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19 pages, 2550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Modeling of Shrouded Rotors in Hover with Experimental and Computational Validation

by Abdallah Dayhoum, Alejandro Ramirez-Serrano and Robert J. Martinuzzi

Actuators 2025, 14(3), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14030138 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Rotors have been utilized for aircraft propulsion since the dawn of aviation, but their performance can degrade significantly if not properly designed. This study focuses on developing an accurate design tool and model validation for shrouded rotors. An experimental test rig was designed [...] Read more.

Rotors have been utilized for aircraft propulsion since the dawn of aviation, but their performance can degrade significantly if not properly designed. This study focuses on developing an accurate design tool and model validation for shrouded rotors. An experimental test rig was designed and manufactured to measure the rotor thrust and total thrust separately as well as the rotor torque. A key aspect was to account for the impact of a test rig on experimental results using computational simulations for the shrouded rotor configuration with and without the test rig. The findings indicate that the effects of the test rig were minimal and could be neglected, ensuring the validity of the experimental data compared to the analytical model. The analytical model employs a hybrid approach combining blade element momentum theory (BEMT) and the sphere-cap model which are used in conjunction with the shrouded rotor inflow ratio, as well as post-stall and tip gap clearance models. BEMT is used to calculate rotor performance, while the sphere-cap model addresses the aerodynamic influence of the shroud. The results demonstrate that the analytical model predicts shrouded rotor performance with considerable accuracy, addressing both the rotor dynamics and the shroud’s contribution to performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerospace Mechanisms and Actuation—Second Edition)

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12 pages, 1997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes aegypti Adults and Larvae in Nouakchott, Mauritania

by Mohamed Haidy Massa, Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott, Nicolas Gomez, Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary and Sébastien Briolant

Insects 2025, 16(3), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030288 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are established throughout Nouakchott, Mauritania, where its insecticide resistance status is unknown and dengue has become endemo-epidemic since 2014. Eggs were collected using ovitraps at 12 sites in five districts of Nouakchott, in August 2024. Adult females and larvae of [...] Read more.

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are established throughout Nouakchott, Mauritania, where its insecticide resistance status is unknown and dengue has become endemo-epidemic since 2014. Eggs were collected using ovitraps at 12 sites in five districts of Nouakchott, in August 2024. Adult females and larvae of the F1 generation were used for bioassays. Permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, and malathion were evaluated at discriminating concentrations. Larval assays were carried out at seven concentrations with Bacillus thuriengensis var israelensis (Bti) and temephos. The presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations known to be associated with pyrethroid resistance was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and amplicons sequencing. Adults showed high levels of resistance to all insecticides tested. Larvae were susceptible to Bti (LD50 < 50 µg/L) and temephos (LD50% = 6.8 ± 0.7 µg/L). Only three kdr point mutations, S989P, V1016G, and F1534C, were found. The tri-locus genotypes SP/VG/FC were significantly associated with pyrethroid survival while only the tri-locus genotypes PP/GG/FF showed significant association with deltamethrin resistance. Given their level of insecticide resistance, there is an urgent need to control Ae. aegypti populations by several methods, including the use of biological larvicides, physical elimination of peridomestic breeding sites, water drainage, and public education to prevent arbovirus transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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14 pages, 3532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Discourse Surrounding the 2025 California Wildfires: A Sentiment and Topic Analysis of High-Engagement YouTube Comments

by Dmitry Erokhin

Geosciences 2025, 15(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15030100 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study explores public discourse surrounding the January 2025 California wildfires by analyzing high-engagement YouTube comments. Leveraging sentiment analysis, misinformation detection, and topic modeling, this research identifies dominant emotional tones, thematic patterns, and the prevalence of misinformation in discussions. The results show a [...] Read more.

This study explores public discourse surrounding the January 2025 California wildfires by analyzing high-engagement YouTube comments. Leveraging sentiment analysis, misinformation detection, and topic modeling, this research identifies dominant emotional tones, thematic patterns, and the prevalence of misinformation in discussions. The results show a predominantly neutral to positive sentiment, with notable emotional intensity in misinformation-related comments, which were rare but impactful. The thematic analysis highlights concerns about governance, environmental issues, and conspiracy theories, including water mismanagement and diversity-related critiques. These findings provide insights for crisis communication, policymaking, and misinformation management during disasters, emphasizing the importance of aligning strategies with public concerns. Full article

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30 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blockchain as an Enabler of Generic Business Model Realization

by Piotr Stolarski, Elżbieta Lewańska and Witold Abramowicz

Blockchains 2025, 3(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/blockchains3010006 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

The paper presents business models (BMs) for blockchain-based businesses. The paper is a study of IT-aligned BMs categorized by the concepts and possibilities of blockchain business applications. The research aimed to recognize and analyze the extent and directions in which blockchain architectures influence [...] Read more.

