Next Article in Journal
Duodenoscope-Associated Infections beyond the Elevator Channel: Alternative Causes for Difficult Reprocessing
Next Article in Special Issue
Indolylboronic Acids: Preparation and Applications
Previous Article in Journal
Methods to Discover and Evaluate Proteasome Small Molecule Stimulators
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 24
Issue 12
10.3390/molecules24122342
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Spiroindolone Analogues as Potential Hypoglycemic with Dual Inhibitory Activity on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase

by
Mezna Saleh Altowyan
1,
Assem Barakat
2,3,*,
Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
2 and
H.A. Al-Ghulikah
1
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 1167, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(12), 2342; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122342
Submission received: 3 June 2019 / Revised: 17 June 2019 / Accepted: 21 June 2019 / Published: 25 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indole Derivatives: Synthesis and Application)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by specified synthetic compounds during the digestion of starch helps control post-prandial hyperglycemia and could represent a potential therapy for type II diabetes mellitus. A new series of spiroheterocyclic compounds bearing oxindole/benzofuran/pyrrolidine/thiazolidine motifs were synthesized via a 1,3-dipolar cyclo-addition reaction approach. The specific compounds were obtained by reactions of chalcones having a benzo[b]furan scaffold (compounds 2a–f), with a substituted isatin (compounds 3a–c) and heterocyclic amino acids (compounds 4a,b). The target spiroindolone analogues 5a–r were evaluated for their potential inhibitory activities against the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Preliminary results indicated that some of the target compounds exhibit promising α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among the tested spiroindolone analogues, the cycloadduct 5r was found to be the most active (IC50 = 22.61 ± 0.54 μM and 14.05 ± 1.03 μM) as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, with selectivity indexes of 0.62 and 1.60, respectively. Docking studies were carried out to confirm the binding interaction between the enzyme active site and the spiroindolone analogues.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Diabetes is a serious disease, classified as chronic, that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose), or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin well [1]. According to the World Health Organization more than 400 million people live with diabetes and this number may raise to 592 million by 2035, due to increased incidence of adult onset diabetes (T2DM) [2,3]. Increased blood glucose levels, a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, may, over time, lead to serious consequences, including coronary heart disease, liver damage, retinopathy, nephropathy, strokes, and peripheral nephropathy [4].
α-Amylase and α-glucosidase are key enzymes involve in the breakdown and intestinal absorption of carbohydrates, respectively. Inhibition of these enzymes hampers blood glucose level increases after consumption of carbohydrates and can be an important strategy in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [5]. α-Amylases are distributed across various organisms and show diverse substrate specificities, while possessing a common topology formed by three domains, one of which being a typical α-β barrel. Inhibition of insects’ α-amylase is a proposed crop protection method. On the other hand, inhibition of mammalian α-amylase is a proven therapeutic approach in diabetes and related disorders [6]. As diabetes affects about 5% of the global population, the management of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge to the medical community, and the investigation on agents for this purpose has become more important and researchers are competing to find the new effective and safe therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes [7,8,9,10,11,12].
Benzofuran and its analogues are important core structures for drug discovery, showing excellent pharmacological activity like antiviral [13], anticancer [14], anti-inflammatory [15], antihyperlipidemic [16], anti-Alzheimer’s [17], anticonvulsant [18], antitubercular [19], CNS regulatory [20], analgesic [21], enzyme inhibition [22,23], antipyretic activities [24].
On the other hand spiroheterocyclic compounds based on the oxindole scaffold have gain much attention, as they exhibit pharmaceutical activity which makes them promising lead compounds for drug discovery. Numerous biological activities have been reported for these compounds, including anti-inflammatory, antitumor (as tyrosine kinase inhibitors), antiviral, antibacterial, DMD2-p53 protein interaction inhibitory, and local anaesthetic activities [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. One approach to discovering new drugs is to combine different pharmacophores like benzofuran, pyrrolidine, thiazolidine and spiroxindole systems into one hybrid target molecule and then study the biological activity. In continuation of our research program to find novel pharmaceutical agents, we now describe the synthesis of oxindole/benzofuran/pyrrolidine/thiazolidine analogues as new potential α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitors Figure 1.

2. Results

Synthesis of Compounds 5a–r

Equimolar amounts of benzofuran-based chalcones 2a–f were reacted with substituted isatins 2a–c and heterocyclic amino acids 4a,b in the presence of MeOH as a solvent to give cycloadduct in a one pot reaction [36,37,38,39] (Scheme 1). After completion of the reaction either the cycloadduct product precipitated (just simple filtration being needed, followed by washing with 1 mL of MeOH) or the solvent was removed and the crude product subjected to column chromatography for purification to give the target compounds (Table 1).
The regio- and diastereoselectivity of the formed products were previously established by X-ray crystallography of the product from a similar reaction [36] and can be explained by the mechanism depicted in Scheme 2. Initially, an azomethine ylide intermediate is formed by the reaction of the heterocyclic amino acid with isatin, followed by elimination of CO2. The approach of the chalcone towards this azomethine ylide intermediate (Path A and B) and the double bond geometry of the azomethine (Path D and C) determine the regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the reaction, respectively, according to reported literature [33,34,35,36,37,38].

3. Discussion

3.1. In Vitro Biological Activity Evaluation

The treatment of hyperglycaemia is crucial in the management of metabolic syndromes such as type II diabetes [40]. α-Amylase, and α-glucosidase as digestive enzymes play an essential role in the glucose release process, by taking part in the hydrolysis of dietary polysaccharides. These enzymes have important roles in diabetes research, because they are potential targets for antidiabetic drugs. Managing hyperglycaemia by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase is a commonly accepted treatment strategy. The inhibition of these enzymes postpones remarkably the adsorption of glucose along with the postprandial hyperglycaemia. Acarbose is a widely applied antidiabetic drug that inhibits pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes [41]. Although it is very effective, it has several unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects. This is the reason that there is an increased demand for new molecules possessing less side effects.
Table 1 summarizes the different spirooxindoles and benzo[b]furan scaffolds 5a–r tested for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The most active members this series were compounds 5j, 5k, 5q, and 5r which inhibit the enzyme α-amylase with IC50 values of 39.02 + 1.73, 49.28 + 1.09, 37.22 + 1.49 and 22.61 + 0.54 µM, respectively. Interestingly the same compounds 5j, 5k, 5q, and 5r inhibit the enzyme α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 29.20 + 0.33, 39.10 + 0.54, 26.29 + 0.45 and 14.05 + 1.03 µM, respectively. Compound 5r carrying an amino group on the aryl ring showed better α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 22.61 + 0.54 and 14.05 + 1.03 µM and selectivity indexes of 0.62 and 1.60, respectively, compared to acarbose, with an IC50 (μM) value of 0.75 + 0.07 and 2.35 + 0.13 and selectivity index of 3.13 and 0.31 for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, respectively. In general, spirooxindoles and benzo[b]furan scaffolds 5a–r are selective for α-glucosidase and show moderate to good activities ranging from 14.05 + 1.03 to 684.12 + 0.35 μM, with selectivity indexes ranging from 1.88 to 1.13.

