Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The pandemic period has led to a socioeconomic crisis that will have serious repercussions on production systems as well as on the life habits of citizens. Added to this is the pollution caused by fossil fuels and concerns about damage to health and the environment. However, it is precisely in times of difficulty that it is necessary to identify a turning point and introduce a paradigmatic shift able to reconcile wellbeing with environmental and health protection. Increased citizen awareness, new employment outlets, growing economic opportunities associated with sustainable management of natural resources, as well as a growing respect for ecosystems point at sustainability as a key driver of recovery. Within this framework, this Special Issue aims to focus on the strategies, practices, and actions that allow implementation of a sustainable energy system based on bioenergy production. Particular emphasis will be given to biofuels, since the transport sector is responsible for a significant share of CO₂ emissions, but sustainable development should include all sectors and contributions of various stakeholders at global level. Contributions to this Topic can address both micro [1] and macro [2] research questions.

Contributions to this SI should consider (but not be limited to) the following points:

• The use of raw materials that follow sustainability criteria and do not conflict with land use for agricultural products.
• Supply chain analysis, clarifying that only a life cycle approach to a product is able to define its actual sustainability.
• Industrial symbiosis and energy communities as an effective element of collaboration among energy users.
• The definition of the willingness to pay for green or circular products compared to conventional fossil-based products.
• The identification of business models to suggest how to implement initiatives that go beyond the protection of the environment.
• The involvement of citizens, and in particular younger generations, in this epoch-making sustainable transition.
• The implementation of policies that support the development of bioenergy and biofuels.

Theoretical, methodological, and practical studies are welcomed to this Topic. 

References

[1] D’Adamo, I.; Falcone, P.M.; Huisingh, D.; Morone, P.; A circular economy model based on biomethane: What are the opportunities for the municipality of Rome and beyond? Renew. Energy 2021, 163, 1660–1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.072.

[2] D’Adamo, I.; Falcone, P.M.; Morone, P.; A new socio-economic indicator to measure the performance of bioeconomy sectors in Europe. Ecol. Econ. 2020, 176, 106724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106724.

Prof. Dr. Idiano D'Adamo
Prof. Dr. Piergiuseppe Morone
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Energies energies	3.2	5.5	2008	16.1 Days	CHF 2600
Sustainability sustainability	3.9	5.8	2009	18.8 Days	CHF 2400

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Published Papers (22 papers)

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18 pages, 1779 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Tree Resin, a Macroergic Source of Energy, a Possible Tool to Lower the Rise in Atmospheric CO₂ Levels

by Jaroslav Demko and Ján Machava

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3506; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063506 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5372

Abstract

Tree resin is a macroergic component that has not yet been used for energy purposes. The main goal of this work is to determine the energy content of the resin of spruce, pine, and larch and of wood components—pulp and turpentine. The combustion [...] Read more.

Tree resin is a macroergic component that has not yet been used for energy purposes. The main goal of this work is to determine the energy content of the resin of spruce, pine, and larch and of wood components—pulp and turpentine. The combustion heat of resin from each timber was determined calorimetrically. Approximately 1.0 g of liquid samples was applied in an adiabatic calorimeter. The energy values of the tree resin (>38.0 MJ·kg⁻¹) were 2.2 and 2.4 times higher than that of bleached and unbleached cellulose, and the highest value was recorded for turpentine (>39.0 MJ·kg⁻¹). Due to the high heating values of the resin, it is necessary to develop approaches to the technological processing of the resin for energy use. The best method of resin tapping is the American method, providing 5 kg of resin ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The tapped resin quantity can be raised by least 3 times by applying a stimulant. Its production cost compared to other feedstocks was the lowest. Tree resin can be applied as a means of mitigating global warming and consequently dampening climate change by reducing the CO₂ content in the atmosphere. One tonne of tree resin burned instead of coal spares the atmosphere 5.0 Mt CO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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20 pages, 1176 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Strategies for the Mobilization and Deployment of Local Low-Value, Heterogeneous Biomass Resources for a Circular Bioeconomy

by Fabian Schipfer, Alexandra Pfeiffer and Ric Hoefnagels

Energies 2022, 15(2), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020433 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

With the Bioeconomy Strategy, Europe aims to strengthen and boost biobased sectors. Therefore, investments in and markets of biobased value chains have to be unlocked and local bioeconomies across Europe have to be deployed. Compliance with environmental and social sustainability goals is on [...] Read more.

