Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Batteries batteries	4.0	5.4	2015	17.7 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Energies energies	3.2	5.5	2008	16.1 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Materials materials	3.4	5.2	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	5.3	7.4	2010	13.6 Days	CHF 2900	Submit
Nanoenergy Advances nanoenergyadv	-	-	2021	31 Days	CHF 1000	Submit

13 pages, 4882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Nano-Sized Silicon Anodes with Conductive Networks toward a High Average Coulombic Efficiency of 90.2% via Plasma-Assisted Milling

by Yezhan Zuo, Xingyu Xiong, Zhenzhong Yang, Yihui Sang, Haolin Zhang, Fanbo Meng and Renzong Hu

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080660 - 10 Apr 2024

Viewed by 409

Abstract

Si-based anode is considered one of the ideal anodes for high energy density lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh g⁻¹. To accelerate the commercial progress of Si material, the multi-issue of extreme volume expansion and low [...] Read more.

Si-based anode is considered one of the ideal anodes for high energy density lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh g⁻¹. To accelerate the commercial progress of Si material, the multi-issue of extreme volume expansion and low intrinsic electronic conductivity needs to be settled. Herein, a series of nano-sized Si particles with conductive networks are synthesized via the dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) assisted milling. The p-milling method can effectively refine the particle sizes of pristine Si without destroying its crystal structure, resulting in large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) values with more active sites for Li⁺ ions. Due to their unique structure and flexibility, CNTs can be uniformly distributed among the Si particles and the prepared Si electrodes exhibit better structural stability during the continuous lithiation/de-lithiation process. Moreover, the CNT network accelerates the transport of ions and electrons in the Si particles. As a result, the nano-sized Si anodes with CNTs conductive network can deliver an extremely high average initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) reach of 90.2% with enhanced cyclic property and rate capability. The C-PMSi-50:1 anode presents 615 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles and 979 mAh g⁻¹ under the current density of 5 A g⁻¹. Moreover, the manufactured Si||LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ pouch cell maintains a high ICE of >85%. This work may supply a new insight for designing the nano-sized Si and further promoting its commercial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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15 pages, 19056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reutilization of Silicon-Cutting Waste via Constructing Multilayer Si@SiO₂@C Composites as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

by Yi Sun, Jingyi Wu, Xingjie Chen and Chunyan Lai

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070625 - 02 Apr 2024

Viewed by 495

Abstract

The rapid development of the photovoltaic industry has also brought some economic losses and environmental problems due to the waste generated during silicon ingot cutting. This study introduces an effective and facile method to reutilize silicon-cutting waste by constructing a multilayer Si@SiO₂ [...] Read more.

The rapid development of the photovoltaic industry has also brought some economic losses and environmental problems due to the waste generated during silicon ingot cutting. This study introduces an effective and facile method to reutilize silicon-cutting waste by constructing a multilayer Si@SiO₂@C composite for Li-ion batteries via two-step annealing. The double-layer structure of the resultant composite alleviates the severe volume changes of silicon effectively, and the surrounding slightly graphitic carbon, known for its high conductivity and mechanical strength, tightly envelops the silicon nanoflakes, facilitates ion and electron transport and maintains electrode structural integrity throughout repeated charge/discharge cycles. With an optimization of the carbon content, the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) was improved from 53% to 84%. The refined Si@SiO₂@C anode exhibits outstanding cycling stability (711.4 mAh g⁻¹ after 500 cycles) and rate performance (973.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 C). This research presents a direct and cost-efficient strategy for transforming photovoltaic silicon-cutting waste into high-energy-density lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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15 pages, 12522 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Silicon–Nanodiamond-Based Anode for a Lithium-Ion Battery

by Cheng-Ying Jhan, Shi-Hong Sung and Yonhua Tzeng

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010043 - 22 Dec 2023

Viewed by 864

Abstract

Maintaining the physical integrity of a silicon-based anode, which suffers from damage caused by severe volume changes during cycling, is a top priority in its practical applications. The performance of silicon-flake-based anodes has been significantly improved by mixing nanodiamond powders with silicon flakes [...] Read more.