3.2. Docking Study

In order to understand the binding mode of these spiro compounds and identify the important pharmacophore(s), the molecules that exhibited potential α-glucosidase and amylose inhibition were subjected to docking studies using molecular modeling tools. Docking calculations were carried out using the Openeye software [42]. The crystal structure of the target protein was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (ID: 4uac) [42].
Compound 5r, with best consensus score of 1, docked with formation of a hydrogen bond (HB) with TRP: 193 A through the oxoindole oxygen. The oxygen of the benzofuran ring also formed a HB with ASN 191 A. Moreover, the pose of this compound showed that both the oxindole and benzofuran ring oxygens adopted a single direction toward the receptor cleft (in cisoid positions, Figure 2). Meanwhile compounds 5k, 5q, and 5j with consensus scores of 4, 9, and 10, respectively, adopted a pose where both the oxygen of the benzofuran and the oxygen of the oxindole are in a transoid form (forming HBs with Ser 87:A and THR387:A, respectively) and all of them overlay on each other (Figure 3).

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. General Information

All the chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Riedstraße, Germany), Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland), etc, and were used without further purification, unless otherwise stated. All melting points were measured on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus (Bibby Scientific Limited, Beacon Road, Stone, Staffordshire, UK) in open glass capillaries and are uncorrected. IR Spectra were measured as KBr pellets on a 6700 FT-IR spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Madison, WI, USA). The NMR spectra (1H-NMR at 400 MHz, and 13C-NMR at 100 MHz) were recorded on a Mercury Jeol 400 NMR spectrometer (Tokyo, Japan). Spectra were run in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3). Chemical shifts (δ) are referred in terms of ppm and coupling constants (J) are given in Hz. Mass spectra were recorded on a JMS-600 H system (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Elemental analyses were carried out on a model 2400 Elemental Analyzer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) in CHN mode.

4.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Chalcones 2a–f (GP1)

The chalcones 2a–f were synthesized following a reported procedure [36] via addition of an aqueous solution of NaOH to a mixture of an acetophenone derivative (1 equiv.) and a benzofuran carbaldehyde (1 equiv.) in ethanol. The final chalcones were precipitated as yellow color powders.
(E)-3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (2a)
Compound 2a was synthesized according to the general procedure GP1 from an equimolar mixture of acetophenone (3 mmol, 360 mg) and benzofurancarbaldehyde (3 mmol, 438 mg). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 6.96 (s, 1H, CH=CH), 7.18 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.31 (t, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.44(t, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.52(t, 2H, J = 6.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.64(s, 1H, CH=CH), 8.02 (dd, 2H, J = 7.2, 1.6 Hz, Ar-H); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 189.5, 155.5, 153.0, 137.9, 133.0, 128.6, 128.5, 121.8, 111.4; [Anal. Calcd. for C17H12O2: C, 82.24; H, 4.87; Found: C, 82.24; H, 4.86]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 250.15, C17H12O2 for 249.08.
(E)-3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2b)
Compound 2b was synthesized according to the general procedure GP1 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 4-fluoroacetophenone (3 mmol, 414 mg) and benzofurancarbaldehyde (3 mmol, 438 mg). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 6.97 (s, 1H, CH=CH), 7.13 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.19 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.32 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.45 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.54 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.62 (d, 2H, J = 2.8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.06–8.03 (m, 2H, Ar-H & CH=CH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 187.8, 167.0, 164.5, 155.6, 152.9, 134.3, 131.0, 128.5, 123.5, 121.9, 121.4, 116.0, 111.4; [Anal. Calcd. for C17H11FO2: C, 76.68; H, 4.16; Found: C, 76.75; H, 4.21]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 268.22, C17H11FO2 for 267.07.
(E)-3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2c)
Compound 2c was synthesized according to the general procedure GP1 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 4-bromoacetophenone (3 mmol, 594 mg) and benzofurancarbaldehyde (3 mmol, 438 mg). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 7.04 (s, 1H, CH=CH), 7.25 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.40 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.52(d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.92–7.59 (m, 5H), 7.95 (dd, 2H, J = 7.2, 1.6 Hz, Ar-H); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 183.3, 156.6, 152.8, 136.6, 131.9, 131.2, 130.0, 128.4, 128.1, 126.8, 123.4, 121.9, 121.1, 112.9, 111.3; [Anal. Calcd. for C17H11BrO2: C, 62.41; H, 3.39; Found: C, 62.48; H, 3.39]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 328.05, C17H11BrO2 for 326.99.
(E)-3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2d)
Compound 2d was synthesized according to the general procedure GP1 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 4-(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone (3 mmol, 564 mg) and benzofuran- carbaldehyde (3 mmol, 438 mg). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 7.16 (s, 1H, CH=CH), 7.20(t, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.33(t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.46(d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.56(t, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.65(d, 1H, J = 14.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.72–7.69(m, 3H), 8.11 (dd, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 188.5, 156.7, 152.6, 140.7, 134.3, 131.8, 128.8, 128.4, 127.0, 125.7, 125.7, 123.5, 122.0, 121.1, 113.3, 111.4; [Anal. Calcd. for C18H11F3O2: C, 68.36; H, 3.51; Found: C, 68.29; H, 3.62]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 318.35, C18H11F3O2 for 317.07.
(E)-3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2e)
Compound 2e was synthesized according to the general procedure GP1 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 4-chloroacetophenone (3 mmol, 462 mg) and benzofurancarbaldehyde (3 mmol, 438 mg). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 6.98 (s, 1H, CH=CH), 7.19 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.32 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.43(t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.55 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.63 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.62 (d, 2H, J = 2.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.97 (m, 2H, Ar-H & CH=CH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 188.2, 155.6, 152.8, 139.5, 136.2, 131.3, 129.9, 129.0, 128.5, 126.9, 123.5, 121.9, 121.3. 112.9, 111.4; [Anal. Calcd. for C17H11ClO2: C, 72.22; H, 3.92; Found: C, 72.31; H, 4.01]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 284.18, C17H11ClO2 for 283.04.
(E)-1-(4-Aminophenyl)-3-(benzofuran-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2f)
Compound 2f was synthesized according to the general procedure GP1 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 4-aminoacetophenone (3 mmol, 405 mg) and benzofurancarbaldehyde (3 mmol, 438 mg). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 4.14 (brs, 2H, NH2), 6.65 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, CH=CH), 6.90 (s, 1H, CH=CH), 7.19–7.15 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.31 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.44 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.52 (d, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.63 (d, 2H, J = 14.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.92 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 187.2, 155.4, 153.4, 151.3, 131.2, 129.4, 128.6, 128.3, 126.3, 123.3, 122.1, 121.7, 113.9, 111.5, 111.3; [Anal. Calcd. for C17H13NO2: C, 77.55; H, 4.98; N, 5.32; Found: C, 77.62; H, 5.07; N, 5.40]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 265.14, C17H13NO2 for 264.09.