The paper presents business models (BMs) for blockchain-based businesses. The paper is a study of IT-aligned BMs categorized by the concepts and possibilities of blockchain business applications. The research aimed to recognize and analyze the extent and directions in which blockchain architectures influence the means of conducting businesses. A set of almost 40,000 decentralized applications is examined to justify the rationale behind the presented analysis. This is an argumentative study that uses the design-oriented approach, as it is suitable for addressing real-world problems, like analyzing business models, while ensuring that artifacts are created and evaluated under methodological standards. Firstly, the concept of a business model is analyzed. Then, a theoretical analysis of different business models is made to identify the ones that are well aligned with the decentralized vision of business and the ones that are obsolete or inoperative from the blockchain business-conducting perspective. In the end, the outcome is applied to examples of existing business startups. Fifteen identified BMs in 7 business sector groups are recognized and 55 cases are detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Blockchains)

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47 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Regional Innovation Strategies (RIS3) Through Competitive Public Project Networks: The Case of Aragón 2014–2020

by David Rodríguez Ochoa, Nieves Arranz and Marta Fernández de Arroyabe

Economies 2025, 13(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030071 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Aragón’s Regional Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization (RIS3) 2014–2020 by applying Social Network Analysis (SNA) to a comprehensive dataset of regional, national, and European competitive public projects involving Aragonese entities between 2014 and 2023. The analysis explores [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Aragón’s Regional Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization (RIS3) 2014–2020 by applying Social Network Analysis (SNA) to a comprehensive dataset of regional, national, and European competitive public projects involving Aragonese entities between 2014 and 2023. The analysis explores how collaborative structures—weighted by funding amounts—impact knowledge transfer, stakeholder participation, and strategic alignment within Aragón’s innovation ecosystem. Findings reveal a significant concentration of funding in European projects (86% of total ecosystem investment), contrasted with varying degrees of local and national involvement. Cohesion metrics show the high connectivity and closure of the European network, whereas regional calls, though exhibiting tighter density, remain comparatively fragmented and reliant on public research centres and universities. Centrality measures identify key bridging institutions, which facilitate advanced knowledge diffusion but also expose potential over-dependence on a small subset of actors. The analysis results highlight the value of integrating SNA metrics into RIS3 evaluations to better capture how resources, governance mechanisms, and institutional pressures interact. By offering a data-driven methodology that can be monitored continuously and policy recommendations, it aims to guide Aragón and other regions in refining their regional innovation strategies towards more inclusive, resilient, and globally competitive ecosystems. Full article

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18 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Vibrotactile Displays to Support Hazard Awareness in Multitasking Control Tasks for Heavy Machinery Work

by S. M. Ashif Hossain, Allen Yin and Thomas K. Ferris

Safety 2025, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010026 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance awareness without overburdening vision or hearing. (2) Aim: This study evaluates the impact of vibrotactile feedback regarding proximity to hazards on multitasking performance and cognitive workload in order to support hazard awareness in a controlled task environment. (3) Method: Twenty-four participants performed a joystick-controlled navigation task and a concurrent mental spatial rotation task. Proximity to hazards in the navigation task was conveyed via different encodings of vibrotactile feedback: No Vibration, Intensity-Modulation, Pulse Duration, and Pulse Spacing. Performance metrics, including obstacle collisions, target hits, contact time, and accuracy, were assessed alongside perceived workload. (4) Results: Intensity-Modulated feedback reduced obstacle collisions and proximity time, while lowering workload, compared to No Vibration. No significant effects were found on spatial rotation accuracy, indicating that vibrotactile feedback effectively guides navigation and supports spatial awareness. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of vibrotactile feedback to improve navigation performance and hazard awareness, offering valuable insights into multimodal safety systems in high-demand environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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9 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Active Footwear Systems on Vascular Health and Static Balance: An Exploratory Study

by Susana Lopes, Mário Rodrigues, Mário Lopes, Rui Costa and Joaquim Alvarelhão

Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061724 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in occupations requiring prolonged standing and repetitive movements, often leading to vascular issues and reduced static balance. Innovations in wearable technology, such as smart footwear integrating active systems, aim to mitigate these challenges. This exploratory study assessed the [...] Read more.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in occupations requiring prolonged standing and repetitive movements, often leading to vascular issues and reduced static balance. Innovations in wearable technology, such as smart footwear integrating active systems, aim to mitigate these challenges. This exploratory study assessed the effects of a novel active footwear system, incorporating compression and vibration, on vascular blood flow and static balance in healthy adults. Sixteen healthy participants (seven men and nine women) were randomized into active and placebo phases, each involving repetitive tasks. Outcomes included reflection photoplethysmography, postural sway, and foot volumetry. Data were analyzed pre- and post-intervention, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. For men, significant improvements in reflection photoplethysmography median values were observed post-active phase (p = 0.031), while women showed no change. Enhanced static balance, reflected in decreased total sway (p = 0.025), was noted in women. No significant changes occurred during the placebo phase. The active system improved vascular function in men and static balance in women, highlighting its potential for ergonomic interventions in industrial settings. Future studies should explore long-term effects and applications in diverse populations, including those with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wearables)

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20 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Public Expectations on Simulated Emotional Perceptions of AI-Driven Government Chatbots: A Moderated Study

by Yuanyuan Guo, Peng Dong and Beichen Lu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20010050 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study focuses on the impact of technological changes, particularly the development of generative artificial intelligence, on government–citizen interactions in the context of government services. From a psychological perspective with an emphasis on technological governance theory and emotional contagion theory, it examines public [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the impact of technological changes, particularly the development of generative artificial intelligence, on government–citizen interactions in the context of government services. From a psychological perspective with an emphasis on technological governance theory and emotional contagion theory, it examines public perceptions of the simulated emotions of governmental chatbots and investigates the moderating role of age. Data were collected through a multi-stage stratified purposive sampling method, yielding 194 valid responses from an original distribution of 300 experimental questionnaires between 24 September and 13 October 2023. The findings reveal that public expectations significantly enhance the simulated emotional perception of chatbots, with this effect being stronger among older individuals. Age shows significant main and interaction effects, indicating that different age groups perceive the simulated emotional capabilities of chatbots differently. This study highlights the transformative impact of generative artificial intelligence on government–citizen interactions and the importance of integrating AI technology into government services. It calls for governments to pay attention to public perceptions of the simulated emotions of governmental chatbots to enhance public experience. Full article