Maintaining the physical integrity of a silicon-based anode, which suffers from damage caused by severe volume changes during cycling, is a top priority in its practical applications. The performance of silicon-flake-based anodes has been significantly improved by mixing nanodiamond powders with silicon flakes for the fabrication of anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nanodiamonds adhere to the surfaces of silicon flakes and are distributed in the binder between flakes. A consistent and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is promoted by the aid of abundant reactive surface-linked functional groups and exposed dangling bonds of nanodiamonds, leading to enhanced physical integrity of the silicon flakes and the anode. The battery’s high-rate discharge capabilities and cycle life are thus improved. SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD were applied to examine the structure and morphology of the anode. Electrochemical performance was evaluated to demonstrate a capacity retention of nearly 75% after 200 cycles, with the final specific capacity exceeding 1000 mAh/g at a test current of 4 mA/cm². This is attributed to the improved stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) structure that was achieved by integrating nanodiamonds with silicon flakes in the anode, leading to enhanced cycling stability and rapid charge-discharge performance. The results from this study present an effective strategy of achieving high-cycling-performance by adding nanodiamonds to silicon-flake-based anodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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10 pages, 10928 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Enhancing the Stability and Initial Coulombic Efficiency of Silicon Anodes through Coating with Glassy ZIF-4

by In-Hwan Lee, Yongsheng Jin, Hyeon-Sik Jang and Dongmok Whang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010018 - 20 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 701

Abstract

The high capacity of electrodes allows for a lower mass of electrodes, which is essential for increasing the energy density of the batteries. According to this, silicon is a promising anode candidate for Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its [...] Read more.

The high capacity of electrodes allows for a lower mass of electrodes, which is essential for increasing the energy density of the batteries. According to this, silicon is a promising anode candidate for Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is hampered by the significant volume expansion of silicon during battery operation, resulting in pulverization and contact loss. In this study, we developed a stable Li-ion anode that not only solves the problem of the short lifetime of silicon but also preserves the initial efficiency by using silicon nanoparticles covered with glassy ZIF-4 (SZ-4). SZ-4 suppresses silicon pulverization, contact loss, etc. because the glassy ZIF-4 wrapped around the silicon nanoparticles prevents additional SEI formation outside the silicon surface due to the electrically insulating characteristics of glassy ZIF-4. The SZ-4 realized by a simple heat treatment method showed 74% capacity retention after 100 cycles and a high initial efficiency of 78.7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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13 pages, 6866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Heat Treatment after Hydrothermal Reaction on the Lithium Storage Performance of a MoS₂/Carbon Cloth Composite

by Xintong Li, Chonggui Li and Qi Yang

Materials 2023, 16(24), 7678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247678 - 17 Dec 2023

Viewed by 611

Abstract

In this study, 1T phase MoS₂ nanosheets were synthesized on the surface of a carbon cloth via a hydrothermal reaction. After heat treatment, the 1T phase MoS₂ was transformed into the 2H phase with a better capacity retention performance. As an [...] Read more.

In this study, 1T phase MoS₂ nanosheets were synthesized on the surface of a carbon cloth via a hydrothermal reaction. After heat treatment, the 1T phase MoS₂ was transformed into the 2H phase with a better capacity retention performance. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, 2H phase MoS₂ on the carbon cloth surface delivers a capacity of 1075 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.1 A g⁻¹ after 50 cycles; while the capacity of the 1T phase MoS₂ on the surface of the carbon cloth without heat treatment fades to 528 mAh g⁻¹. The good conductivity of a carbon cloth substrate and the separated MoS₂ nanosheets help to increase the capacity of MoS₂ and decrease its charge transfer resistance and promote the diffusion of lithium ions in the electrode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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11 pages, 2258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring a N-Doped Nanoporous Carbon Host for a Stable Lithium Metal Anode

by In-Hwan Lee, Yongsheng Jin, Hyeon-Sik Jang and Dongmok Whang

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(23), 3007; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13233007 - 23 Nov 2023

Viewed by 744

Abstract

Li metal is a promising anode candidate due to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, dendrite formation and the resulting dead Li cause continuous Li consumption, which hinders its practical application. In this study, we realized N-doped nanoporous carbon for [...] Read more.