4.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Compounds 5a–r (GP2)

A mixture of enone 2a–f (0.5 mmol), substituted isatin 3a–c (0.5 mmol) and heterocyclic amino acids 4a,b (0.5 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was refluxed in an oil bath for an appropriate time (1–3 h). After completion of the reaction as evident from TLC, the solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator and the crude product was purified by column chromatography using (EtOAc:n-hexane 2:8 → 3:7) to affording the final compounds in pure form. In some cases the target compounds precipitated and just simple filtration provide the desired compounds in a pure form.
(3S)-7′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-6′-benzoyl-5-chloro-1′,6′,7′,7a′-tetrahydro-3′H-spiro[indoline-3,5′-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazol]-2-one (5a)
Compound 5a was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2a (0.5 mmol, 124 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and ((S)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 4a (0.5 mmol, 66.5 mg). Yield (450 mg, 90%); white powder; m.p. 132–133 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.18–3.08 (m, 1H, CH), 3.41 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 3.66 (q, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH), 3.83 (d, 1H, J = 11.2 Hz, CH), 4.12 (q, 1H, J = 12 Hz, CH), 4.51–4.47 (m, 1H, CH), 4.94 (d, 1H, J = 11.6 Hz, CH), 6.42 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 6.62 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.18–7.05 (m, 65H, ArH), 7.42–7.29 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.55 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, ArH); 8.07 (s, 1H, NH); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ: 195.6, 179.5, 154.8, 154.5, 139.0, 136.5, 132.3, 130.2, 128.9, 128.3, 128.0, 127.9, 124.6, 124.0, 122.8, 120.8, 74.5, 71.6, 59.2, 58.4, 54.9, 45.3, 36.9, 18.4; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax= 3350, 3080, 2929, 2860, 1710, 1620, 1560; [Anal. Calcd. for C28H21ClN2O3S: C, 67.13; H, 4.23; N, 5.59; Found: C, 67.01; H, 4.35; N, 5.67]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 502.17, C26H19Cl2FN2O2S for 501.10.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2′-benzoyl-5-chloro-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5b)
Compound 5b was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2a (0.5 mmol, 124 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (477 mg, 89%); orange powder; m.p. 120–122 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 0.95–0.72 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.46–1.17 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.84–1.71 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.09 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.06 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.01 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.50–4.44 (m, 1H, CH), 5.13 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.41 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 6.50 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.18–7.01 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.41–7.32 (m, 5H, ArH), 8.51 (brs, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 195.9, 181.6, 155.5, 154.6, 138.9, 136.7, 133.2, 129.4, 128.4, 128.2, 128.0, 127.8, 127.6, 125.8, 123.6, 122.5, 120.5, 111.0, 103.5, 72.1, 67.9, 62.4, 57.6, 47.3, 41.8, 37.7, 28.1, 27.5, 24.6, 19.6; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax= 3380, 3250, 3060, 2925, 2580, 1720, 1615, 1570; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H29ClN2O3: C, 73.80; H, 5.44; N, 5.22; Found: C, 73.71; H, 5.39; N, 5.02;]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 538.25, C33H29ClN2O3 for 537.19.
(3S)-7′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-chloro-6′-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1′,6′,7′,7a′-tetrahydro-3′H-spiro[indoline-3,5′-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazol]-2-one (5c)
Compound 5c was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2b (0.5 mmol, 133 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and ((S)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 4a (0.5 mmol, 66.5 mg). Yield (476 mg, 92%); faint yellow powder; m.p. 110–112 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.16–306 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.40 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 3.82 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.08 (t, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz, CH), 4.47 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, CH), 4.89 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.51 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 6.61 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 6.80 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.17–7.07 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.43–7.38 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.56 (s, 1H, ArH); 8.60 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 193.9, 179.8, 166.9, 164.2, 154.8, 154.2, 138.9, 132.8, 130.7, 130.6, 128.2, 128.1, 124.4, 124.2, 122.9, 122.8, 120.7, 115.6, 115.3, 111.1, 110.9, 104.7, 74.6, 71.6, 71.4, 59.1, 58.9, 45.4, 45.3, 36.9; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax= 3350, 3230, 3108, 2920, 2860, 1730, 1615, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C28H20ClFN2O3S: C, 64.80; H, 3.88; N, 5.40; Found: C, 64.73; H, 3.79; N, 5.49]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 518.09, C28H20ClFN2O3S for 519.09.
(3S)-1′-(benzofuran-2-yl)-5-chloro-2′-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro-[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5d)
Compound 5d was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2b (0.5 mmol, 133 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (487 mg, 88%); white powder; m.p. 125–127 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.00–0.75 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.48–1.13 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.85–1.71 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.11 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.07 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.00 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.50–4.44 (m, 1H, CH), 5.10 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.45 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.50 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 6.86 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, CH), 7.18–7.04 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.49–7.32 (m, 5H, ArH), 8.28 (brs, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.3, 181.3, 181.2, 167.0, 164.5, 155.4, 154.7, 138.7, 133.1, 130.8, 129.5, 128.4, 127.9, 127.8, 127.6,125.8, 120.5, 115.2, 110.9, 103.5,72.1, 67.9, 62.4, 57.6, 47.3, 41.9, 37.7, 28.2, 27.5, 24.6,19.6; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3400, 3250, 3108, 2929, 2850, 1720, 1618, 1590; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H28ClFN2O3: C, 71.41; H, 5.08; N, 5.05; Found: C, 71.49; H, 5.10; N, 5.00]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 556.33, C33H28ClFN2O3 for 555.18.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-bromo-2′-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro-[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5e)
Compound 5e was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2b (0.5 mmol, 133 mg), 5-Br-isatin 3b (0.5 mmol, 112 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (500 mg, 85%); faint orange powder; m.p. 125–127 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.04–0.82 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.55–1.30 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.93–1.80 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.18 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.15 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.10 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.50-4.59-4.53 (m, 1H, CH), 5.20 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.51 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.61 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 6.94 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, CH), 7.38–7.05 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.58–7.39 (m, 5H, ArH), 8.82 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.3, 181.5, 166.9, 164.4, 155.3, 154.6, 139.3, 133.1, 133.0, 132.3, 130.7, 130.6, 130.5, 128.4, 126.1, 123.6, 122.6, 120.5, 115.4, 115.2, 114.9, 111.6, 110.9, 103.5, 72.1, 67.9, 62.3, 57.6, 47.2, 41.8, 37.6, 28.1, 27.4, 24.5, 19.5; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3405, 3250, 3110, 2929, 2850, 1720, 1615, 1590; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H28BrFN2O3: C, 66.12; H, 4.71; N, 4.67; Found: C, 66.19; H, 4.78; N, 4.59]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 600.35, C33H28BrFN2O3 for 599.13.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2′-(4-bromobenzoyl)-5-chloro-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro-[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5f)
Compound 5f was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2c (0.5 mmol, 163 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (546 mg, 89%); white powder; m.p. 120–121 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 0.96–0.72 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.46–1.15 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.95–1.71 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.08 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.06 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.00 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.50-4.49-4.43 (m, 1H, CH), 5.09 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.44 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.49 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.17–7.03 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.38–7.28 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.41 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.9, 181.3, 155.3, 154.6, 138.7, 136.3, 131.5, 129.6, 128.5, 128.3, 127.8, 127.7, 125.6, 123.6, 122.6,120.5, 111.1,111.0, 103.6, 72.1, 67.9, 62.3, 57.6, 47.2, 41.8, 37.6, 28.1, 27.4, 24.5, 19.5; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3415, 3259, 3080, 2930, 2855, 1730, 1615, 1585; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H28BrClN2O3: C, 64.35; H, 4.58; N, 4.55; Found: C, 64.41; H, 4.65; N, 4.67]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 616.27, C33H28BrClN2O3 for 615.10.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-bromo-2′-(4-bromobenzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro-[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5g)