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32 pages, 5862 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Hydrothermal Carbonization for Biomass Wastewater Valorization: Optimizing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrient Management to Enhance Agricultural and Ecological Outcomes

by Guoqing Liu and Tao Zhang

Water 2025, 17(6), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060800 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study presents a novel approach that integrates hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology with circular economy principles to optimize the management of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural wastewater. Given the increasing global resource scarcity and continuous ecological degradation, the valorization of biomass wastewater has [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel approach that integrates hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology with circular economy principles to optimize the management of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural wastewater. Given the increasing global resource scarcity and continuous ecological degradation, the valorization of biomass wastewater has become a critical pathway for the promotion of sustainable development. Biomass wastewater, which contains crop residues, forestry leftovers, and food processing byproducts, has long been regarded as useless waste. However, this wastewater contains abundant organic matter and possesses significant renewable energy potential. The valorization of biomass wastewater can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Through the optimization of the HTC process parameters, we achieved an improvement in the quality and yield of carbonized products, facilitating the efficient recycling and utilization of resources. This research demonstrates that HTC technology can transform agricultural wastewater into valuable biofertilizers, biomass energy, and organic feed, while simultaneously reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigating the environmental impact of agricultural activities. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the application of HTC technology in agricultural ecosystems, highlighting its beneficial role in nitrogen and phosphorus management, resource utilization efficiency, and environmental pollution reduction. The findings of this study suggest that HTC technology holds significant potential in optimizing agricultural wastewater treatment, promoting resource recycling, and advancing sustainable agricultural development. Furthermore, this research offers theoretical support and practical guidance for the implementation of HTC technology in agricultural ecosystems, which is of paramount importance in fostering circular economic development and achieving sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and the Circular Economy—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corporate Social Responsibility Trajectory: Mining Reputational Capital

by Lars E. Isaksson

Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15030095 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study proposes that MNCs might withdraw from the CSR concept to gain tangible benefits, like improved corporate financial performance (CFP), and intangible benefits, such as reputational capital (RC). This represents a paradigm shift from the philanthropic end of the spectrum to the [...] Read more.

This study proposes that MNCs might withdraw from the CSR concept to gain tangible benefits, like improved corporate financial performance (CFP), and intangible benefits, such as reputational capital (RC). This represents a paradigm shift from the philanthropic end of the spectrum to the strategic win–win side, where all investments are expected to yield a return. Being tacit, quests for reputational returns are discussed in terms of corporate social performance (CSP) with its currency being RC (an intangible asset). However, this requires a deep understanding of the CSP concept and ‘good management’. This study argues that CSR will change trajectory based on three facets. First, we argue for the replacement of CSR by CSP, where ESG becomes ‘business as usual’. Second, regulatory categories (voluntary or legislated) will merge. Third, ethics endorsing ‘good management’ will alter executive mindsets, making CSP deeply embedded in corporate behavior. Organizational behavior towards CSP must, therefore, be sincere yet not embedded overwhelmingly. We extend previous discussions regarding the relationship between CSP and CFP, who present robust evidence that (1) absent CSR embedment has no/neutral CSP and CFP effect; (2) inadequate CSR yields negative CSP and CFP; and (3) productive CSR positively affects CSP and CFP. Consequently, this study argues that (4) strategic CSR (SCSR) maximizes positive CSP and that (5) excessive CSR is detrimental, yielding negative effects on both CSP and CFP. This study, therefore, conjectures the existence of a ‘sweet spot’, where SCSR optimizes CSP and CFP outcomes. The contributions address ESG engagement as a ‘sweet spot’ concept and provide a model enabling SCSR discussion, CSP evaluations, and an implementation framework for its achievement. The framework gives executives a toolbox to influence their stakeholders toward improved CFP. Therefore, our perspective supports CSP embedment, enabling firms to address business growth and sustainability requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Corporate Social Responsibility)

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13 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Ruthenium Decorated Tris-Silylated Germanium Zintl Clusters Featuring an Unexpected Ligand Arrangement

by Nicole S. Willeit, Viktor Hlukhyy and Thomas F. Fässler

Molecules 2025, 30(6), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30061247 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

The incorporation of transition metal atoms into [Ge₉] clusters is a widely studied area of Zintl-cluster chemistry. Recently, it was shown that clusters comprising single transition metal atoms in the cluster surface show catalytic properties. Here, we present a synthetic [...] Read more.