With the Bioeconomy Strategy, Europe aims to strengthen and boost biobased sectors. Therefore, investments in and markets of biobased value chains have to be unlocked and local bioeconomies across Europe have to be deployed. Compliance with environmental and social sustainability goals is on top of the agenda. The current biomass provision structures are unfit to take on the diversity of biomass residues and their respective supply chains and cannot ensure the sustainability of feedstock supply in an ecological, social and economical fashion. Therefore, we have to address the research question on feasible strategies for mobilizing and deploying local, low-value and heterogeneous biomass resources. We are building upon the work of the IEA Bioenergy Task40 scientists and their expertise on international bioenergy trade and the current provision of bioenergy and cluster mobilization measures into three assessment levels; the legislative framework, technological innovation and market creation. The challenges and opportunity of the three assessment levels point towards a common denominator: The quantification of the systemic value of strengthening the potentially last remaining primary economic sectors, forestry, agriculture and aquaculture, is missing. With the eroding importance of other primary economic sectors, including fossil fuel extraction and minerals mining, the time is now to assess and act upon the value of the supply-side of a circular bioeconomy. This value includes the support the Bioeconomy can provide to structurally vulnerable regions by creating meaningful jobs and activities in and strengthening the resource democratic significance of rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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9 pages, 1123 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Biogas Potential Assessment of the Composite Mixture from Duckweed Biomass

by Alexander Chusov, Vladimir Maslikov, Vladimir Badenko, Viacheslav Zhazhkov, Dmitry Molodtsov and Yuliya Pavlushkina

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010351 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

The article presents the research results of anaerobic digestion processes in bioreactors of composite mixtures based on initial and residual biomass of Lemna minor duckweed and additives: inoculum (manure), food waste, and spent sorbents to determine biogas potential (biogas volume, methane content). Duckweed [...] Read more.

The article presents the research results of anaerobic digestion processes in bioreactors of composite mixtures based on initial and residual biomass of Lemna minor duckweed and additives: inoculum (manure), food waste, and spent sorbents to determine biogas potential (biogas volume, methane content). Duckweed Lemna minor, which is widespread in freshwater reservoirs, is one of the promising aquatic vegetation species for energy use. Residual biomass is obtained by chemically extracting valuable components from the primary product. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the possibility of the energy potential of residual biomass of Lemna minor to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is in line with the International Energy Agency (IEA) scenarios for the reduction of environmental impact. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of using this type of waste for biogas/biomethane production. The recommendations on the optimal composition of the mixture based on the residual biomass of Lemna minor, which will allow for an increase in biogas production, are given. The obtained data can be used in the design of bioreactors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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21 pages, 5302 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Quality Improvement and Cost Evaluation of Pellet Fuel Produced from Pruned Fruit Tree Branches

by Yining Li, Kang Kang and Wei Wang

Energies 2022, 15(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010113 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Biomass-based pellet is an important source of renewable energy. In this study, to obtain the high-quality fuel pellet via the densification of pruned branches of fruit trees, we investigated the optimization of blending ratios for different raw materials using branches from jujube ( [...] Read more.

Biomass-based pellet is an important source of renewable energy. In this study, to obtain the high-quality fuel pellet via the densification of pruned branches of fruit trees, we investigated the optimization of blending ratios for different raw materials using branches from jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), which is a widely distributed waste biomass resource in China. Through the characterization of raw materials and pellets, the effects of different raw materials on the storage, transportation, and combustion performances of the pellets can be understood. The cost evaluation analysis showed that the two optimized, co-densified pellets had great cost advantages compared with the pure jujube branch pellets. This indicates the potential industrial value of optimized pellets. The results of this study can help to improve the application value of orchard residues and generate an additional profit for fruit plantations, simultaneously avoiding the environmental damage caused by its open combustion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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20 pages, 5245 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Char Characterization Produced from Walnut Shell Biomass through Slow Pyrolysis: Sustainable for Soil Amendment and an Alternate Bio-Fuel

by Rami Alfattani, Mudasir Akbar Shah, Md Irfanul Haque Siddiqui, Masood Ashraf Ali and Ibrahim A. Alnaser

Energies 2022, 15(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010001 - 21 Dec 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4781

Abstract

Bio-char has the ability to isolate carbon in soils and concurrently improve plant growth and soil quality, high energy density and also it can be used as an adsorbent for water treatment. In the current work, the characteristics of four different types of [...] Read more.