Compound 5g has been synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2c (0.5 mmol, 163 mg), 5-Br-isatin 3b (0.5 mmol, 112 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (522 mg, 92%); faint yellow powder; m.p. 112–114 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.05–0.82 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.56–1.27 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.93–1.81 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.19 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.15 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.12 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.50-4.59-4.52 (m, 1H, CH), 5.18 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.51 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.60 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.34–7.15 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.48–7.38 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.64 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.9, 181.2, 155.2, 154.6, 139.2, 135.3, 132.4, 131.5, 131.4, 130.5, 129.5, 128.5, 128.3, 126.1, 123.6, 122.6, 120.5, 114.9, 111.1, 111.0, 103.6, 72.1, 67.9, 62.3, 57.5, 47.2, 41.8, 37.6, 28.1, 27.4, 24.5, 19.5; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3390, 3250, 3080, 2930, 2856, 1720, 1615, 1585; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H28Br2N2O3: C, 60.02; H, 4.27; N, 4.24; Found: C, 60.11; H, 4.31; N, 4.15]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 660.21, C33H28Br2N2O3 for 659.05.
(3S)-7′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-bromo-6′-(4-bromobenzoyl)-1′,6′,7′,7a′-tetrahydro-3′H-spiro[indoline-3,5′-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazol]-2-one (5h)
Compound 5h was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2c (0.5 mmol, 163 mg), 5-Br-isatin 3b (0.5 mmol, 112 mg), and ((S)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 4a (0.5 mmol, 66.5 mg). Yield (534 mg, 86%); white powder; m.p. 118–120 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.16–306 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.40 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 3.82 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.06 (t, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz, CH), 4.47 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, CH), 4.87 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.46 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 6.61 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.32 -7.08 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.42 -7.34 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.67 (s, 1H, ArH); 8.41 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.5, 179.4, 154.8, 154.2, 139.4, 135.1, 133.1, 131.5, 131.4, 129.4, 128.6, 128.2, 124.8, 124.1, 122.8, 120.8, 115.3, 111.4, 111.1, 104.7, 74.4, 71.5, 60.4, 59.1, 54.9, 45.3, 36.8, 29.6, 21.0, 14.1; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3410, 3250, 3070, 2930, 2856, 1733, 1610, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C28H20Br2N2O3S: C, 53.87; H, 3.23; N, 4.49; Found: C, 53.95; H, 3.31; N, 4.60]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 624.05, C28H20Br2N2O3S for 622.96.
(3S)-7′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-6′-(4-bromobenzoyl)-5-chloro-1′,6′,7′,7a′-tetrahydro-3′H-spiro[indoline-3,5′-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazol]-2-one (5i)
Compound 5i was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2c (0.5 mmol, 163 mg), 5-Br-isatin 3b (0.5 mmol, 112 mg), and ((S)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 4a (0.5 mmol, 66.5 mg). Yield (485 mg, 84%); faint yellow powder; m.p. 144–145 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.16–310 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.41 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 3.84 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.08 (t, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz, CH), 4.49 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, CH), 4.89 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.50 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 6.61 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.19 -7.09 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.43 -7.25 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.55 (s, 1H, ArH); 8.07 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.5, 179.4, 154.8, 154.2, 138.8, 135.2, 131.6, 130.3, 129.5, 128.9, 128.7, 128.2, 128.1, 124.4, 124.1, 122.9, 120.8, 115.3, 111.1, 110.9, 104.8, 74.5, 71.5, 59.0, 55.0, 45.3, 36.9, 29.6, 21.0, 14.1; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3411, 3235, 3108, 2930, 2870, 1733, 1620, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C28H20BrClN2O3S: C, 57.99; H, 3.48; N, 4.83; Found: C, 58.08; H, 3.40; N, 4.74]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 580.16, C28H20BrClN2O3S for 579.01.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-chloro-2′-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydro-spiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5j)
Compound 5j was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2d (0.5 mmol, 158 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (531 mg, 88%); faint yellow powder; m.p. 120–121 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 0.89–0.72 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.42–1.14 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.97–1.73 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.06 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.04 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.02 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.45–4.42 (m, 1H, CH), 5.14 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.41 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.51 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.16–7.04 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.48–7.31 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.42 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 195.3, 181.3, 155.1, 154.6, 139.4, 138.7, 134.5, 129.6, 128.3, 127.8, 125.6, 125.1, 123.7, 122.6, 120.5, 111.1, 103.6, 72.0, 67.9, 62.6, 57.5, 47.2, 41.8, 37.6, 28.1, 27.4, 19.5; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3400, 3230, 3108, 2930, 2870, 1733, 1620, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C34H28ClF3N2O3: C, 67.49; H, 4.66; N, 4.63; Found: C, 67.45; H, 4.72; N, 4.60]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 606.32, C34H28ClF3N2O3 for 605.17.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-bromo-2′-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydro-spiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5k)
Compound 5k was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2d (0.5 mmol, 158 mg), 5-Br-isatin 3b (0.5 mmol, 112 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (576 mg, 89%); yellow powder; m.p. 123–124 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.04–0.86 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.56–1.29 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.98–1.86 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.19 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.17 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.11 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.58- (m, 1H, CH), 5.26 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.51 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.64 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.37–7.20 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.61–7.44 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.37 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 195.3, 180.9, 155.0, 154.6, 139.4, 139.2, 138.7, 132.5, 130.5, 128.4, 126.0, 125.2, 123.2, 122.7, 120.6, 115.1, 111.5, 111.0, 103.7, 71.9, 67.9, 62.7, 57.5, 47.2, 41.8, 37.6, 28.1, 27.4, 19.5; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3386, 3230, 3108, 2940, 2860, 1710, 1620, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C34H28BrF3N2O3: C, 62.87; H, 4.35; N, 4.31; Found: C, 62.97; H, 4.42; N, 4.47]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 650.34, C34H28BrF3N2O3 for 649.12.
(3S)-7′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-chloro-6′-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)-1′,6′,7′,7a′-tetrahydro-3′H-spiro-[indoline-3,5′-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazol]-2-one (5l)
Compound 5l was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2d (0.5 mmol, 158 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5mg), and ((S)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 4a (0.5 mmol, 66.5 mg). Yield (516 mg, 91%); white powder; m.p. 110–112 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.13–3.07 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.39 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 3.80 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.09 (t, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz, CH), 4.50 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, CH), 4.93 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.47 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 6.62 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.17–7.07 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.54–7.34 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.55 (s, 1H, ArH); 8.25 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.9, 179.3, 154.8, 154.0, 139.1, 138.9, 134.5, 134.2, 130.3, 128.8, 128.2, 128.1, 125.2, 124.6, 124.3, 124.1, 122.9, 121.9, 120.8, 111.1, 110.9, 104.8, 74.4, 71.5, 59.4, 54.9, 45.3, 36.9, 14.1; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3410, 3230, 3080, 2920, 2856, 1730, 1620, 1590; [Anal. Calcd. for C29H20ClF3N2O3S: C, 61.22; H, 3.54; N, 4.92; Found: C, 61.31; H, 3.64; N, 5.02]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 570.14, C29H20ClF3N2O3S for 569.08.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2′-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5m)