Li metal is a promising anode candidate due to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, dendrite formation and the resulting dead Li cause continuous Li consumption, which hinders its practical application. In this study, we realized N-doped nanoporous carbon for a stable Li metal host composed only of lightweight elements C and N through the simple calcination of a nitrogen-containing metal–organic framework (MOF). During the calcination process, we effectively controlled the amount of lithophilic N and the electrical conductivity of the N-doped porous carbons to optimize their performance as Li metal hosts. As a result, the N-doped porous carbon exhibited excellent electrochemical performances, including 95.8% coulombic efficiency and 91% capacity retention after 150 cycles in a full cell with an LFP cathode. The N-doped nanoporous carbon developed in this study can realize a stable Li metal host without adding lithium ion metals and metal oxides, etc., which is expected to provide an efficient approach for reliable Li metal anodes in secondary battery applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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14 pages, 10386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Rate One-Dimensional α-MnO₂ Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Impact of Polymorphic and Crystallographic Features on Lithium Storage

by Hye-min Kim, Byung-chul Cha and Dae-wook Kim

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(20), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13202808 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1099

Abstract

Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) exists in a variety of polymorphs and crystallographic structures. The electrochemical performance of Li storage can vary depending on the polymorph and the morphology. In this study, we present a new approach to fabricate polymorph- and aspect-ratio-controlled α-MnO [...] Read more.

Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) exists in a variety of polymorphs and crystallographic structures. The electrochemical performance of Li storage can vary depending on the polymorph and the morphology. In this study, we present a new approach to fabricate polymorph- and aspect-ratio-controlled α-MnO₂ nanorods. First, δ-MnO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized using a solution plasma process assisted by three types of sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) as reducing promoters; this revealed different morphologies depending on the nucleation rate and reaction time from the molecular structure of the sugars. Based on the morphology of δ-MnO₂, the polymorphic-transformed three types of α-MnO₂ nanorods showed different aspect ratios (c/a), which highly affected the transport of Li ions. Among them, a relatively small aspect ratio (c/a = 5.1) and wide width of α-MnO₂-S nanorods (sucrose-assisted) induced facile Li-ion transport in the interior of the particles through an increased Li-ion pathway. Consequently, α-MnO₂-S exhibited superior battery performance with a high-rate capability of 673 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 A g⁻¹, and it delivered a high reversible capacity of 1169 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ after 200 cycles. Our findings demonstrated that polymorphs and crystallographic properties are crucial factors in the electrode design of high-performance Li-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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14 pages, 5035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Nanofibers Decorated by MoS₂ Nanosheets with Tunable Quantity as Self-Supporting Anode for High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries

by Liyan Dang, Yapeng Yuan, Zongyu Wang, Haowei Li, Rui Yang, Aiping Fu, Xuehua Liu and Hongliang Li

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(19), 2689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13192689 - 30 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 731

Abstract

Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is considered as a highly promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its unique layer structure, large plane spacing, and high theoretical specific capacity; however, the overlap of MoS₂ nanosheets and inherently low electrical [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is considered as a highly promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its unique layer structure, large plane spacing, and high theoretical specific capacity; however, the overlap of MoS₂ nanosheets and inherently low electrical conductivity lead to rapid capacity decay, resulting in poor cycling stability and low multiplicative performance. This severely limits its practical application in LIBs. To overcome the above problems, composite fibers with a core//sheath structure have been designed and fabricated. The sheath moiety of MoS₂ nanosheets is uniformly anchored by the hydrothermal treatment of the axial of carbon nanofibers derived from an electrospinning method (CNFs//MoS₂). The quantity of the MoS₂ nanosheets on the CNFs substrates can be tuned by controlling the amount of utilized thiourea precursor. The influence of the MoS₂ nanosheets on the electrochemical properties of the composite fibers has been investigated. The synergistic effect between MoS₂ and carbon nanofibers can enhance their electrical conductivity and ionic reversibility as an anode for LIBs. The composite fibers deliver a high reversible capacity of 866.5 mA h g⁻¹ after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹ and maintain a capacity of 703.3 mA h g⁻¹ after a long cycle of 500 charge–discharge processes at 1 A g⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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14 pages, 3583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance of High Voltage LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ Cathode Materials by Surface Modification with Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃/C

by Tingting Yang, Chi-Te Chin, Ching-Hsiang Cheng and Jinsheng Zhao

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(4), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13040628 - 05 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2012

Abstract

A novel method for surface modification of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LNMO) was proposed, in which a hybrid layer combined by Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ (LATP) and carbon (C) composite on LNMO material were connected [...] Read more.