The incorporation of transition metal atoms into [Ge₉] clusters is a widely studied area of Zintl-cluster chemistry. Recently, it was shown that clusters comprising single transition metal atoms in the cluster surface show catalytic properties. Here, we present a synthetic approach to four new compounds comprising silylated Ge₉ clusters with organometallic ruthenium complexes. [η⁵-Ge₉Hyp₃]RuCp* (1), [η¹-Ge₉(Si^tBu₂H)₃]RuCp(PPh₃)₂ (2), and [Hyp₃Ge₉][RuCp(PPh₃)₂(MeCN)] (3b) (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, Hyp = Si(SiMe₃)₃, Ph = C₆H₅, ^tBu = tert-butyl) were characterized by means of NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal structure determination. In the case of 2, a new isomer with an approximated C_4v symmetric monocapped square antiprism of nine Ge atoms with an unexpected ligand arrangement comprising three ditertbutylsilane ligands attached to the open square was obtained. [Hyp₃Ge₉][RuCp(PPh₃)₂] (3a) was characterized via NMR spectroscopy and LIFDI mass spectrometry. Overall, we were able to show that the steric demand of the ligands Cp vs. Cp* and hypersilylchloride vs. ditertbutylsilane strongly influence the arrangement of the atoms and ligands on the cluster. In addition, the solvent also affects the cluster, as it appears that the ruthenium atom in 3a dissociates from the cluster surface upon acetonitrile coordination to form 3b. These results show that choosing the right synthetic tools and ligands makes a big difference in the outcome of the metalation reaction. Full article

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of COVID-19 on Arterial Stiffness and Inflammation: A Longitudinal Prospective Study

by Jhony Baissary, Ziad Koberssy, Jared C. Durieux, Ornina Atieh, Joviane Daher, Kate Ailstock, Danielle Labbato, Theresa Foster, Michael A. Rodgers, Alexander Merheb, Nicholas T. Funderburg and Grace A. McComsey

Viruses 2025, 17(3), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030394 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Data are limited for assessing the effect of COVID infection on endothelial function, pre- and post-pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess changes in pre-pandemic cardiovascular parameters after COVID-19 infection. This prospective cohort study used EndoPAT2000 Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel, [...] Read more.

Data are limited for assessing the effect of COVID infection on endothelial function, pre- and post-pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess changes in pre-pandemic cardiovascular parameters after COVID-19 infection. This prospective cohort study used EndoPAT2000 Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel, to measure the augmentation index (AI; arterial elasticity) and reactive hyperemic index (RHI; endothelial function). Markers of endothelial function, inflammation, and gut integrity were collected at pre- and post-pandemic visits. COVID-negative and COVID-positive participants were matched on pre-pandemic covariates, and AI ≥ 5.0 was defined as having worse AI. Among the 156 participants, 50% had documented COVID-19 infection. Groups were balanced (p > 0.05) on pre-pandemic characteristics. Increases in oxLDL (p = 0.03) were observed in the COVID-positive group, and COVID infection had a negative effect on inflammatory markers (sVCAM-1, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, sCD14) and gut integrity (I-FABP, BDG) compared to COVID-negative participants (p < 0.05). There was a 16.7% (p = 0.02) increase in the proportion of COVID-positive participants with AI ≥ 5.0, without a significant change (p = 0.09) among the COVID-negative group. COVID-positive status, female sex, and higher IL-6 and sCD163 were associated (p < 0.05) with an increase in having worse AI. COVID infection is independently associated with arterial stiffness. For COVID survivors, female sex and higher markers of inflammation were associated with arterial stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)

25 pages, 10241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Based Acoustic Analysis of Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) Alarm Signals During Intruder Events

by Ashan Milinda Bandara Ratnayake, Hartini Mohd Yasin, Abdul Ghani Naim, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Norhayati Ahmad, Nurul Hazlina Zaini, Soon Boon Yu, Mohammad Amiruddin Ruslan and Pg Emeroylariffion Abas

Agriculture 2025, 15(6), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060591 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Heterotrigona itama, a widely reared stingless bee species, produces highly valued honey. These bees naturally secure their colonies within logs, accessed via a single entrance tube, but remain vulnerable to intruders and predators. Guard bees play a critical role in colony defense, [...] Read more.

Heterotrigona itama, a widely reared stingless bee species, produces highly valued honey. These bees naturally secure their colonies within logs, accessed via a single entrance tube, but remain vulnerable to intruders and predators. Guard bees play a critical role in colony defense, exhibiting the ability to discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates and employing strategies such as pheromone release, buzzing, hissing, and vibrations to alert and recruit hive mates during intrusions. This study investigated the acoustic signals produced by H. itama guard bees during intrusions to determine their potential for intrusion detection. Using a Jetson Nano equipped with a microphone and camera, guard bee sounds were recorded and labeled. After preprocessing the sound data, Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) were extracted as features, and various dimensionality reduction techniques were explored. Among them, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) demonstrated the best performance in improving class separability. The reduced feature set was used to train both Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifiers. KNN outperformed SVM, achieving a Precision of 0.9527, a Recall of 0.9586, and an F1 Score of 0.9556. Additionally, KNN attained an Overall Cross-Validation Accuracy of 95.54% (±0.67%), demonstrating its superior classification performance. These findings confirm that H. itama produces distinct alarm sounds during intrusions, which can be effectively classified using machine learning; thus, demonstrating the feasibility of sound-based intrusion detection as a cost-effective alternative to image-based approaches. Future research should explore real-world implementation under varying environmental conditions and extend the study to other stingless bee species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Precision Beekeeping)

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18 pages, 94195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tryptophan Attenuates Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Intestinal Injury Through Modulation of Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis

by Jianhua Zheng, Tianqi Sun, Tongtong Qin, Yunpeng Wu, Wensheng Zhang, Yefeng Qiu and Jingqing Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060975 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic stress is associated with detrimental effects on physical health, such as chronic restraint stress (CRS), which can damage the intestinal tract. Although tryptophan has many benefits in maintaining intestinal health, the underlying mechanism of its protective effects against stress-induced intestinal injury [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic stress is associated with detrimental effects on physical health, such as chronic restraint stress (CRS), which can damage the intestinal tract. Although tryptophan has many benefits in maintaining intestinal health, the underlying mechanism of its protective effects against stress-induced intestinal injury remains unclear. Methods: In this study, we constructed a CRS model by using a behavioral restraint device in which mice were restrained for 6 h per day over 14 days and investigated the effects, as well as the potential mechanism of a high-tryptophan diet (0.4% tryptophan), on CRS-induced intestinal injury using scanning electron microscopy, 16S rRNA sequencing, and LC-MS. Results: A 0.4% tryptophan diet (fed ad libitum for 24 days) attenuated CRS-induced pathologies, including weight loss, elevated corticosterone, intestinal barrier injury, increased permeability, and epithelial apoptosis. Tryptophan modulated the gut microbiota composition in CRS-induced mice, increasing the abundance of Bacteroidota and decreasing the abundance of Firmicutes, as well as enhancing metabolic function through pathways identified by KEGG analysis. Additionally, tryptophan restored the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and valeric acids. Correlation analyses showed interactions between tryptophan, intestinal permeability, SCFAs, and gut microbiota. Conclusions: Tryptophan supplementation attenuates CRS-induced intestinal injury by modulating intestinal barrier integrity and gut microbiota homeostasis, and the beneficial effects are largely associated with the SCFA-mediated regulation of intestinal permeability and microbiota-associated energy metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, Energy Transformation, and Metabolism (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Pyoderma Gangrenosum in a Patient with Crohn’s Disease Treated with Adalimumab: A Case-Based Review and Systematic Review of the Current Literature

by Fotios S. Fousekis, Konstantinos Mpakogiannis, Emmanouil Karampinis, Ioanna Nefeli Mastorogianni, Dimitrios K. Christodoulou, Marina Papoutsaki, Evanthia Zampeli and Konstantinos H. Katsanos

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15030057 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory cutaneous disorder that frequently occurs in association with systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This case report describes a 23-year-old female with Crohn’s disease (CD) who developed PG and was successfully treated with [...] Read more.

Background: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory cutaneous disorder that frequently occurs in association with systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This case report describes a 23-year-old female with Crohn’s disease (CD) who developed PG and was successfully treated with adalimumab. The objective of this study is to present the clinical course, treatment approach, and outcomes while reviewing the existing literature on the efficacy of adalimumab in PG management. Methods: A case report is presented, detailing clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment strategy. Additionally, a systematic review was conducted using PubMed to assess studies on adalimumab in PG, focusing on treatment response, remission rates, and adverse effects. Results: The patient presented with ulcerative lesions on her lower extremities and sacroiliitis. After corticosteroid therapy, adalimumab was initiated, leading to significant ulcer healing, reduced back pain, and CD remission. The systematic review identified seven studies on adalimumab in PG. Findings suggest that adalimumab is effective in steroid-refractory cases, with remission achieved in a significant proportion of patients. The most common adverse effects were infections, but overall, adalimumab showed a favorable safety profile. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of PG in CD patients. Adalimumab appears to be a promising therapeutic option, particularly for steroid-resistant PG, though further research is needed to establish standardized treatment protocols. Full article

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9 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Role of Cyclic AMP Signaling in Dopaminergic Degeneration Induced by a Parkinson’s Disease Toxin, Rotenone

by Sazan Ismael, Sarah Baitamouni and Daewoo Lee

NeuroSci 2025, 6(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6010024 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain. While dopamine precursor levodopa and D2 receptor agonists are commonly used to alleviate PD symptoms, these treatments do not halt or reverse disease [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain. While dopamine precursor levodopa and D2 receptor agonists are commonly used to alleviate PD symptoms, these treatments do not halt or reverse disease progression. Thus, developing effective neuroprotective strategies remains a critical goal. In this study, we explored neuroprotective mechanisms in a Drosophila primary neuronal culture model of PD, created by administering the environmental toxin rotenone. Using the chemogenetic DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) system, we selectively activated cAMP signaling in DA neurons within the rotenone-induced model. Our results demonstrate that increasing cAMP signaling via Gs-coupled DREADD (rM3Ds) is protective against DA neurodegeneration. Furthermore, overexpression of the catalytic PKA-C1 subunit fully rescued DA neurons from rotenone-induced degeneration, with this effect restricted to DA neurons where PKA-C1 was specifically overexpressed. These findings reveal that cAMP-PKA signaling activation is neuroprotective in DA neurons against rotenone-induced degeneration, offering promising insights for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to slow or prevent PD pathology progression. Full article

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15 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prolongation Structure of a Development Equation and Its Darboux Transformation Solution

by Lixiu Wang, Jihong Wang and Yangjie Jia

Mathematics 2025, 13(6), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13060921 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

This paper explores the third-order nonlinear coupled KdV equation utilizing prolongation structure theory and gauge transformation. By applying the prolongation structure method, we obtained an extended version of the equation. Starting from the Lax pairs of the equation, we successfully derived the corresponding [...] Read more.

This paper explores the third-order nonlinear coupled KdV equation utilizing prolongation structure theory and gauge transformation. By applying the prolongation structure method, we obtained an extended version of the equation. Starting from the Lax pairs of the equation, we successfully derived the corresponding Darboux transformation and Bäcklund transformation for this equation, which are fundamental to our solving process. Subsequently, we constructed and calculated the recursive operator for this equation, providing an effective approach to tackling complex problems within this domain. These results are crucial for advancing our understanding of the underlying principles of soliton theory and their implications on related natural phenomena. Our findings not only enrich the theoretical framework but also offer practical tools for further research in nonlinear wave dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries of Integrable Systems, 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 1540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Embedding Security Awareness into a Blockchain-Based Dynamic Access Control Framework for the Zero Trust Model in Distributed Systems

by Avoy Mohajan and Sharmin Jahan

Electronics 2025, 14(6), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061095 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

The Zero Trust (ZT) model is pivotal in enhancing the security of distributed systems by emphasizing rigorous identity verification, granular access control (AC), and continuous monitoring. To address the complexity and scalability challenges of modern distributed systems, we propose a blockchain-based dynamic access [...] Read more.

The Zero Trust (ZT) model is pivotal in enhancing the security of distributed systems by emphasizing rigorous identity verification, granular access control (AC), and continuous monitoring. To address the complexity and scalability challenges of modern distributed systems, we propose a blockchain-based dynamic access control scheme (DACS) as a practical solution for implementing ZT principles. This framework dynamically manages access control lists (ACLs) and enforces policies through smart contracts. In the DACS framework, each blockchain node maintains an object list specifying access permissions within its ACL and incorporates a minimum trust metric (TM) threshold to evaluate access requests. The TM assigned to each node reflects its trustworthiness. To further enhance security, the framework includes security awareness, enabling the dynamic assessment of the risk factor (RF), which reflects the operational risk level. The TM of access-requesting nodes is updated at runtime based on their behavior, with penalties imposed for malicious actions according to the prevailing RF. Access control policies are dynamically adjusted, mitigating risks posed by potentially untrustworthy users with valid credentials. Implemented and tested on the Ethereum blockchain, the proposed DACS framework demonstrates its efficiency and effectiveness in securing distributed systems. Full article

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8 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospective Monitoring of Lyso-Gb1 on DBS Sample in Three Children Recognized at Newborn Screening for Gaucher Disease and Untreated

by Claudia Rossi, Daniela Trotta, Rossella Ferrante, Damiana Pieragostino, Silvia Valentinuzzi, Luca Federici, Liborio Stuppia, Vincenzo De Laurenzi and Maurizio Aricò

Children 2025, 12(3), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12030350 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disease. Extended neonatal screening currently includes GD in several different regions. Decision on when to start enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) upon confirmed diagnosis or upon appearance of first clinical manifestation of the disease remains [...] Read more.

Background: Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disease. Extended neonatal screening currently includes GD in several different regions. Decision on when to start enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) upon confirmed diagnosis or upon appearance of first clinical manifestation of the disease remains an unmet need. Methods: We report our preliminary experience in tightly monitoring blood levels of glucosyl-sphingosine (lyso-Gb1), on DBS at birth and then every 4 weeks, in the absence of ERT in three consecutive newborns identified for GD as part of a screening program. Results: Initial lyso-Gb1 values were above cut-off. In two cases, lyso-Gb1 levels showed a reduction during the first 3 months of life and, by month 4, they had reached a value lower than the upper normal value. In the case of the third child, after an initial drop to less than 50% of the initial value, lyso-Gb1 levels remained pretty stable at the following four time-points. At the time of writing, all remain free from any disease manifestation at the age of 20, 11 and 8 months, respectively, with normal physical growth and blood count; therefore, ERT has not been started yet. Conclusions: A specific threshold for lyso-Gb1 value to be considered as associated with non-reversible progression to disease is not yet defined. We hypothesize that a trend toward stable increase of this biomarker, confirmed at repeated evaluation, rather than a single threshold, could be convincing for starting ERT even before clinical manifestation of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes)

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8 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Exogenous Supplementation of Progesterone on Conception Rates in Lactating Murrah Buffaloes

by Rajesh Kumar, Jagat Bir Phogat, Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Sushil Kumar Phulia and Jerome Andonissamy

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030261 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

The objective of this study was to deduce the effect of exogenous supplementation of progesterone as an intramuscular injection at the time of artificial insemination (AI) on time of ovulation and conception rate in lactating Murrah buffaloes. A total of 30 buffaloes were [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to deduce the effect of exogenous supplementation of progesterone as an intramuscular injection at the time of artificial insemination (AI) on time of ovulation and conception rate in lactating Murrah buffaloes. A total of 30 buffaloes were included in the experiment and randomly divided into two groups (Treatment, n = 13 and Control, n = 17). Only those buffaloes which were in heat according to visual observation and had clear vaginal discharge, good uterine tone and a large follicle (>12 mm on ultrasound scanning) were reported. Ultrasound scanning was carried out at 6 h intervals after insemination until ovulation. The results revealed that significantly higher numbers of buffaloes ovulated within 24 h post AI in the control group (82.4%) as compared to only 15.4% in the treatment group. In the treatment group, 53.8% of ovulations occurred after 24 h post AI, whereas in the control group only 11.8% of ovulations occurred after 24 h post AI. Up to 96 h post AI, 30.8% of buffaloes in the treatment group and only 5.9% of buffaloes in the control group remained anovulatory. No significant difference was found in CL size between the treatment (226.5 ± 17.4 mm²) and control (238.9 ± 7.9 mm²) groups. Following insemination, 52.9% of buffaloes in the control group conceived, whereas in the treatment group, only 38.5% of buffaloes conceived. Full article

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12 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Uterine Transplantation for Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility: A Systematic Review

by Anais Sánchez-Leo and Leticia López-Pedraza

Complications 2025, 2(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/complications2010007 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Uterine transplantation is currently the only treatment that allows women with absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI) to gestate and give birth. Objective: This systematic review aims to analyze the available evidence on uterine transplantation, focusing on the medical process, associated complications, ethical [...] Read more.

Introduction: Uterine transplantation is currently the only treatment that allows women with absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI) to gestate and give birth. Objective: This systematic review aims to analyze the available evidence on uterine transplantation, focusing on the medical process, associated complications, ethical dilemmas, and the psychological and social impact on recipients. Methods: A systematic review of PubMed, Medline, MedNar, and Cinahl databases was conducted. The inclusion criteria included articles related to uterine transplantation published in English or Spanish between 2019 and 2024, excluding animal studies or other uterine procedures. Results: A total of 46 articles were analyzed. The review describes ethical considerations and recipients’ perceptions, two variables that have received limited attention in recent studies. Additionally, the transplant and gestation processes, along with associated complications, were detailed. Discussion: The limited availability of studies on ethical aspects and recipient perceptions presented challenges in the research. Moreover, the role of nurses and midwives, despite their importance in the process, is scarcely discussed in the literature. Conclusions: Although uterine transplantation remains an emerging treatment, its development suggests that the benefits may outweigh the risks, offering new hope for women with AUFI. Full article

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15 pages, 3366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ATP Alters the Oxylipin Profiles in Astrocytes: Modulation by High Glucose and Metformin

by Alexey I. Drozhdev, Vladislav O. Gorbatenko, Sergey V. Goriainov, Dmitry V. Chistyakov and Marina G. Sergeeva

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(3), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15030293 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Astrocytes play a key role in the inflammatory process accompanying various neurological diseases. Extracellular ATP accompanies inflammatory processes in the brain, but its effect on lipid mediators (oxylipins) in astrocytes remains elusive. Metformin is a hypoglycemic drug with an anti-inflammatory effect that [...] Read more.

Background: Astrocytes play a key role in the inflammatory process accompanying various neurological diseases. Extracellular ATP accompanies inflammatory processes in the brain, but its effect on lipid mediators (oxylipins) in astrocytes remains elusive. Metformin is a hypoglycemic drug with an anti-inflammatory effect that has been actively investigated in the context of therapy for neuroinflammation, but its mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the effects of ATP on inflammatory markers and oxylipin profiles; determine the dependence of these effects on the adaptation of astrocytes to high glucose levels; and evaluate the possibility of modulating ATP effects using metformin. Methods: We estimated the ATP-mediated response of primary rat astrocytes cultured at normal (NG, 5 mM) and high (HG, 22.5 mM) glucose concentrations for 48 h before stimulation. Cell responses were assessed by monitoring changes in the expression of inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2) and the synthesis of oxylipins (41 compounds), assayed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Intracellular pathways were assessed by analyzing the phosphorylation of p38; ERK MAPK; transcription factors STAT3 and NF-κB; and the enzymes mediating oxylipin synthesis, COX-1 and cPLA2. Results: The stimulation of cells with ATP does not affect the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, increases the activities of p38 and ERK MAPKs, and activates oxylipin synthesis, shifting the profiles toward an increase in anti-inflammatory compounds (PGD2, PGA2, 12-HHT, and 18-HEPE). The ATP effects are reduced in HG astrocytes. Metformin potentiated ATP-induced oxylipin synthesis (11-HETE, PGD2, 12-HHT, 15-HETE, 13-HDoHE, and 15-HETrE), which was predominantly evident in NG cells. Conclusions: Our data provide new evidence showing that ATP induces the release of anti-inflammatory oxylipins, and metformin enhances these effects. These results should be considered in the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating astrocyte function in various pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Glia in Inflammatory Processes)

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12 pages, 3662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol over Porous Silica Nanospheres Encapsulating Pt-Sn_xO_y Hybrid Nanoparticles

by Kaijie Li, Qin Wang, Qifan Zhao, Hongbo Yu and Hongfeng Yin

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030263 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

In this article, Pt-Sn_xO_y hybrid nanoparticles encaged in porous silica nanospheres (Pt-Sn_xO_y@PSNs) were prepared by using 1-dodecanethiol (C₁₂-SH) as a coordination agent to confine Pt and Sn ions in a microemulsion system, which is [...] Read more.

In this article, Pt-Sn_xO_y hybrid nanoparticles encaged in porous silica nanospheres (Pt-Sn_xO_y@PSNs) were prepared by using 1-dodecanethiol (C₁₂-SH) as a coordination agent to confine Pt and Sn ions in a microemulsion system, which is formed by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and C₁₂-SH as co-surfactants in water. Compared with Pt@PSNs, when different molar ratios of Sn_xO_y were introduced into Pt@PSNs to form Pt-Sn_xO_y@PSNs, the catalytic efficiency of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction with NaBH₄ can be significantly enhanced. At molar ratios of 4-NP/Pt of 150/1, the 4-NP conversion reached 100% over Pt-Sn_xO_y@PSNs with Pt/Sn molar ratios of 1/0.75 in 8 min. This catalytic performance showed a slight decrease after six reaction cycles. This enhanced catalytic efficiency can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Sn_xO_y, and the protection of porous silica nanostructures can effectively improve the stability of the catalyst. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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18 pages, 6035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Idiopathic Alopecia—A Retrospective Descriptive Study Integrated with the Current Literature

by Andrei Marin, Sabina-Eliza Băloi, Silviu Adrian Marinescu, Adrian Vasile Dumitru, Dana Antonia Țăpoi, Ana Maria Ciongariu, Mircea-Ștefan Tampa, Maria-Roxana Caunic, Dragoș Șerban and Carmen Giuglea

Cosmetics 2025, 12(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12020046 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Hair loss is a widespread issue affecting both men and women, with significant aesthetic and psychological impacts. This study aimed to evaluate various hair restoration treatments, assess patient satisfaction, and identify the correlations between treatment types, treatment duration, and outcomes. We conducted a [...] Read more.

Hair loss is a widespread issue affecting both men and women, with significant aesthetic and psychological impacts. This study aimed to evaluate various hair restoration treatments, assess patient satisfaction, and identify the correlations between treatment types, treatment duration, and outcomes. We conducted a retrospective observational study on 50 patients who completed a 26-question online survey about their hair loss experience, treatments tried, and satisfaction levels. The treatments included FDA-approved drugs (finasteride and minoxidil), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy, hormonal treatments, hair transplant surgery, and nutritional supplements. The results showed that a combination of PRP and topical minoxidil/finasteride produced significant improvements in hair density and thickness. Higher patient satisfaction was correlated with multiple treatment combinations and a longer treatment duration, while surgical hair transplants achieved the highest satisfaction rates despite their invasiveness. This study found that consistency and combination treatments are the key to the optimal hair restoration outcomes. Its limitations included a lack of racial diversity among the participants and the reliance on self-reported data. Overall, non-surgical therapies, particularly when combined, offer effective solutions for early-stage hair loss, while hair transplants remain the most definitive option for severe cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmetic Dermatologic Surgery)

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6 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Streamlining Preparedness: A Practical Pathway to Special Pathogens Management

by Sarah Irene Brown, Priya Dhagat, Aishani V. Aatresh, Saoirse Bodnar and Syra Madad

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10030072 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Managing special pathogens cases, also known as high consequence infectious diseases, presents unique challenges for healthcare systems. It requires thorough planning and comprehensive operational protocols, as well as an appreciation of how human and organizational factors influence readiness. Based on the outcomes from [...] Read more.

Managing special pathogens cases, also known as high consequence infectious diseases, presents unique challenges for healthcare systems. It requires thorough planning and comprehensive operational protocols, as well as an appreciation of how human and organizational factors influence readiness. Based on the outcomes from a full-scale Ebola Virus Disease exercise at New York City Health and Hospitals (NYC Health + Hospitals), this paper presents a checklist of considerations to promote healthcare facility preparedness for special pathogens and to minimize gaps between protocol design and real-world implementation. This approach not only strengthens compliance with the new Joint Commission requirements but also provides a replicable framework for enhancing special pathogens preparedness within other healthcare systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Infection Prevention and Control: Practical and Educational Advances)

14 pages, 1289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Ultrasound Evaluation of Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain in Stroke Patients: A Longitudinal Observational Study Starting in the First Hours After Stroke

by Filippo Cotellessa, William Campanella, Luca Puce, Maria Cesarina May, Marta Ponzano, Riccardo Picasso, Matteo Mordeglia, Davide Subbrero, Ester Cecchella, Laura Mori, Davide Sassos, Massimo Del Sette, Matteo Formica and Carlo Trompetto

Medicina 2025, 61(3), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030484 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is a common and disabling complication in stroke patients, yet its pathogenesis remains unclear. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the clinical and ultrasound characteristics of HSP emerging within the first 72 h (T0) post-stroke, [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is a common and disabling complication in stroke patients, yet its pathogenesis remains unclear. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the clinical and ultrasound characteristics of HSP emerging within the first 72 h (T0) post-stroke, with follow-ups at one month (T1) and three months (T2). Materials and Methods: A total of 28 stroke patients with hemiparesis were assessed for HSP. Evaluations included pain severity during passive shoulder mobilization, passive and active range of motion, muscle strength, spasticity, and functional disability. Ultrasound examinations were conducted to assess tendon disorders, bursitis, effusion, glenohumeral subluxation, and adhesive capsulitis. Results: HSP prevalence increased over time, affecting 11% of patients at T0, 32% at T1, and 57% at T2. Higher baseline scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), an established marker of stroke severity, were significantly associated with HSP (p < 0.05). At T2, patients with HSP exhibited greater impairment, including restricted passive and active range of movement, pronounced muscle weakness, and increased spasticity (p < 0.05). Ultrasound findings at T2 revealed that adhesive capsulitis and glenohumeral subluxation were significantly more frequent in HSP patients (p < 0.05). Adhesive capsulitis showed a significant increase from 0% at T0 to 21% at T2 (p = 0.031), while glenohumeral subluxation exhibited a non-significant rise from 4% to 21% (p = 0.063). Patients with these conditions experienced significantly greater pain progression (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that capsular pathology plays a key role in the development of HSP within the first three months after stroke. The results highlight the need for targeted interventions addressing glenohumeral subluxation and adhesive capsulitis to alleviate pain and improve rehabilitation outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stroke: Diagnostic Approaches and Therapies: 2nd Edition)

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