Compound 5m was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2b (0.5 mmol, 133 mg), isatin 3c (0.5 mmol, 73.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (473 mg, 90%); white powder; m.p. 137–138 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) 1.04–0.78 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.49–1.33 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.84–1.73 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.09 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.09 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.08 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.52–4.46 (m, 1H, CH), 5.10 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.46 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.49 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.18–6.82 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.43–7.33 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.66 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.7, 181.0, 166.7, 164.4, 155.7, 154.8, 140.1, 133.3, 133.2, 130.8, 129.4, 128.5, 123.9,123.4, 122.6, 121.1, 115.3, 110.9, 109.9, 103.4, 71.9, 62.5, 59.4, 57.7, 47.4, 37.7, 28.8, 19.4; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3398, 3250, 3060, 2950, 2860, 1715, 1615, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C29H20ClF3N2O3S: C, 76.14; H, 5.62; N, 5.38; Found: C, 76.23; H, 5.71; N, 5.57]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 522.40, C33H29FN2O3 for 521.22.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2′-(4-bromobenzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5n)
Compound 5n was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2c (0.5 mmol, 163 mg), isatin 3c (0.5 mmol, 73.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (498 mg, 86%); white powder; m.p. 118–120 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) 0.98–0.79 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.47–1.29 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.84–1.72 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.07 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.08 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.05 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.51–4.45 (m, 1H, CH), 5.09 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.48 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.50 (s, 1H, CH=bnzofuran), 7.17–6.94 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.38–7.23 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.16 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 195.4, 181.4, 155.7, 154.6, 140.2, 135.5, 131.5, 131.4, 131.3, 129.6, 128.4, 128.2, 127.6, 127.5, 123.8,123.5, 122.5, 122.1, 111.1, 110.1, 103.5, 71.9, 67.9, 62.3, 57.9, 57.4, 47.2, 37.7, 28.8, 24.6, 19.7; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3410, 3260, 3085, 2930, 2869, 1720, 1620, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H29BrN2O3: C, 68.16; H, 5.03; N, 4.82; Found: C, 68.29; H, 5.15; N, 5.01]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 582.33, C33H29BrN2O3 for 581.14.
(3S)-1′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-chloro-2′-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro-[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5o)
Compound 5o was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2e (0.5 mmol, 141 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (507 mg, 89%); faint yellow powder; m.p. 125–126 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 0.94–0.72 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.46–1.13 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.83–1.70 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.09 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.05 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.04 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.49–4.43 (m, 1H, CH), 5.10 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.46 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.50 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.31–7.03 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.38–7.31 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.62 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.7, 181.5, 155.2, 154.6, 139.7, 138.8, 134.9, 129.4, 128.5, 128.3, 127.8, 127.6, 125.6, 123.7, 123.5, 122.6, 122.5, 120.5, 111.1, 110.9, 103.6, 72.1, 67.9, 62.3, 57.5, 47.2, 41.8, 37.6, 28.1, 27.4, 24.5, 19.5; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3420, 3250, 3080, 2935, 2850, 1715, 1624, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H28Cl2N2O3: C, 69.36; H, 4.94; N, 4.90; Found: C, 69.45; H, 5.01; N, 5.05]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 572.38, C33H28Cl2N2O3 for 571.15.
(3S)-7′-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-5-chloro-6′-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-1′,6′,7′,7a′-tetrahydro-3′H-spiro[indoline-3,5′-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazol]-2-one (5p)
Compound 5p was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2e (0.5 mmol, 141 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and ((S)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 4a (0.5 mmol, 66.5 mg). Yield (453 mg, 85%); faint yellow powder; m.p. 105–106 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.15–305 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.39 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 3.81 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.09–4.02 (t, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz, CH), 4.49 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, CH), 4.88 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.50 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 6.61 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.17–7.06 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.41–7.31 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.55 (s, 1H, ArH); 8.75 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 194.4, 179.9, 154.7, 154.1, 139.8, 138.9, 134.7, 130.2, 129.3, 128.6, 128.8, 128.5, 128.1, 128.0, 124.3, 124.0, 122.8, 120.7, 111.1, 104.7, 74.6, 71.5, 60.4, 58.9, 55.0, 45.3, 36.9, 29.6, 22.6, 20.9, 14.1; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3440, 3250, 3110, 2919, 2845, 1730, 1620, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C28H20Cl2N2O3S: C, 62.81; H, 3.77; N, 5.23; Found: C, 62.90; H, 3.64; N, 5.07]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 536.19, C28H20Cl2N2O3S for 535.06.
(3S)-2′-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-1′-(benzofuran-2-yl)-5-chloro-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro-[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5q)
Compound 5q was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2f (0.5 mmol, 131.5 mg), 5-Cl-isatin 3a (0.5 mmol, 90.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (457 mg, 83%); orange powder; m.p. 150–152 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.07–0.79 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.43–1.29 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.80–1.76 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.08 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.07 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.06 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.45–4.41 (m, 1H, CH), 5.02 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.27 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.41 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.16–6.95 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.35–7.26 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.64 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 193.0, 181.9, 175.3, 155.9, 154.5, 151.6, 130.8, 128.4, 127.3, 126.6, 126.1, 113.6, 111.5, 111.1, 103.6, 72.1, 61.6, 57.5, 47.5, 47.2, 41.8, 37.6, 29.7, 29.5, 27.4, 24.5, 19.5; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3360, 3230, 3057, 2940, 2860, 1720, 1620, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H30ClN3O3: C, 71.80; H, 5.48; N, 7.61; Found: C, 71.71; H, 5.40; N, 7.50]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 553.39, C33H30ClN3O3 for 552.20.
(3S)-2′-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-1′-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1′,2′,5′,5a′,6′,7′,8′,9′,9a′,9b′-decahydrospiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol]-2-one (5r)
Compound 5r was synthesized according to the general procedure GP2 by reaction of equimolar amounts of 2f (0.5 mmol, 131.5 mg), isatin 3c (0.5 mmol, 73.5 mg), and (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid) 4b (0.5 mmol, 84.5 mg). Yield (447 mg, 81%); white powder; m.p. 155–156 °C; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.05–0.87 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.48–1.37 (m, 5H, CHCH2CH2), 1.85–1.74 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.09 (t, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz, CH), 3.10 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz, CH), 4.09 (t, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, CH), 4.48–4.42 (m, 1H, CH), 5.04 (d, 1H, J = 12.0 Hz, CH), 6.29 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.42 (s, 1H, CH=benzofuran), 7.15–6.91 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.33–7.19 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.09 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 193.4, 181.7, 156.5, 154.6, 151.4, 140.2, 130.6, 128.5, 128.0, 127.1, 124.3, 123.3, 122.4, 121.7, 120.4, 113.4, 110.9, 109.9, 103.0, 72.4, 67.9, 61.4, 57.6, 47.5, 41.7, 37.7, 28.3, 27.6, 24.6, 18.9; IR (KBr, cm−1) νmax = 3386, 3250, 3060, 2932, 1720, 1620, 1580; [Anal. Calcd. for C33H31N3O3: C, 76.57; H, 6.04; N, 8.12; Found: C, 76.48; H, 5.99; N, 8.00]; LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+], found 552.38, C33H30ClN3O3 for 551.20.