A novel method for surface modification of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LNMO) was proposed, in which a hybrid layer combined by Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ (LATP) and carbon (C) composite on LNMO material were connected by lithium iodide. Structure and morphology analyses illustrated that a higher contact area of active substances was achieved by the LATP/C composite layer without changing the original crystal structure of LNMO. XPS analysis proved that I⁻ promoted the reduction of trace Mn⁴⁺, resulting in a higher ion conductivity. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests exhibited the capacity of the LNMO with 5% LATP/C improved with 35.83% at 25 °C and 95.77% at 50 °C, respectively, compared with the bare after 100 cycles, implying the modification of high-temperature deterioration. EIS results demonstrated that one order of magnitude of improvement of the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient of LATP/C-LNMO was achieved (3.04 × 10⁻¹¹ S cm⁻¹). In conclusion, the effective low-temperature modification strategy improved the ionic and electronic conductivities of the cathode and suppressed the side reactions of high-temperature treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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15 pages, 3939 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Facile Construction of Porous ZnMn₂O₄ Hollow Micro-Rods as Advanced Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

by Yuyan Wang, Senyang Xu, Yamin Zhang, Linrui Hou and Changzhou Yuan

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030512 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1442

Abstract

Spinel ZnMn₂O₄ is considered a promising anode material for high-capacity Li-ion batteries due to their higher theoretical capacity than commercial graphite anode. However, the insufficient cycling and rate properties seriously limit its practical application. In this work, porous ZnMn₂ [...] Read more.

Spinel ZnMn₂O₄ is considered a promising anode material for high-capacity Li-ion batteries due to their higher theoretical capacity than commercial graphite anode. However, the insufficient cycling and rate properties seriously limit its practical application. In this work, porous ZnMn₂O₄ hollow micro-rods (ZMO HMRs) are synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method coupled with annealing treatment. On the basis of electrochemical analyses, the as-obtained samples are first characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The influences of different polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) additions on the formation of the hollow rod structure are also discussed. The abundant multi-level pore structure and hollow feature of ZMO HMRs effectively alleviate the volume expansion issue, rendering abundant electroactive sites and thereby guaranteeing convenient Li⁺ diffusion. Thanks to these striking merits, the ZMO HMRs anode exhibits excellent electrochemical lithium storage performance with a reversible specific capacity of 761 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.1 A g⁻¹, and a long-cycle specific capacity of 529 mAh g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles at 2.0 A g⁻¹ and keep a remarkable rate capability. In addition, the assembled ZMO HMRs-based full cells deliver an excellent rate capacity, and when the current density returns to 0.05 A g⁻¹, the specific capacity can still reach 105 mAh g⁻¹ and remains at 101 mAh g⁻¹ after 70 cycles, maintaining a material-level energy density of approximately 273 Wh kg⁻¹. More significantly, such striking electrochemical performance highlights that porous ZMO HMRs could be a promising anode candidate material for LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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11 pages, 2402 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Synergetic Effect of Hybrid Conductive Additives for High-Capacity and Excellent Cyclability in Si Anodes

by Byeong-Il Yoo, Han-Min Kim, Min-Jae Choi and Jung-Keun Yoo

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193354 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2093

Abstract

Silicon is a promising anode material that can increase the theoretical capacity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the volume expansion of silicon remains a challenge. In this study, we employed a novel combination of conductive additives to effectively suppress the volume expansion of [...] Read more.

