
molybdenum disulfide modified graphene (MoS2-GN)29073065.12.20——[202]
047163082.3———[161]
graphene oxide(GNO)141142676.81.06——[161]
epoxy resin modified with (3-isocyanatopropyl)-triethoxysilane093133163.8———[203]
hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride (BNO)111386056.32.13——[203]
hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride (BNO)311776555.52.51——[203]
—4238521.8—27.5—[163,164]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) a4.74132919.41.2828.1—[163,164]
phenol–formaldehyde fibers (Ky) a4.75136728.80.9627.7—[163,164]
4481828.8———[204]
Nanoclay (clay) b13255826.41.16——[204]
Nanoclay (clay) b33257025.51.18——[204]
Nanoclay (clay) b53253324.81.29——[204]
2834920.4———[150]
layered double hydroxide (LDH) c52234321.90.74——[150]
Hydrogenated fatty acid modified layered double hydroxide (OLDH) c521310230.74——[150]
carbon nanotube (CNT) c12739622.70.76——[150]
chemical treatment carbon nanotube (CCNT) c12641121.70.74——[150]
thermal treatment carbon nanotube (TCNT) c12747122.20.65——[150]
aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) c52241722.60.59——[150]
03352029.4———[205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d12851837.40.67——[205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d7.53055028.40.89——[205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d153039231.21.13——[205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d253547641.70.81——[205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d12845637.30.76——[205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d7.52858535.30.62——[205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d152645132.80.81——[205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d253239631.61.18——[205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d12657235.90.58——[205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d7.53242742.70.81——[205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d152745836.30.75——[205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d253735230.61.59——[205]
4656823.2———[206]
Single-walled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (SWCNT-BP) e1.065052624.51.11——[206]
multiwalled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (MWCNT-BP) e1.346425813.25.38——[206]
carbon nanofiber (CNF) e1.575950824.81.34——[206]
03945638———[167]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) f54645137.21.21——[167]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) f105843436.31.63——[167]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) f155532131.12.44——[167]
4656823.2———[207]
Single-walled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (SWCNT-BP) g1.065052624.51.11——[207]
multiwalled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (MWCNT-BP) g1.346425813.25.38——[207]
12585750———[174]
Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T8POSS) h5121420323.08——[174]
triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) h5108620471.27——[174]
a Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced film of multifunctional epoxy resin; b Matrix: six layers of biaxial E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; c Matrix: carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin; d Matrix: eight plies of carbon fiber reinforced system HexFlow RTM6 (matrix) and HexForce G0939 (fabric); e Matrix: six layers of IM-7 carbon fiber fabrics reinforced epoxy; f Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced epoxy; g Matrix: six layers of IM-7 carbon fiber fabrics reinforced epoxy; h Matrix: eight layers of woven glass Fiber Reinforced epoxy.
Table
Table 3. The flame retardancy performance of epoxy containing combinatory flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). Notes a to i on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.
Table 3. The flame retardancy performance of epoxy containing combinatory flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). Notes a to i on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.
Epoxy Resins and Incorporated P/NP FR *wt.%TTI (s)pHRR (kW·m−2)THR (MJ·m−2)FRILOIUL94Ref.
032827116—21.8NR[28]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/graphene nanosheet (DiDOPO/GN)351374994.1332.2V-0[28]
032781107—21.8NR[29]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/multiwalled carbon nanotube (DiDOPO/MWCNT)10.847352724.8438.6V-0[29]
032781107—21.8NR[30]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/Organically modified montmorillonite (DiDOPO/OMMT)746396953.1932.2V-0[30]
032781107—21.8NR[31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (DiDOPO/OLDH)1414371421.7325.2V-0[31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (DiDOPO/OLDH)5444201202.2827.8V-0[31]
phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative/organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (DiDOPO/OLDH)1046406823.6131.5V-0[31]
030129386.9—19.2HB[208]
IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2) (IFR)4010314512.3429.1V-0[208]
IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES)402226645.96.7529.6V-0[208]
IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES)401223541.34.6330.4V-0[208]
IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES)40231813314.431.5V-0[208]
IFR: Ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol & melamine(APP & PER & MEL/5:3:2)/Chicken eggshell (IFR/CES)4020201389.8130.7V-0[208]
Waterborne EP resin02534418.3—19.3NR[41]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/phosphated K-carrageenan (DOPO/P-KC)301317613.31.3927.1V-0[41]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/phosphated K-carrageenan (DOPO/P-KC)301513112.32.3428.2V-0[41]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/phosphated K-carrageenan (DOPO/P-KC)302019714.51.7625V-1[41]
049124749.8—22.5NR[209]
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (mAPP/PER)102796139.90.8929.9NR[209]
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/regenerated cotton cellulose (mAPP/RCC)1030105540.50.8924.1NR[209]
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/oxidized regenerated cotton cellulose (mAPP/ORCC)102955420.93.1729.5V-0[209]
021490103—18.3NR[210]
2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-4-methanol-trimellitic anhydride/melamine cyanurate (PEPA–TMA/MCA)181737890.41.2028.9V-1[210]
2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-4-methanol-trimellitic anhydride/melamine cyanurate (PEPA–TMA/MCA)241522157.62.8429.8V-0[210]
2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-4-methanol-trimellitic anhydride/melamine cyanurate (PEPA–TMA/MCA)301229674.81.3129.1V-1[210]
071114656—21.2NR[170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework8/MgAl-layered double hydroxide (ZIF8/MgAl-LDH)264742421.8624NR[170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework67/MgAl-layered double hydroxide (ZIF67/MgAl-LDH)265719411.9924.2NR[170]
061120877.3—22.5NR[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO)204484974.31.0729.5NR[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO)204468264.51.5334V-1[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO)204755856.32.2936V-0[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TAT/DOPO)204150048.52.5938.6V-0[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP)204677472.31.2630.1NR[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP)204359859.31.8633.5V-1[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP)204848452.62.8937.3V-0[52]
triazine-based flame retardant/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (TAT/HPCP)204843747.83.5239.6V-0[52]
531121102—20NR[55]
ethanediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate/Cuprous oxide (EDA-APP/Cu2O)2162364645.7433.5V-0[55]
45109183—22.8NR[56]
hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene/magnesium hydroxide (CP-6B/MH)3.549535672.7531.9V-0[56]
93.685191.7—19.7NR[211]
IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR)2042.826689.71.5027.3V-1[211]
IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM)2055.424659.73.1528.8V-1[211]
IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM)2050.621059.63.3629.1V-1[211]
IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM)2074.917844.87.8534.7V-0[211]
IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/Hollow glass microsphere (IFR/HGM)2051.221554.33.6731.4V-0[211]
4346966.2—24.7NR[58]
Ammonium polyphosphate/poly(4,40-diamino diphenyl sulfone 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol-substituted phosphoramide) (APP/PSA)103413221.38.7332V-0[58]
29134036.3—22.5NR[212]
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (MFAPP/PER)12.52442220.64.6324.9NR[212]
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/corn starch (MFAPP/ST)12.52445715.25.8030.1V-0[212]
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/oxidized corn starch (MFAPP/OST)12.52240013.46.8829.5V-0[212]
58120880.6—22.5NR[66]
expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO)204823648.47.0535V-1[66]
expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO)204829648.85.5838V-0[66]
expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO)2048405503.9842V-0[66]
expandable graphite/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (EG/DOPO)204844251.43.5541.5V-0[66]
expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP)204825949.76.2633.5V-1[66]
expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP)2048340484.9436V-0[66]
expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP)204880950.61.9740.5V-0[66]
expandable graphite/hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (EG/HPCP)204876042.22.5139V-0[66]
57155794.5—24.5NR[67]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO)1145121074.71.2934V-1[67]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO)12.346108570.31.5636.5V-0[67]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO)13.747110570.81.5538V-0[67]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (TMT/DOPO)1544980611.9040.3V-0[67]
561420116—26.2NR[75]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide/aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (DOPO/APHP)650539634.3339.3V-1[75]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide/aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (DOPO/APHP)646510584.5739.5V-0[75]
561420140—26NR[77]
reaction between triallyl isocyanurate & 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/organically modified montmorillonite (TAD/OMMT)5419611081.4036.9V-0[77]
82685145—21.3NR[213]
flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP)30923321083.1127.4V-1[213]
flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP)3091361823.7328.6V-1[213]
flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP)30115229748.2229.3V-0[213]
flame retardant containing phosphorus & 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene/ammonium polyphosphate (FR/APP)30100203748.0730.8V-0[213]
6284084—23V-1[89]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA)1656542562.1044V-0[89]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA)1869427424.3851V-0[89]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA)2077340308.5962V-0[89]
5771364———[90]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA)1648435511.7339V-0[90]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA)1845374432.2445V-0[90]
amine-terminated cyclophosphazene/3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane-functionalized rice husk ash (ATCP/FRHA)2040289313.5751V-0[90]
50860112—23NR[93]
Ammonium polyphosphate/montmorillonite (APP/MMT)1053524503.9028V-0[93]
50860133—23NR[94]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Montmorillonite (DOPO/MMT)652473763.3133V-1[94]
6596696—22.5NR[95]
bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate)/aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate (BDP/PHP)1051672861.2635V-0[95]
45855112—33.2[102]
octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (OPS/DOPO)554603892.1429V-1[102]
45855112—25NR[103]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (DOPO/OPS)5.251557952.0531.1V-0[103]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Polyphenyl silsesquioxane (DOPO/PPSQ)5.2498951001.1731.2NR[103]
45855112—25NR[104]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (DOPO/OPS)5.251557952.0531.1V-0[104]
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Octaaminophenylsilsesquioxane (DOPO/OAPS)5.4536451021.7133.8V-1[104]
50860112—33.2[105]
octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/ 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (OPS/DOPO)558540822.5231V-0[105]
50860112———[106]
Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (OPS/PEPA)4.752524842.2825.5NR[106]
Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/Ammonium polyphosphate (OPS/APP)3.5635841012.0624.6NR[106]
Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (OPS/DOPO)5.255548832.3330.8V-1[106]
6482194—23.2NR[115]
polyhedral oligomeric octadiphenylsulfonylsilsesquioxane/9, 10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (ODPSS/DOPO)557438692.2729.8V-0[115]
2066288.6—20.5NR[214]
bis(diphenyl phosphate) oligomer/polyphosphoric acid (BBO/PPA)203022463.26.2126V-0[214]
108163478—19.8NR[174]
Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/triglycidyl isocyanurate (T8POSS/TGIC)1088944581.9020.9NR[174]
64939179—19.6NR[117]
ammonium polyphosphate/metal compounds (APP/CoSA)565310955.8029.4V-0[117]
53126284.7—25NR[118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer/boron-doped graphene (CBz/BGN)104987075.91.5030V-0[118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer/boron-doped graphene (CBz/BGN)155265074.42.1733V-0[118]
cardanol derived benzoxazine monomer/boron-doped graphene (CBz/BGN)205671678.72.0033V-0[118]
21191084.4—22.1NR[120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/layered double hydroxide (Mel-APP/LDH)202024030.321.1033.2V-0[120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/halloysite nano-tube (Mel-APP/HNT)202024626.223.9032.7V-0[120]
epoxy novolac resin051682110——NR[124]
oligo[DOPAc-2-tris(acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate] /melamine polyphosphate (oDOPI/MPP)32.848341852.44—V-0[124]
boehmite/oligo[DOPAc-2-tris(acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate] (AlO(OH)/oDOPI)41.171319744.42—V-0[124]
melamine polyphosphate/phosphazene (MPP/PZ)16.550310822.89—V-0[124]
boehmite/phosphazene (AlO(OH)/PZ)33.166435792.83—V-0[124]
05098691——NR[125]
aluminum hypophosphite/activated carbon spheres@SnO2@NiO hybrid (AHP/ACS@SnO2@NiO)554714761.78—V-0[125]
23191061——NR[126]
Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/Talc (Mel-APP/Talc)29.7283572416.60—V-0[126]
54106875.8——HB[127]
melamine polyphosphate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPP/MPZnP)203820751.15.39—V-1[127]
diethyl aluminum phosphinate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlPi-Et/MPZnP)204340551.23.11—HB[127]
6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (DOPAc-Bu/MPZnP)204232957.63.32—V-1[127]
boehmite/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlO(OH)/MPZnP)204343857.22.57—HB[127]
amorphous silicon dioxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPZnP/SiO2)203752562.41.69—HB[127]
melamine polyphosphate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPP/MPZnP)204121132.58.96—V-0[127]
diethyl aluminum phosphinate/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlPi-Et/MPZnP)204143553.82.63—V-1[127]
6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin-6-propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6-oxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (DOPAc-Bu/MPZnP)204141252.12.86—HB[127]
boehmite/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (AlO(OH)/MPZnP)204357557.91.94—HB[127]
amorphous silicon dioxide/melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (SiO2/MPZnP)203768165.61.24—HB[127]
631321157——NR[129]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene/octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HPCTP/OGPOSS)15587071232.20—V-0[129]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene/octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HPCTP/OGPOSS)15565811102.88—V-0[129]
hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene/octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HPCTP/OGPOSS)15565601053.14—V-0[129]
100733141—21HB[130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite/Silicate glass (CP/TPP-MMT)151013531312.2625HB[130]
47891151—21HB[130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite/Silicate glass (CP/TPP-MMT)15484741302.2325HB[130]
221196147—21HB[130]
Tetraphenylphosphonium modified montmorillonite/Silicate glass (CP/TPP-MMT)15226171302.1925HB[130]
069115054.7—22—[176]
molybdenum disulfide/titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2/TNT)25674238.61.7826—[176]
241002104—18—[215]
Ammonium polyphosphate/Pentaerythritol modified halloysite tube (APP/PER-HNT)253356251.84.9324.8—[215]
54106876—21—[147]
melamine poly(magnesium phosphate)/aluminium diethylphosphinate (S600/AlPi)2044479463.0030.4—[147]
melamine poly(magnesium phosphate)/boehmite (S600/AlO(OH))2038437552.3828.9—[147]
melamine poly(magnesium phosphate)/melamine polyphosphate (S600/MPP)2039208545.2228.4—[147]
861650213—20.2—[136]
3-((Methoxydiphenylsilyl) oxy)-9-methyl-2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxa-3, 9-diphosphaspiro [5. 5] undecane 3, 9-dioxide/Mono (4, 6-diamino-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-aminium) (2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxa-3, 9-diphosphaspiro [5. 5] undecane-3, 9-bis (olate) 3, 9-dioxide) (SDPS/SPDM)10.46211222071.0930.8—[136]
070149181—19NR[47]
aluminum diethyl phosphinate/Melamine polyphosphate (AlPi/MPP)761505484.34——[47]
aluminum diethyl phosphinate/Melamine polyphosphate/aluminum oxide (AlPi/MPP/Al2O3)766533583.68——[47]
0251113223———[139]
ammonium polyphosphate/char sulfonic acid (APP/CSA)10246721272.78——[139]
ammonium polyphosphate/char sulfonic acid (APP/CSA)10236651073.21——[139]
ammonium polyphosphate/char sulfonic acid (APP/CSA)10276981372.81——[139]
0117118495.3———[182]
Boron Nitride with D50 = 12 μm/Boron Nitride with D50 = 2 μm (BN 12 μm/BN 2 μm)4516491875.72.28——[182]
Boron Nitride with D50 = 12 μm/Boehmite with D50 = 2 μm (BN 12 μm/BT 2 μm)4516372965.13.31——[182]
60923124———[216]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR)306428564.16.69——[216]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP)3046170569.23——[216]
IFR:ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP)304218549.38.80——[216]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP)303916739.711.20——[216]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferric phosphate (IFR/FeP)304118044.69.76——[216]
62913155———[217]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR)3049260567.68——[217]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH)30461724713.00——[217]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH)30531663620.20——[217]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH)30501964014.60——[217]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/ferrite yellow: goethite (IFR/αFeOOH)3052217747.39——[217]
60923124———[218]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR)304928564.15.12——[218]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown)303416738.310.20——[218]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown)30451263122.00——[218]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown)304812429.325.20——[218]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythritol(APP & PER/3:1)/iron oxide brown (IFR/iron oxide brown)305316343.214.40——[218]
681730113———[193]
Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide/graphene nanosheets (Ni–Fe LDH/GN)28967844.28.55——[193]
Epoxy acrylic 3222330.8———[152]
ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (APP/PER)306118825.22.77——[152]
70934124———[219]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1) (IFR)3070282646.42——[219]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT)3020243701.95——[219]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT)3015153543.00——[219]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT)3030154684.74——[219]
IFR: ammonium polyphosphate & pentaerythrite(APP & PER/3:1)/organic-modified iron–montmorillonite (IFR/Fe-OMMT)3015194651.97——[219]
411222159———[160]
ammonium polyphosphate/onium ion modified nanoclay (APP/I.30E)231493639221.10——[160]
02145436.2—22.1NR[120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/layered double hydroxide (Mel-APP/LDH) a9.552125922.62.8131.7V-1[120]
melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/halloysite nano-tube (Mel-APP/HNT) a9.612226218.43.5731.4V-1[120]
2445137——NR[126]
Melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate/Talc (Mel-APP/Talc) b14.821169165.40—NR[126]
—4238521.8—27.5—[163,164]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) c103826217.91.6236.2—[163,164]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/phenol–formaldehyde fibers (Ky/IFR) c105535423.21.3430.2—[163,164]
03352029.4———[205]
Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d13255241.80.64——[205]
Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d7.53748337.40.95——[205]
Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d153843935.41.13——[205]
Zinc borate/magnesium hydroxide (ZB/Mg(OH)2) d254038027.21.79——[205]
Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d133525350.83——[205]
Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d7.53648037.40.93——[205]
Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d152743937.20.77——[205]
Zinc borate/aluminum hydroxide (ZB/Al(OH)3) d253040937.70.90——[205]
4485351.9———[166]
melamine phosphate/Graphene (MP/GN) e53648347.91.57——[166]
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/Graphene (DOPO/GN) e53253836.51.64——[166]
119294114———[220]
organic phosphinate/Zinc borate (PFR/ZB) f301162091231.27——[220]
03945638———[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g54939120.32.74——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g7.545433341.36——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g105248833.21.43——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g12.55448831.31.57——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g156645128.42.29——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g7.53937932.21.42——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g108040825.53.42——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g12.55937924.52.82——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g157743422.93.44——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g107634624.34.02——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g12.589342235.03——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g159044220.64.39——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g12.56727722.84.71——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g158933920.35.75——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g159722615.912.00——[167]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) g17.510023623.48.05——[167]
12585750———[174]
Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/triglycidyl isocyanurate (T8POSS/TGIC) h5114385323.17——[174]
4052562———[221]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) i524365670.80——[221]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) i7.531290412.12——[221]
IFR contains melamine phosphate/cellulosic fiber containing polysilicic acid (IFR/Vis) i1028242362.62——[221]
a Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; b Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; c Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced film of multifunctional epoxy resin; d Matrix: eight plies of carbon fiber reinforced system HexFlow RTM6 (matrix) and HexForce G0939 (fabric); e Matrix: eight layers of woven roving glass fabric reinforced epoxy phenol novolak resin blend; f Matrix: epoxy fiber S2-glass panels; g Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced epoxy; h Matrix: eight layers of woven glass Fiber Reinforced epoxy; i Matrix: eight ply woven roving E-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Movahedifar, E.; Vahabi, H.; Saeb, M.R.; Thomas, S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019, 24, 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213964

AMA Style

Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules. 2019; 24(21):3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213964

Chicago/Turabian Style

Movahedifar, Elnaz, Henri Vahabi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, and Sabu Thomas. 2019. "Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development" Molecules 24, no. 21: 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213964

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