4.4. Protocols for the α-Glucosidase Inhibition and α-Amylase Assays

4.4.1. Reagents

α-Glucosidase type 1 from baker’s yeast (G5003; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), p-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (N1377, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium phosphate monobasic (S3139, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium phosphate dibasic (S5136, Sigma-Aldrich), and acarbose (A8980, Sigma-Aldrich), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae (Sigma Aldrich), starch, DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid), sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate.

4.4.2. α-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay

Sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M) was adjusted by 0.1 N HCl to pH 7.0 with a pH meter (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). p-Nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (10 mM) and α-glucosidase solutions (1 U/mL) were solubilized in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). All the reagents were manufactured shortly before use and warmed to 37 °C in a water bath. Sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 158 μL per well) was added to a 96-well plate. α-Glucosidase (20 μL) and 2 μL of sample were added to 20 μL of p-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside. In the 200-μL final reaction volume (0.02 U/well, 0.1 U/mL) the substrate concentration was adjusted to 10 mM. The background signal due to the sample color was measured at 405 nm with the PerkinElmer Wallac Victor3 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) prior to adding the enzyme. Immediately following α-glucosidase addition, absorbance was measured at 405 nm 8 times at 1 min intervals.

4.4.3. α-Amylase Assay

Briefly, 250 μL (0.4 mg/mL) of sample was preincubated with 250 μL of α-amylase solution for 10 min at 25 °C in one set of tubes. In another set of tubes α-amylase was preincubated with 250 μL of phosphate buffer (pH 6.9). 250 μL of starch solution at increasing concentrations (0.2–1% (w/v)) was added to both sets of reaction mixtures to start the reaction. The mixture was then incubated for 10 min at 25 °C and then boiled for 15 min after the addition of 250 μL of DNS to stop the reaction. The amount of reducing sugars released was determined spectrophotometrically using a maltose standard curve and converted to reaction velocities.

4.4.4. Calculation of Inhibition Efficiency

The inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values were determined from the plots of percent inhibition versus log inhibitor concentration and calculated by logarithmic regression analysis from the mean inhibitory values.

4.5. Docking Study

The crystal structure of acrabose bound at amylaose (PDB: ID: 4uac) was obtained from the Protein Data Bank. The synthesized compounds were prepared for docking via Openeye software. Before docking, 3D protonation of the structures, running conformational analysis using Omega commands. Docking results were visualized using the Vida application.

5. Conclusions

A series of new analogues of spiroxindole-integrated benzo[b]furan heterocyclic hybrids were prepared in good to excellent yield via 1.3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. The compounds thus synthesized were assayed for their in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Among the synthesized analogues, compound 5r carrying an amino group on the aryl ring displayed the highest inhibition potency for both α-amylase enzyme with an IC50 value of 22.61 ± 0.54 μM; with SI: 0.62 and in case of α-glucosidase enzyme, with an IC50 value of 14.05 ± 1.03 µM with SI: 1.60 compared to the standard drug acarbose (α-amylase: IC50 = 0.75 + 0.07 μM; SI: 3.13 and α-glucosidase: IC50 = 2.35 + 0.13 μM; SI: 0.31). In addition, compounds 5a–r showed better activity and selectivity for α-glucosidase than α-amylase. Molecular docking studies have shown that compound 5r has good binding with the enzyme receptor which coincides with the activities observed. Furthermore, the presence of an NH2 functionality in these spiropyrrolidine/benzo[b]furan analogues ring makes it a lead compound for the synthesis of more spiroheterocyclic hybrids with better pharmacological potency.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/12/2342/s1. (Figures S1–S58 copies from the NMR and IR spectrum).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.B. and Y.Y.; methodology, M.S.A.; validation, A.B.; M.S.A. and A.M.A.-M.; formal analysis, A.M.A.-M.; investigation, M.S.A.; resources, A.B.; data curation, A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, A.B.; writing—review and editing, A.B.; visualization, H.A.A.-G.; supervision, A.B.; project administration, M.S.A.; funding acquisition, M.S.A.