Silicon is a promising anode material that can increase the theoretical capacity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the volume expansion of silicon remains a challenge. In this study, we employed a novel combination of conductive additives to effectively suppress the volume expansion of Si during charging/discharging cycles. Rather than carbon black (CB), which is commonly used in SiO anodes, we introduced single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a conductive additive. Owing to their high aspect ratio, CNTs enable effective connection of SiO particles, leading to stable electrochemical operation to prevent volume expansion. In addition, we explored a combination of CB and SWCNTs, with results showing a synergetic effect compared to a single-component of SWCNTs, as small-sized CB particles can enhance the interface contact between the conductive additive and SiO particles, whereas SWCNTs have limited contact points. With this hybrid conductive additive, we achieved a stable operation of full-cell LIBs for more than 200 cycles, with a retention rate of 91.1%, whereas conventional CB showed a 74.0% specific capacity retention rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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12 pages, 3807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth of Nitrogen Incorporated Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Coating on Graphite by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition

by Daniel Villarreal, Jyoti Sharma, Maria Josefina Arellano-Jimenez, Orlando Auciello and Elida de Obaldía

Materials 2022, 15(17), 6003; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176003 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1944

Abstract

This article shows the results of experiments to grow Nitrogen incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) films on commercial natural graphite (NG)/Cu anodes by hot chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) using a gas mixture of Ar/CH₄/N₂/H₂. The experiments focused on [...] Read more.

This article shows the results of experiments to grow Nitrogen incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) films on commercial natural graphite (NG)/Cu anodes by hot chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) using a gas mixture of Ar/CH₄/N₂/H₂. The experiments focused on studying the effect of the pressure in the HFCVD chamber, filament-substrate distance, and temperature of the substrate. It was found that a substrate distance of 3.0 cm and a substrate temperature of 575 C were optimal to grow N-UNCD film on the graphite surface as determined by Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM imaging. XPS analysis shows N incorporation through the film. Subsequently, the substrate surface temperature was increased using a heater, while keeping the substrate-filament distance constant at 3.0 cm. In this case, Raman spectra and SEM images of the substrate surface showed a major composition of graphite in the film as the substrate-surface temperature increased. Finally, the process pressure was increased to 10 Torr where it was seen that the growth of N-UNCD film occurred at 2.0 cm at a substrate temperature of 675 C. These results suggest that as the process pressure increases a smaller substrate-filament distance and consequently a higher substrate surface temperature can still enable the N-UNCD film growth by HFCVD. This effect is explained by a mean free path analysis of the main precursors H₂ and CH₃ molecules traveling from the filament to the surface of the substrate The potential impact of the process developed to grow electrically conductive N-UNCD films using the relatively low-cost HFCVD process is that this process can be used to grow N-UNCD films on commercial NG/Cu anodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), to enable longer stable capacity energy vs. charge/discharge cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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19 pages, 8203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metal (Cu/Fe/Mn)-Doped Silicon/Graphite Composite as a Cost-Effective Anode for Li-Ion Batteries

by Arunakumari Nulu, Young Geun Hwang, Venugopal Nulu and Keun Yong Sohn

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(17), 3004; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12173004 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2600

Abstract

Silicon is a worthy substitute anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it offers high theoretical capacity and low working potentials vs. Li⁺/Li. However, immense volume changes and the low intrinsic conductivity of Si hampers its practical applications. In this study, nano/micro [...] Read more.

Silicon is a worthy substitute anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it offers high theoretical capacity and low working potentials vs. Li⁺/Li. However, immense volume changes and the low intrinsic conductivity of Si hampers its practical applications. In this study, nano/micro silicon particles are achieved by ball milling silicon mesh powder as a scalable process. Subsequent metal (Cu/Fe/Mn) doping into nano/micro silicon by low-temperature annealing, followed by high-temperature annealing with graphite, gives a metal-doped silicon/graphite composite. The obtained composites were studied as anodes for Li-ion batteries, and they delivered high reversible capacities of more than 1000 mAh g⁻¹ with improved Li⁺ diffusion properties. The full cells from these composite anodes vs. LiCoO₂ cathodes delivered suitable energy densities for Li⁺ storage applications. The enhanced electrochemical properties are accredited to the synergistic effect of metal doping and graphite addition to silicon and exhibit potential for suitable Li⁺ energy storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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