Bio-char has the ability to isolate carbon in soils and concurrently improve plant growth and soil quality, high energy density and also it can be used as an adsorbent for water treatment. In the current work, the characteristics of four different types of bio-chars, obtained from slow pyrolysis at 375 °C, produced from hard-, medium-, thin- and paper-shelled walnut residues have been studied. Bio-char properties such as proximate, ultimate analysis, heating values, surface area, pH values, thermal degradation behavior, morphological and crystalline nature and functional characterization using FTIR were determined. The pyrolytic behavior of bio-char is studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in an oxidizing atmosphere. SEM analysis confirmed morphological change and showed heterogeneous and rough texture structure. Crystalline nature of the bio-chars is established by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The maximum higher heating values (HHV), high fixed carbon content and surface area obtained for walnut shells (WS) samples are found as ~ 18.4 MJ kg⁻¹, >80% and 58 m²/g, respectively. Improvement in HHV and decrease of O/C and H/C ratios lead the bio-char samples to fall into the category of coal and confirmed their hydrophobic, carbonized and aromatized nature. From the Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), it is observed that there is alteration in functional groups with increase in temperature, and illustrated higher aromaticity. This showed that bio-chars have high potential to be used as solid fuel either for direct combustion or for thermal conversion processes in boilers, kilns and furnace. Further, from surface area and pH analysis of bio-chars, it is found that WS bio-chars have similar characteristics of adsorbents used for water purifications, retention of essential elements in soil and carbon sequestration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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15 pages, 21735 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Development of a Model of Economic and Ecological Evaluation of Wooden Biomass Supply Chains

by Bohdan Hrechyn, Yevhen Krykavskyy and Jacek Binda

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8574; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248574 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2105

Abstract

This scientific publication is dedicated to the development of scientific methodological and practical recommendations about the formation of ecologistics approaches towards usage of the energetical potential of wooden biomass as a promising trend of economic activity subject development. The hierarchy of ecological chain [...] Read more.

This scientific publication is dedicated to the development of scientific methodological and practical recommendations about the formation of ecologistics approaches towards usage of the energetical potential of wooden biomass as a promising trend of economic activity subject development. The hierarchy of ecological chain build-up is established, which will allow one to effectively organize the logistics of supply of biomass to the place of energy production. The methodological approaches to modeling of economic and ecological evaluation of wooden mass supply chain were improved. It is aimed to the calculation of expanses and harmful emissions that depend on specific logistics processes in implementation of perspective actions of collection and recycling of wooden biomass and substitution of non-renewable energy sources by it, which, on the one hand, analyzes the actual state of affairs of knowledge in the field of ecological processes evaluation, and on the other hand, however, identifies restrictions on the amounts of potential provision of biomass. Due to the proposed model of economic and ecological evaluation of the supply chain of wooden biomass and the development of software with a database that covers information on specific logistics processes, it will be possible to conduct economic and ecological evaluation on each step of the logistics chain, present specific processes in cash equivalents, depict ecological effectiveness, and identify the most vulnerable points of the logistics system, opening vast opportunities for improvement of other supply systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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21 pages, 4239 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Biomass Valorization to Bioenergy: Assessment of Biomass Residues’ Availability and Bioenergy Potential in Nigeria

by Uchechukwu Stella Ezealigo, Blessing Nonye Ezealigo, Francis Kemausuor, Luke Ekem Kweku Achenie and Azikiwe Peter Onwualu

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13806; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413806 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

The bioenergy sector in Nigeria currently lacks a proper assessment of resource availability. In this study, we investigated the bioenergy potential of agricultural residues and municipal solid and liquid waste using data from 2008 to 2018, and we applied a computational and analytical [...] Read more.

The bioenergy sector in Nigeria currently lacks a proper assessment of resource availability. In this study, we investigated the bioenergy potential of agricultural residues and municipal solid and liquid waste using data from 2008 to 2018, and we applied a computational and analytical approach with mild assumptions. The technical potential for the production of cellulosic ethanol and biogas was estimated from the available biomass. It was discovered that higher energy was generated from biogas than cellulosic ethanol for the same type of residue. The available crop residue technical potential of 84 Mt yielded cellulosic ethanol and biogas of 14,766 ML/yr (8 Mtoe) and 15,014 Mm³/yr (13 Mtoe), respectively. Biogas has diverse applications ranging from heat to electric power generation and therefore holds great potential in solving the current electricity crisis in Nigeria. It will also position the nation towards achieving the 7th sustainable development goal (SDG 7) on clean and affordable energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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17 pages, 1375 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Potential Use of Plant Biomass from Treatment Wetland Systems for Producing Biofuels through a Biocrude Green-Biorefining Platform

by Marco Antonio Rodriguez-Dominguez, Patrick Biller, Pedro N. Carvalho, Hans Brix and Carlos Alberto Arias

Energies 2021, 14(23), 8157; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238157 - 05 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

The potential of using the biomass of four wetland plant species (Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) grown in treatment wetland systems and under natural conditions were tested to produce high-value materials using hydro-thermal liquefaction (HTL). [...] Read more.

The potential of using the biomass of four wetland plant species (Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) grown in treatment wetland systems and under natural conditions were tested to produce high-value materials using hydro-thermal liquefaction (HTL). The results show that the wetland plants biomass is suitable for biocrude and biochar production regardless of the origin. The hydrothermal liquefaction products’ (biocrude, biochar, aqueous and gaseous phase) yields vary according with the specific biomass composition of the species. Furthermore, the results show that the biomass composition can be affected by the growing condition (treatment wetland or natural unpolluted conditions) of the plants. None of the single components seems to have a determinant effect on the biocrude yields, which reached around 30% for all the analyzed plants. On the contrary, the biochar yields seem to be affected by the composition of the biomass, obtaining different yields for the different plant species, with biochar yields values from around 12% to 22%, being that Phragmites australis is the one with the highest average yield. The obtained aqueous phase from the different plant species produces homogeneous compounds for each plant species and each growing environment. The study shows that biomass from treatment wetlands is suitable for biocrude production. The environmental value of this biomass lies on the fact that it is considered a residual product with no aggregated value. The treatment wetland biomass is a potential sustainable source for biofuel production since these plants do not need extra land or nutrients for growing, and the biomass does not compete with other uses, offering new sources for enhancing the bioeconomy concepts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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17 pages, 25649 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Energy Stored in Above-Ground Biomass Fractions and Model Trees of the Main Coniferous Woody Plants

by Rudolf Petráš, Julian Mecko, Ján Kukla, Margita Kuklová, Danica Krupová, Michal Pástor, Marcel Raček and Ivica Pivková

Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12686; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212686 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1840

Abstract

The paper considers energy stored in above-ground biomass fractions and in model trees of the main coniferous woody plants (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Abies alba Mill., Pinus sylvestris (L.), Larix decidua Mill.), sampled in 22 forest stands selected in different parts [...] Read more.

The paper considers energy stored in above-ground biomass fractions and in model trees of the main coniferous woody plants (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Abies alba Mill., Pinus sylvestris (L.), Larix decidua Mill.), sampled in 22 forest stands selected in different parts of Slovakia. A total of 43 trees were felled, of which there were 12 spruces, 11 firs, 10 pines, and 10 larches. Gross and net calorific values were determined in samples of wood, bark, small-wood, twigs, and needles. Our results show that these values significantly depend on the tree species, biomass fractions, and sampling point on the tree. The energy stored in the model trees calculated on the basis of volume production taken from yield tables increases as follows: spruce < fir < pine < larch. Combustion of tree biomass releases an aliquot amount of a greenhouse gas—CO₂, as well as an important plant nutrient, nitrogen—into the atmosphere. The obtained data must be taken into account in the case of the economic utilization of energy stored in the fractions of above-ground tree biomass and in whole trees. The achieved data can be used to assess forest ecosystems in terms of the flow of solar energy, its accumulation in the various components of tree biomass, and the risk of biomass combustion in relation to the release of greenhouse gases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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39 pages, 3757 KiB  

Open AccessReview

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

by Muhamed Rasit Atelge, Halil Senol, Mohammed Djaafri, Tulin Avci Hansu, David Krisa, Abdulaziz Atabani, Cigdem Eskicioglu, Hamdi Muratçobanoğlu, Sebahattin Unalan, Slimane Kalloum, Nuri Azbar and Hilal Demir Kıvrak

Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11515; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011515 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7397

Abstract

Biogas is one of the most attractive renewable resources due to its ability to convert waste into energy. Biogas is produced during an anaerobic digestion process from different organic waste resources with a combination of mainly CH₄ (~50 mol/mol), CO₂ (~15 [...] Read more.

Biogas is one of the most attractive renewable resources due to its ability to convert waste into energy. Biogas is produced during an anaerobic digestion process from different organic waste resources with a combination of mainly CH₄ (~50 mol/mol), CO₂ (~15 mol/mol), and some trace gasses. The percentage of these trace gases is related to operating conditions and feedstocks. Due to the impurities of the trace gases, raw biogas has to be cleaned before use for many applications. Therefore, the cleaning, upgrading, and utilization of biogas has become an important topic that has been widely studied in recent years. In this review, raw biogas components are investigated in relation to feedstock resources. Then, using recent developments, it describes the cleaning methods that have been used to eliminate unwanted components in biogas. Additionally, the upgrading processes are systematically reviewed according to their technology, recovery range, and state of the art methods in this area, regarding obtaining biomethane from biogas. Furthermore, these upgrading methods have been comprehensively reviewed and compared with each other in terms of electricity consumption and methane losses. This comparison revealed that amine scrubbing is one the most promising methods in terms of methane losses and the energy demand of the system. In the section on biogas utilization, raw biogas and biomethane have been assessed with recently available data from the literature according to their usage areas and methods. It seems that biogas can be used as a biofuel to produce energy via CHP and fuel cells with high efficiency. Moreover, it is able to be utilized in an internal combustion engine which reduces exhaust emissions by using biofuels. Lastly, chemical production such as biomethanol, bioethanol, and higher alcohols are in the development stage for utilization of biogas and are discussed in depth. This review reveals that most biogas utilization approaches are in their early stages. The gaps that require further investigations in the field have been identified and highlighted for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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14 pages, 4255 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of Mass Reduction Prediction Model and Analysis of Fuel Properties for Agro-Byproduct Torrefaction

by Seok-Jun Kim, Kwang-Cheol Oh, Sun-Yong Park, Young-Min Ju, La-Hoon Cho, Chung-Geon Lee, Min-Jun Kim, In-Seon Jeong and Dae-Hyun Kim

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6125; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196125 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1536

Abstract

Global warming is accelerating due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, research on the use of biomass as energy sources, is being actively conducted worldwide to reduce CO₂ emissions. Although the production of agro-byproducts is vast, their utilization for energy [...] Read more.

Global warming is accelerating due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, research on the use of biomass as energy sources, is being actively conducted worldwide to reduce CO₂ emissions. Although the production of agro-byproducts is vast, their utilization for energy production has not been fully investigated. This study suggests an optimal torrefaction process condition for agro-byproducts, such as grape branch and perilla, that have moisture content but low calorific values. To determine whether these agro-byproducts can be used for energy sources as substituents of fossil fuels, a mass reduction model was established and validated via experimental results. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted for different heating rates, and the activation energy and frequency factor were derived through the analysis. The model was developed by changes in rate constants, moisture content, ash content, and lignocellulose content in biomass. To ascertain the optimal torrefaction conditions, fuel characteristic analysis and changes in energy yield of torrefied grape branch and perilla were investigated. The optimal torrefaction conditions for grape branch and perilla were 200 °C for 40 min and 230 °C for 30 min, respectively. The comparison result of the experiment and simulation at the optimum conditions of mass reduction were 1.42%p and 1.51%p, and 15 °C/min and 7.5 °C/min at heating rate, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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13 pages, 2661 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Lignocellulosic Corn Stover Biomass Pre-Treatment by Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Biomethane Production Process by Bioresource Anaerobic Digestion

by Akinola David Olugbemide, Ana Oberlintner, Uroš Novak and Blaž Likozar

Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10504; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910504 - 22 Sep 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2835

Abstract

The valorization study of the largely available corn stover waste biomass after pretreatment with deep eutectic solvent (DES) for biomethane production in one-liter glass bioreactors by anaerobic digestion for 21 days was presented. Ammonium thiocyanate and urea deep eutectic solvent pretreatments under different [...] Read more.

The valorization study of the largely available corn stover waste biomass after pretreatment with deep eutectic solvent (DES) for biomethane production in one-liter glass bioreactors by anaerobic digestion for 21 days was presented. Ammonium thiocyanate and urea deep eutectic solvent pretreatments under different conditions in terms of the components ratio and temperature were examined on corn stover waste biomass. The lignocellulose biomass was characterized in detail for its chemistry and morphology to determine the effect of the pretreatment on the natural biocomposite. Furthermore, the implications on biomethane production through anaerobic digestion with different loadings of corn stover biomass at 35 g/L and 50 g/L were tested. The results showed an increase of 48% for a cumulative biomethane production for a DES-pretreated biomass, using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:2 at 100 °C for 60 min, which is a strong indication that DES-pretreatment significantly enhanced biomethane production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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5 pages, 186 KiB  

Open AccessEditorial

Bioenergy: A Sustainable Shift

by Idiano D’Adamo, Piergiuseppe Morone and Donald Huisingh

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5661; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185661 - 09 Sep 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3034

Abstract

The European Commission emphasised that a bioeconomy is an economy that uses renewable biological resources from the land and sea (e [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

24 pages, 18991 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Research on the Macroscopic and Microscopic Spray Characteristics of Diesel-PODE_3-4 Blends

by Yulin Chen, Songtao Liu, Xiaoyu Guo, Chaojie Jia, Xiaodong Huang, Yaodong Wang and Haozhong Huang

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5559; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175559 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1771

Abstract

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) is a low-viscosity oxygenated fuel that can improve the volatility of blended fuels. In this work, the macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics of diesel-PODE_3-4 under different ambient temperatures and injection pressures (IP) are studied. The studied blends consisted [...] Read more.

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) is a low-viscosity oxygenated fuel that can improve the volatility of blended fuels. In this work, the macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics of diesel-PODE_3-4 under different ambient temperatures and injection pressures (IP) are studied. The studied blends consisted of pure diesel (P0), two diesel blend fuels of 20% (P20) and 50% (P50) by volume fraction of PODE_3-4. The Mie scattering and Schlieren imaging techniques are used in the experiment. The results show that with the increase in IP, the vapor phase penetration distance and the average cone angle of the three fuels increased, and the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the three fuels decreased. When the ambient temperature increased, the vapor phase projection area and the average vapor phase cone angle of P20 and P50 increased, and the SMD decreased, but the vapor phase projection area of pure diesel did not change significantly. The results indicate that the blended fuel with PODE_3-4 has better spray characteristics than P0 at low temperature, and the SMD hierarchy between the three fuels is P0 > P20 > P50. Through the visualization experiment, it is helpful to further understand the evaporation characteristics of different fuel properties and develop appropriate alternative diesel fuel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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31 pages, 3283 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Value Proposition of Different Methods for Utilisation of Sugarcane Wastes

by Ihsan Hamawand, Wilton da Silva, Saman Seneweera and Jochen Bundschuh

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5483; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175483 - 02 Sep 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2475

Abstract

There are four main waste products produced during the harvesting and milling process of sugarcane: cane trash, molasses, bagasse and mill mud–boiler ash mixture. This study investigates the value proposition of different techniques currently not being adopted by the industry in the utilisation [...] Read more.

There are four main waste products produced during the harvesting and milling process of sugarcane: cane trash, molasses, bagasse and mill mud–boiler ash mixture. This study investigates the value proposition of different techniques currently not being adopted by the industry in the utilisation of these wastes. The study addresses the technical challenges and the environmental impact associated with these wastes and comes up with some recommendations based on the recent findings in the literature. All the biomass wastes such as bagasse, trash (tops) and trash (leaves) have shown great potential in generating higher revenue by converting them to renewable energy than burning them (wet or dry). However, the energy content in the products from all the utilisation methods is less than the energy content of the raw product. This study has found that the most profitable and challenging choice is producing ethanol or ethanol/biogas from these wastes. The authors recommend conducting more research in this field in order to help the sugar industry to compete in the international market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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34 pages, 2307 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Pyrolysis of Solid Digestate from Sewage Sludge and Lignocellulosic Biomass: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis, Characterization of Biochar

by Aleksandra Petrovič, Sabina Vohl, Tjaša Cenčič Predikaka, Robert Bedoić, Marjana Simonič, Irena Ban and Lidija Čuček

Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9642; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179642 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3192

Abstract

This study investigates the pyrolysis behavior and reaction kinetics of two different types of solid digestates from: (i) sewage sludge and (ii) a mixture of sewage sludge and lignocellulosic biomass—Typha latifolia plant. Thermogravimetric data in the temperature range 25–800 °C were analyzed [...] Read more.

This study investigates the pyrolysis behavior and reaction kinetics of two different types of solid digestates from: (i) sewage sludge and (ii) a mixture of sewage sludge and lignocellulosic biomass—Typha latifolia plant. Thermogravimetric data in the temperature range 25–800 °C were analyzed using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose kinetic methods, and the thermodynamic parameters ($\mathsf{\Delta }H$, $\mathsf{\Delta }G$, and $\mathsf{\Delta }S$) were also determined. Biochars were characterized using different chemical methods (FTIR, SEM–EDS, XRD, heavy metal, and nutrient analysis) and tested as soil enhancers using a germination test. Finally, their potential for biosorption of NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ ions was studied. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters revealed a complex degradation mechanism of digestates, as they showed higher activation energies than undigested materials. Values for sewage sludge digestate were between 57 and 351 kJ/mol, and for digestate composed of sewage sludge and T. latifolia between 62 and 401 kJ/mol. Characterizations of biochars revealed high nutrient content and promising potential for further use. The advantage of biochar obtained from a digestate mixture of sewage sludge and lignocellulosic biomass is the lower content of heavy metals. Biosorption tests showed low biosorption capacity of digestate-derived biochars and their modifications for NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻ ions, but high biosorption capacity for Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions. Modification with KOH was more efficient than modification with HCl. The digestate-derived biochars exhibited excellent performance in germination tests, especially at concentrations between 6 and 10 wt.%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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23 pages, 2136 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Variable Weather Conditions on Baled Proportion of Varied Amounts of Harvestable Cereal Straw, Based on Simulations

by Alfredo de Toro, Carina Gunnarsson, Nils Jonsson and Martin Sundberg

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9449; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169449 - 23 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2231

Abstract

All harvestable cereal straw cannot be collected every year in regions where wet periods are probable during the baling season, so some Swedish studies have used ’recovery coefficients’ to estimate potential harvestable amounts. Current Swedish recovery coefficients were first formulated by researchers in [...] Read more.

All harvestable cereal straw cannot be collected every year in regions where wet periods are probable during the baling season, so some Swedish studies have used ’recovery coefficients’ to estimate potential harvestable amounts. Current Swedish recovery coefficients were first formulated by researchers in the early 1990s, after discussions with crop advisors, but there are no recent Swedish publications on available baling times and recovery proportions. Therefore, this study evaluated baling operations over a series of years for representative virtual farms and machine systems in four Swedish regions, to determine the available time for baling, baled straw ratio and annual variation in both. The hourly grain moisture content of pre-harvested cereals and swathed straw was estimated using moisture models and real weather data for 22/23 years, and the results were used as input to a model for simulating harvesting and baling operations. Expected available baling time during August and September was estimated to be 39–49%, depending on region, with large annual variation (standard deviation 22%). The average baling coefficient was estimated to be 80–86%, with 1400 t·year⁻¹ harvestable straw and 15 t·h⁻¹ baling capacity, and the annual variation was also considerable (s.d. 20%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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22 pages, 7149 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization, and Synergistic Effects of Modified Biochar in Combination with α-Fe₂O₃ NPs on Biogas Production from Red Algae Pterocladia capillacea

by Mohamed A. Hassaan, Ahmed El Nemr, Marwa R. Elkatory, Safaa Ragab, Mohamed A. El-Nemr and Antonio Pantaleo

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9275; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169275 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2933

Abstract

This study is the first work that evaluated the effectiveness of unmodified (SD) and modified biochar with ammonium hydroxide (SD-NH₂) derived from sawdust waste biomass as an additive for biogas production from red algae Pterocladia capillacea either individually or in combination [...] Read more.

This study is the first work that evaluated the effectiveness of unmodified (SD) and modified biochar with ammonium hydroxide (SD-NH₂) derived from sawdust waste biomass as an additive for biogas production from red algae Pterocladia capillacea either individually or in combination with hematite α-Fe₂O₃ NPs. Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller, Fourier transform infrared, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman, and a particle size analyzer were used to characterize the generated biochars and the synthesized α-Fe₂O₃. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements confirmed the formation of amino groups on the modified biochar surface. The kinetic research demonstrated that both the modified Gompertz and logistic function models fit the experimental data satisfactorily except for 150 SD-NH₂ alone or in combination with α-Fe₂O₃ at a concentration of 10 mg/L. The data suggested that adding unmodified biochar at doses of 50 and 100 mg significantly increased biogas yield compared to untreated algae. The maximum biogas generation (219 mL/g VS) was obtained when 100 mg of unmodified biochar was mixed with 10 mg of α-Fe₂O₃ in the inoculum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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15 pages, 15104 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

1,2—Propanediol Production from Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel’s Production: Technical and Economic Study

by Juan B. Restrepo, Carlos D. Paternina-Arboleda and Antonio J. Bula

Energies 2021, 14(16), 5081; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165081 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3348

Abstract

For every nine tons of produced biodiesel, there is another ton of glycerol as a byproduct. Therefore, glycerol prices dropped significantly worldwide in recent years; the more significant biodiesel production is, the more glycerol exists as a byproduct. glycerol prices also impact the [...] Read more.

For every nine tons of produced biodiesel, there is another ton of glycerol as a byproduct. Therefore, glycerol prices dropped significantly worldwide in recent years; the more significant biodiesel production is, the more glycerol exists as a byproduct. glycerol prices also impact the biodiesel manufacturing business, as it could be sold according to its refinement grade. The primary objective of this work was to evaluate the economic potential of the production of 1,2-propanediol derived from the biodiesel produced in Colombia. A plant to produce 1,2-propanediol via catalytic hydrogenation of glycerol in a trickle-bed reactor was designed. The plant comprised a reaction scheme where non-converted excess hydrogen was recycled, and the heat generated in the reactor was recovered. The reactor effluent was sent to a separation train where 98% m/m purity 1,2-propanediol was attained. Capital and operational costs were estimated from the process simulation. The net present value (NPV) and the modified internal return rate (MIRR) of the plant were used to assess the viability of the process. Their sensitivity to key input variables was evaluated to find the viability limits of the project. The economic potential of the 1,2-propanediol was calculated in USD 1.2/kg; for the base case, the NPV and the MIRR were USD 54.805 million and 22.56%, respectively, showing that, for moderate variations in products and raw material prices, the process is economically viable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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17 pages, 1227 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Crop Residue Management in India: Stubble Burning vs. Other Utilizations including Bioenergy

by Gaurav Kumar Porichha, Yulin Hu, Kasanneni Tirumala Venkateswara Rao and Chunbao Charles Xu

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4281; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144281 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 11778

Abstract

In recent studies, various reports reveal that stubble burning of crop residues in India generates nearly 150 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂), more than 9 million tons of carbon monoxide (CO), a quarter-million tons of sulphur oxides (SO_X), [...] Read more.

In recent studies, various reports reveal that stubble burning of crop residues in India generates nearly 150 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂), more than 9 million tons of carbon monoxide (CO), a quarter-million tons of sulphur oxides (SO_X), 1 million tons of particulate matter and more than half a million tons of black carbon. These contribute directly to environmental pollution, as well as the haze in the Indian capital, New Delhi, and the diminishing glaciers of the Himalayas. Although stubble burning crop residue is a crime under Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Air and Pollution Control Act (APCA) of 1981, a lack of implementation of these government acts has been witnessed across the country. Instead of burning, crop residues can be utilized in various alternative ways, including use as cattle feed, compost with manure, rural roofing, bioenergy, beverage production, packaging materials, wood, paper, and bioethanol, etc. This review article aims to present the current status of stubble-burning practices for disposal of crop residues in India and discuss several alternative methods for valorization of crop residues. Overall, this review article offers a solid understanding of the negative impacts of mismanagement of the crop residues via stubble burning in India and the other more promising management approaches including use for bioenergy, which, if widely employed, could not only reduce the environmental impacts of crop residue management, but generate additional value for the agricultural sector globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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13 pages, 4676 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Wood Chip Characteristics for Energy Production in Lithuania

by Nerijus Pedišius, Marius Praspaliauskas, Justinas Pedišius and Eugenija Farida Dzenajavičienė

Energies 2021, 14(13), 3931; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133931 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

Wood chips and logging residues currently comprise the largest share of biomass fuels used for heat generation in district heating plants and are provided by a variety of suppliers. Ash and moisture contents, as well as the calorific value, may vary considerably depending [...] Read more.

Wood chips and logging residues currently comprise the largest share of biomass fuels used for heat generation in district heating plants and are provided by a variety of suppliers. Ash and moisture contents, as well as the calorific value, may vary considerably depending on the composition of the fuel, seasonality, location, and other factors. This paper provides the summarized results of the main characteristics of wood chip moisture and ash content and calorific value, experimentally tested for a significant range of samples. Chip samples were collected from two district heating companies and tested for a significant range of samples. Chip samples were collected from two district heating companies and tested for a 3-year period. The data on fuel chip prices were taken from the electronic wood chip trading platform. The tests were performed using standard express methods, where two sub-samples were taken and analyzed from every chip sample. It was determined that the moisture content of the wood chips varied from 35% to 45%, the calorific value from 18.4 to 19.6 MJ/kg, and the ash content from 0.5% to 4.5%. The calculated relative expanded uncertainty of the moisture content measurement was ±2.1%, of calorific value—±1.5%, and of ash—±1.0%. The repeatability of the results was estimated as the pooled standard deviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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20 pages, 783 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Corporate Power in the Bioeconomy Transition: The Policies and Politics of Conservative Ecological Modernization in Brazil

by Mairon G. Bastos Lima

Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126952 - 21 Jun 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4545

Abstract

The bioeconomy transition is a double-edged sword that may either address fossil fuel dependence sustainably or aggravate human pressures on the environment, depending on how it is pursued. Using the emblematic case of Brazil, this article analyzes how corporate agribusiness dominance limits the [...] Read more.

The bioeconomy transition is a double-edged sword that may either address fossil fuel dependence sustainably or aggravate human pressures on the environment, depending on how it is pursued. Using the emblematic case of Brazil, this article analyzes how corporate agribusiness dominance limits the bioeconomy agenda, shapes innovation pathways, and ultimately threatens the sustainability of this transition. Drawing from scholarship on power in agri-food governance and sustainability transitions, an analytical framework is then applied to the Brazilian case. The analysis of current policies, recent institutional changes and the case-specific literature reveals that, despite a strategic framing of the bioeconomy transition as a panacea for job creation, biodiversity conservation and local development (particularly for the Amazon region), in practice major soy, sugarcane and meatpacking conglomerates dominate Brazil’s bioeconomy agenda. In what can be described as conservative ecological modernization, there is some reflexivity regarding environmental issues but also an effort to maintain (unequal) social and political structures. Significant agribusiness dominance does not bode well for smallholder farmers, food diversity or natural ecosystems, as major drivers of deforestation and land-use change (e.g., soy plantations, cattle ranching) gain renewed economic and political stimulus as well as greater societal legitimacy under the bioeconomy umbrella. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Actions for Bioenergy and Biofuels: A Sustainable Shift)

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