Funding

This research was funded by deanship of scientific research at princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by deanship of scientific research at princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (Grant No#: 39 - S- 254).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Alberti, K.G.; Zimmet, P.Z. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus; WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1999. [Google Scholar]
  2. IDF. Diabetes Atlas, 6th ed.; International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2014. [Google Scholar]
  3. Guariguata, L.; Whiting, D.; Hambleton, I.; Beagley, J.; Linnenkamp, U.; Shaw, J. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2014, 103, 137–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Marcovecchio, M.; Mohn, A.; Chiarelli, F. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2005, 28, 853–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Najafian, M.; Ebrahim-Habibi, A.; Hezareh, N.; Yaghmaei, P.; Parivar, K.; Larijani, B. Trans-Chalcone: A novel small molecule inhibitor of mammalian alpha-amylase. J. Mol. Boil. Rep. 2010, 38, 1617–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Al-Zuhair, S.; Dowaidar, A.; Kamal, H. Inhibitory effect of dates extracts on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes relevant to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Biochem. Technol. 2010, 2, 158–160. [Google Scholar]
  7. Afonne, O.J.; Orisakwe, O.E.; Obi, E.; Orish, C.; Akumka, D.D. Some pharmacological properties of Synclisia scabrida III. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2000, 32, 239–241. [Google Scholar]
  8. Daisy, P.; Jasmine, R.; Ignacimuthu, S.; Murugan, E. A novel steroid from Elephantopus scaber L. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic activity. J. Phytomed. 2009, 16, 252–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Shirwaikar, A.; Rajendran, K.; Punitha, I.S.R. Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum in streptozotocinnicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 97, 369–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Akerele, O. Traditional Medicine: Nature’s medicinal bounty; don’t throw it away. World Health Forum 1993, 14, 390–395. [Google Scholar]
  11. Geethalakshmi, R.; Sarada, D.V.L.; Marimuthu, P.; Ramasamy, K. A-amylase inhibitory activity of Trianthema decandra L. Int. J. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2010, 6, 369–376. [Google Scholar]
  12. Dewanjee, S.; Das, A.K.; Sahu, R.; Gangopadhyay, M. Antidiabetic activity of Diospyros peregrina fruit: Effect on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and augmented oxidative stress in experimental type 2 diabetes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 2679–2685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Manna, K.; Agrawal, Y.K. Design, synthesis, and antitubercular evaluation of novel series of 3-benzofuran-5-aryl-1-pyrazolyl-pyridylmethanone and 3-benzofuran-5-aryl-1-pyrazolylcarbonyl-4-oxo-naphthyridin analogs. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3831–3839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Zha, X.; Lamba, D.; Zhang, L.; Lou, Y.; Xu, C.; Kang, D.; Chen, L.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, L.; De Simone, A.; et al. Novel tacrine–benzofuran hybrids as potent multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and X-ray crystallography. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 59, 114–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Yadav, P.; Singh, P.; Tewari, A.K. Design, synthesis, docking and anti-inflammatory evaluation of novel series of benzofuran based prodrugs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014, 24, 2251–2255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Hiremathad, A.; Patil, M.R.; Chethana, K.R.; Chand, K.; Santos, M.A.; Keri, R.S. Benzofuran: An emerging scaffold for antimicrobial agents. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 96809–96828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Rida, S.M.; El-Hawash, S.A.; Fahmy, H.T.; Hazza, A.A.; El-Meligy, M.M. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of some novel benzofuran derivatives as potential anti-HIV-1, anticancer, and antimicrobial agents. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2006, 29, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Abdelhafez, O.M.; Amin, K.M.; Ali, H.I.; Abdalla, M.M.; Ahmed, E.Y. Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of benzofuran derivatives targeting VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 11569–11579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Sashidhara, K.V.; Modukuri, R.K.; Sonkar, R.; Rao, K.B.; Bhatia, G. Hybrid benzofuran–bisindole derivatives: New prototypes with promising anti-hyperlipidemic activities. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 68, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Bhovi, V.K.; Bodke, Y.D.; Biradar, S.; Swamy, B.K.; Umesh, S. A facile synthesis of bromo-substituted benzofuran containing thiazolidinone nucleus bridged with quinoline derivatives: Potent analgesic and antimicrobial agents. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon 2009, 185, 110–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Dawood, K.M.; Abdel-Gawad, H.; Rageb, E.A.; Ellithey, M.; Mohamed, H.A. Synthesis, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of some new benzotriazole and benzofuran-based heterocycles. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 3672–3680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Ashwood, V.A.; Field, M.J.; Horwell, D.C.; Julien-Larose, C.; Lewthwaite, R.A.; McCleary, S.; Pritchard, M.C.; Raphy, J.; Singh, L. Utilization of an intramolecular hydrogen bond to increase the CNS penetration of an NK1 receptor antagonist. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2276–2285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. He, Y.; Zeng, L.F.; Yu, Z.H.; He, R.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Z.Y. Bicyclic benzofuran and indole-based salicylic acids as protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2012, 20, 1940–1946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Xie, Y.S.; Kumar, D.; Bodduri, V.V.; Tarani, P.S.; Zhao, B.X.; Miao, J.Y.; Jang, K.; Shin, D.S. Microwave-assisted parallel synthesis of benzofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives bearing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic agents. Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 2796–2800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Galliford, C.V.; Scheidt, K.A. Pyrrolidinyl-spirooxindole natural products as inspirations for the development of potential therapeutic agents. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 8748–8758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Yu, B.; Yu, D.Q.; Liu, H.M. Spirooxindoles: Promising scaffolds for anticancer agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 97, 673–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Ding, K.; Lu, Y.; Nikolovska-Coleska, Z.; Qiu, S.; Ding, Y.; Gao, W.; Stuckey, J.; Krajewski, K.; Roller, P.P.; Tomita, Y.; et al. Structure-based design of potent non-peptide MDM2 inhibitors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10130–10131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Ye, N.; Chen, H.; Wold, E.A.; Shi, P.Y.; Zhou, J. Therapeutic potential of spirooxindoles as antiviral agents. ACS Infect. Dis. 2016, 2, 382–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Wade, P.A. The Ganges. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B.M., Fleming, I., Semmelhack, M.F., Eds.; Pergmon Press: Oxford, UK, 1991; Volume 4, p. 1111. [Google Scholar]
  30. Sun, Y.; Liu, J.; Sun, T.; Zhang, X.; Yao, J.; Kai, M.; Jiang, X.; Wang, R. Anti-cancer small molecule JP-8g exhibits potent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 4372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  31. Sun, Y.; Liu, J.; Jiang, X.; Sun, T.; Liu, L.; Zhang, X.; Ding, S.; Li, J.; Zhuang, Y.; Wang, Y.; et al. One-step synthesis of chiral oxindole-type analogues with potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 13699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Jiang, X.; Cao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, L.; Shen, F.; Wang, R. A unique approach to the concise synthesis of highly optically active spirooxazolines and the discovery of a more potent oxindole-type phytoalexin analogue. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15328–15333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Barakat, A.; Islam, M.S.; Ghawas, H.M.; Al-Majid, A.M.; El-Senduny, F.F.; Badria, F.A.; Elshaier, Y.A.; Ghabbour, H.A. Design and synthesis of new substituted spirooxindoles as potential inhibitors of the MDM2−p53 interaction. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 86, 598–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Barakat, A.; Islam, M.S.; Ghawas, H.M.; Al-Majid, A.M.; El-Senduny, F.F.; Badria, F.A.; Elshaier, Y.A.; Ghabbour, H.A. Substituted Spirooxindoles. U.S. Patent 9,822,128, 21 November 2017. [Google Scholar]
  35. Islam, M.S.; Ghawas, H.M.; El-Senduny, F.F.; Al-Majid, A.M.; Elshaier, Y.A.; Badria, F.A.; Barakat, A. Synthesis of new thiazolo-pyrrolidine–(spirooxindole) tethered to 3-acylindole as anticancer agents. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 82, 423–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Barakat, A.; Islam, M.S.; Ghawas, H.M.; Al-Majid, A.M.; El-Senduny, F.F.; Badria, F.A.; Elshaier, Y.A.M.; Ghabbour, H.A. Substituted spirooxindole derivatives as potent anticancer agents through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 1. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 14335–14346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Lotfy, G.; El Sayed, H.; Said, M.M.; Aziz, Y.M.A.; Al-Dhfyan, A.; Al-Majid, A.M.; Barakat, A. Regio-and stereoselective synthesis of new spirooxindoles via 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction: Anticancer and molecular docking studies. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2018, 180, 98–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Lotfy, G.; Said, M.M.; El Sayed, H.; El Sayed, H.; Al-Dhfyan, A.; Aziz, Y.M.A.; Barakat, A. Synthesis of new spirooxindole-pyrrolothiazole derivatives: Anti-cancer activity and molecular docking. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2017, 25, 1514–1523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Scheen, A.J. Clinical efficacy of acarbose in diabetes mellitus: A critical review of controlled trials. Diabetes Metab. 1998, 24, 311–320. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  40. Islam, M.S.; Barakat, A.; Al-Majid, A.M.; Ali, M.; Yousuf, S.; Choudhary, M.I.; Khalil, R.; Ul-Haq, Z. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of indole derivatives as novel α-glucosidase inhibitors in vitro. Bioorg. Chem. 2018, 79, 350–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Elshaier, Y.A.; Shaaban, M.A.; El Hamid, M.K.A.; Abdelrahman, M.H.; Abou-Salim, M.A.; Elgazwi, S.M.; Halaweish, F. Design and synthesis of pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidines: Nitric oxide releasing compounds targeting hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2017, 25, 2956–2970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Cockburn, D.W.; Orlovsky, N.I.; Foley, M.H.; Kwiatkowski, K.J.; Bahr, C.M.; Maynard, M.; Demeler, B.; Koropatkin, N.M. Molecular details of a starch utilization pathway in the human gut symbiont E ubacterium rectale. Mol. Microbiol. 2015, 95, 209–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 5a–r are available from the authors.
Molecules 24 02342 g001 550
Figure 1. Representative examples of spirooxindoles, benzo[b]furan scaffolds, acarbose as standard drug and our designed compounds.
Figure 1. Representative examples of spirooxindoles, benzo[b]furan scaffolds, acarbose as standard drug and our designed compounds.
Molecules 24 02342 g001
Molecules 24 02342 sch001 550
Scheme 1. The synthesized compounds 5a–r.
Scheme 1. The synthesized compounds 5a–r.
Molecules 24 02342 sch001
Molecules 24 02342 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Plausible mechanism of formation of the target compounds 5a–r.
Scheme 2. Plausible mechanism of formation of the target compounds 5a–r.
Molecules 24 02342 sch002
Molecules 24 02342 g002 550
Figure 2. Vida visualization representing the amino acids in the binding site of the active site (ID: 4UAC) that interact with ligand 5r.
Figure 2. Vida visualization representing the amino acids in the binding site of the active site (ID: 4UAC) that interact with ligand 5r.
Molecules 24 02342 g002
Molecules 24 02342 g003 550
Figure 3. Vida visualization showing how all compounds 5k, 5q, and 5j overlay with each other in transoid form in the receptor cleft.
Figure 3. Vida visualization showing how all compounds 5k, 5q, and 5j overlay with each other in transoid form in the receptor cleft.
Molecules 24 02342 g003
Table
Table 1. Synthesized pirooxindoles and benzo[b]furan scaffolds 5a–r and their biological activity.
Table 1. Synthesized pirooxindoles and benzo[b]furan scaffolds 5a–r and their biological activity.
#Compoundα-Amylase α-Glucosidaseα-Amylase Selectivity bα-Glucosidase Selectivity c
IC50 (μM ± SD) a
1 Molecules 24 02342 i0015a693.22 ± 0.10465.12 ± 0.120.671.49
2 Molecules 24 02342 i0025b747.08 ± 0.34545.01 ± 1.090.721.37
3 Molecules 24 02342 i0035c718.00 ± 0.27585.11 ± 0.020.811.22
4 Molecules 24 02342 i0045d728.13 ± 0.28549.17 ± 1.060.751.32
5 Molecules 24 02342 i0055e710.07 ± 0.10554.12 ± 1.420.781.28
6 Molecules 24 02342 i0065f670.14 ± 0.10534.04 ± 1.090.791.25
7 Molecules 24 02342 i0075g690.09 ± 0.06554.12 ± 1.420.801.24
8 Molecules 24 02342 i0085h589.04 ± 0.25494.10 ± 0.040.831.19
9 Molecules 24 02342 i0095i779.08 ± 0.51684.12 ± 0.350.871.13
10 Molecules 24 02342 i0105j39.02 ± 1.7329.20 ± 0.330.741.33
11 Molecules 24 02342 i0115k49.28 ± 1.0939.10 ± 0.540.791.26
12 Molecules 24 02342 i0125l558.07 ± 0.18414.12 ± 0.520.741.37
13 Molecules 24 02342 i0135m95.26 ± 0.2769.11 ± 0.340.721.37
14 Molecules 24 02342 i0145n185.23 ± 1.0698.23 ± 1.240.531.88
15 Molecules 24 02342 i0155o115.42 ± 0.0768.18 ± 1.540.591.69
16 Molecules 24 02342 i0165p488.02 ± 1.11392.13 ± 1.070.801.24
17 Molecules 24 02342 i0175q37.22 ± 1.4926.29 ± 0.450.701.41
18 Molecules 24 02342 i0185r22.61 ± 0.5414.05 ± 1.030.621.60
STDAcarbose (μM)0.75 + 0.072.35 + 0.133.130.31
a α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity is expressed as the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. b Selectivity for α-amylase is defined as IC50 (α-glucosidase)/IC50 (α-amylase). c Selectivity for α-glucosidase is defined as IC50 (α-amylase)/IC50 (α-glucosidase).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Altowyan, M.S.; Barakat, A.; Al-Majid, A.M.; Al-Ghulikah, H.A. Spiroindolone Analogues as Potential Hypoglycemic with Dual Inhibitory Activity on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase. Molecules 2019, 24, 2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122342

AMA Style

Altowyan MS, Barakat A, Al-Majid AM, Al-Ghulikah HA. Spiroindolone Analogues as Potential Hypoglycemic with Dual Inhibitory Activity on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase. Molecules. 2019; 24(12):2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122342

Chicago/Turabian Style

Altowyan, Mezna Saleh, Assem Barakat, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid, and H.A. Al-Ghulikah. 2019. "Spiroindolone Analogues as Potential Hypoglycemic with Dual Inhibitory Activity on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase" Molecules 24, no. 12: 2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122342

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop