Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.7	4.5	2011	16.9 Days	CHF 2400
Sustainability sustainability	3.9	5.8	2009	18.8 Days	CHF 2400
Catalysts catalysts	3.9	6.3	2011	14.3 Days	CHF 2700
Molecules molecules	4.6	6.7	1996	14.6 Days	CHF 2700
Materials materials	3.4	5.2	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600

18 pages, 8784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Mapping and Heat Transfer Analysis of an Induction Motor of an Electric Vehicle Using Nanofluids as a Cooling Medium

by Gaurav Kumar Pandey, Siddharth Sriram Sikha, Abhineet Thakur, Sai Sravan Yarlagadda, Sai Santosh Thatikonda, Bibin Baiju suja, Arkadiusz Mystkowski, Egidijus Dragašius and Edison Gundabattini

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8124; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108124 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

The driving motor is one of the most crucial components of an electric vehicle (EV). The most commonly used type of motor in EVs is the induction motor. These motors generate heat during operation due to the flow of electrical current through the [...] Read more.

The driving motor is one of the most crucial components of an electric vehicle (EV). The most commonly used type of motor in EVs is the induction motor. These motors generate heat during operation due to the flow of electrical current through the motor’s coils, as well as friction and other factors. For long-run and high efficiency of the motor, cooling becomes more important. This article utilized ANSYS Motor-CAD to map the temperature signature of an induction motor and investigated the thermal efficiency of using nanofluids as a cooling medium. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids has been found to be superior to that of more conventional cooling fluids such as air and water. This research explores the effect of using Al₂O₃, ZnO, and CuO concentrations in nanofluids (water as a base fluid) on the thermal efficacy and performance of motor. According to the findings, using nanofluids may considerably increase the efficiency of the motor, thereby lowering temperature rise and boosting system effectiveness. Based on the simulation analysis using ANSYS Motor-CAD, the results demonstrate that the utilization of CuO nanofluid as a cooling medium in the induction motor led to a reduction of 10% in the temperature of the motor housing. The maximum reduction in the temperature was found up to 10% when nanofluids were used, which confirms CuO as an excellent option of nanofluids for use as motor cooling and other applications where effective heat transmission is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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11 pages, 2354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrophobic Nanoporous Silver with ZIF Encapsulation for Nitrogen Reduction Electrocatalysis

by Yating Qi, Shulin Zhao, Yue Pang and Yijie Yang

Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062781 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1416

Abstract

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) offers a sustainable alternative to the environmentally hazardous Haber–Bosch process for producing ammonia. However, it suffers from an unsatisfactory performance due to its limited active sites and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, we design a hydrophobic oleylamine-modified zeolitic [...] Read more.

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) offers a sustainable alternative to the environmentally hazardous Haber–Bosch process for producing ammonia. However, it suffers from an unsatisfactory performance due to its limited active sites and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, we design a hydrophobic oleylamine-modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-coated nanoporous silver composite structure (NPS@O-ZIF). The composite achieves a high ammonia yield of (41.3 ± 0.9) μg·h⁻¹·cm⁻² and great Faradaic efficiency of (31.7 ± 1.2)%, overcoming the performances of NPS@ZIF and traditional silver nanoparticles@O-ZIF. Our strategy affords more active sites and accessible channels for reactant species due to the porous structure of NPS cores and restrains the evolution of hydrogen by introducing the hydrophobic molecule coated on the ZIF surfaces. Hence, the design of the hydrophobic core–shell composite catalyst provides a valuably practical strategy for ENRR as well as other water-sensitive reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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15 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full-Chain FeCl₃ Catalyzation Is Sufficient to Boost Cellulase Secretion and Cellulosic Ethanol along with Valorized Supercapacitor and Biosorbent Using Desirable Corn Stalk

by Jingyuan Liu, Xin Zhang, Hao Peng, Tianqi Li, Peng Liu, Hairong Gao, Yanting Wang, Jingfeng Tang, Qiang Li, Zhi Qi, Liangcai Peng and Tao Xia

Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052060 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1437

Abstract

Cellulosic ethanol is regarded as a perfect additive for petrol fuels for global carbon neutralization. As bioethanol conversion requires strong biomass pretreatment and overpriced enzymatic hydrolysis, it is increasingly considered in the exploration of biomass processes with fewer chemicals for cost-effective biofuels and [...] Read more.

Cellulosic ethanol is regarded as a perfect additive for petrol fuels for global carbon neutralization. As bioethanol conversion requires strong biomass pretreatment and overpriced enzymatic hydrolysis, it is increasingly considered in the exploration of biomass processes with fewer chemicals for cost-effective biofuels and value-added bioproducts. In this study, we performed optimal liquid-hot-water pretreatment (190 °C for 10 min) co-supplied with 4% FeCl₃ to achieve the near-complete biomass enzymatic saccharification of desirable corn stalk for high bioethanol production, and all the enzyme-undigestible lignocellulose residues were then examined as active biosorbents for high Cd adsorption. Furthermore, by incubating Trichoderma reesei with the desired corn stalk co-supplied with 0.05% FeCl₃ for the secretion of lignocellulose-degradation enzymes in vivo, we examined five secreted enzyme activities elevated by 1.3–3.0-fold in vitro, compared to the control without FeCl₃ supplementation. After further supplying 1:2 (w/w) FeCl₃ into the T. reesei-undigested lignocellulose residue for the thermal-carbonization process, we generated highly porous carbon with specific electroconductivity raised by 3–12-fold for the supercapacitor. Therefore, this work demonstrates that FeCl₃ can act as a universal catalyst for the full-chain enhancement of biological, biochemical, and chemical conversions of lignocellulose substrates, providing a green-like strategy for low-cost biofuels and high-value bioproducts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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14 pages, 6137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of a Novel CNT-COO⁻/Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄Composite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity under Natural Sunlight

by Abdalla A. Elbashir, Mahgoub Ibrahim Shinger, Xoafang Ma, Xiaoquan Lu, Amel Y. Ahmed and Ahmed O. Alnajjar

Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041586 - 07 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1222

Abstract

In this study, a carboxylated carbon nanotube-grafted Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄ (CNT-COO⁻/Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄) composite was synthesized through an in situ electrostatic deposition method. The synthesized composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, [...] Read more.

In this study, a carboxylated carbon nanotube-grafted Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄ (CNT-COO⁻/Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄) composite was synthesized through an in situ electrostatic deposition method. The synthesized composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The electron transfer ability of the synthesized composite was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The CNT-COO⁻/Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄ composite exhibited higher activity than CNT/Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄, Ag₃PO₄@AgIO₄, and bare Ag₃PO₄. The material characterization and the detailed study of the various parameters thataffect the photocatalytic reaction revealed that the enhanced catalytic activity is related to the good interfacial interaction between CNT-COO and Ag₃PO₄. The energy band structure analysis is further considered as a reason for multi-electron reaction enhancement. The results and discussion in this study provide important information for the use of the functionalized CNT-COOH in the field of photocatalysis. Moreover, providinga new way to functionalize CNT viadifferent functional groups may lead to further development in the field of photocatalysis. This work could provide a new way to use natural sunlight to facilitate the practical application of photocatalysts toenvironmental issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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15 pages, 3767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Metal–Support Interaction in the Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of the Metal-Decorated Titanium Dioxide Supported Carbon

by Felipe Berto Ometto, Valdecir Antonio Paganin, Peter Hammer and Edson Antonio Ticianelli

Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010022 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1577

Abstract

It has been found that the electrocatalytic properties of metallic nanoparticles supported on transition metal oxides are affected by the existing strong metal–support interaction (SMSI). Herein, the effects of SMSI on the electrocatalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were investigated in acid [...] Read more.

It has been found that the electrocatalytic properties of metallic nanoparticles supported on transition metal oxides are affected by the existing strong metal–support interaction (SMSI). Herein, the effects of SMSI on the electrocatalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were investigated in acid electrolyte by using Pt and Ag nanoparticles supported on carbon and titanium oxide (TiO₂). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR–TEM) images showed that Pt and Ag nanoparticles present a spherical shape at the TiO₂ support and an average size distribution of around 4.5 nm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results for Pt/TiO₂/C and Ag/TiO₂/C evidenced higher amounts of surface oxides in the metallic particles, when compared to the materials supported on carbon. Consistently, electrode polarization and electrochemical impedance results revealed that both metal–TiO₂ and metal–C-supported catalysts were more active in catalyzing the HER than the corresponding carbon-supported materials, with Pt presenting better results. These differences in the HER activities were related to the electronic effects of the TiO₂/C substrate on the Pt and Ag metals, introduced by strong metal-support (SMSI) in the metal–TiO₂/C catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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15 pages, 4268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of PdNiBi Metal Content: Cost Reduction in Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells

by Michaela Roschger, Sigrid Wolf, Boštjan Genorio and Viktor Hacker

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 15485; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215485 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1767

Abstract

In this work, the metal content of Pd₈₅Ni₁₀Bi₅/C catalysts for the alkaline ethanol-oxidation reaction was reduced from 40 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (40/60)) to 30 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (30/70)), 20 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (20/80)) and 10 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (10/90)), while increasing [...] Read more.

In this work, the metal content of Pd₈₅Ni₁₀Bi₅/C catalysts for the alkaline ethanol-oxidation reaction was reduced from 40 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (40/60)) to 30 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (30/70)), 20 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (20/80)) and 10 wt.% (PdNiBi/C (10/90)), while increasing performance. The synthesized catalysts were examined using physicochemical measurements and electrochemical measurements. The best performing catalysts were used to fabricate membrane electrode assemblies for carrying out single-cell tests and to determine the influence of the metal/carbon ratio of the electrode. The electrochemical surface area (695 cm² mg⁻¹) and activity were increased, resulting in high peak-current densities for the ethanol oxidation reaction (3.72 A mg⁻¹) by the resulting more accessible metal particles. The electrode produced with the PdNiBi/C (30/70) catalyst reached a maximum power density of 34.8 mW mg⁻¹ at 50 °C. This successfully demonstrated a doubling of the power density compared with the performance of the PdNiBi/C (40/60) electrode, while simultaneously reducing the costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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21 pages, 7131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MIL-101 (Fe) @Ag Rapid Synergistic Antimicrobial and Biosafety Evaluation of Nanomaterials

by Xi Li, Huiying Zheng, Jiehan Chen, Mengyuan Xu, Yan Bai and Tiantian Liu

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3497; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113497 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3506

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which have become popular in recent years as excellent carriers of drugs and biomimetic materials, have provided new research ideas for fighting pathogenic bacterial infections. Although various antimicrobial metal ions can be added to MOFs with physical methods, such as [...] Read more.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which have become popular in recent years as excellent carriers of drugs and biomimetic materials, have provided new research ideas for fighting pathogenic bacterial infections. Although various antimicrobial metal ions can be added to MOFs with physical methods, such as impregnation, to inhibit bacterial multiplication, this is inefficient and has many problems, such as an uneven distribution of antimicrobial ions in the MOF and the need for the simultaneous addition of large doses of metal ions. Here, we report on the use of MIL-101(Fe)@Ag with efficient metal-ion release and strong antimicrobial efficiency for co-sterilization. Fe-based MIL-101(Fe) was synthesized, and then Ag⁺ was uniformly introduced into the MOF by the substitution of Ag⁺ for Fe³⁺. Scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to investigate the synthesized MIL-101(Fe)@Ag. The characteristic peaks of MIL-101(Fe) and silver ions could be clearly seen in the PXRD pattern. Comparing the diffraction peaks of the simulated PXRD patterns clearly showed that MIL-101(Fe) was successfully constructed and silver ions were successfully loaded into MIL-101(Fe) to synthesize an MOF with a bimetallic structure, that is, the target product MIL-101(Fe)@Ag. The antibacterial mechanism of the MOF material was also investigated. MIL-101(Fe)@Ag exhibited low cytotoxicity, so it has potential applications in the biological field. Overall, MIL-101(Fe)@Ag is an easily fabricated structurally engineered nanocomposite with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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14 pages, 3517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Pre-Oxidation of Petroleum Pitch-Based Activated Carbons for Electric Double-Layer Capacitors

by Jong-Woo Kim, Dae-Won Kim, Seul-Yi Lee and Soo-Jin Park

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3241; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103241 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1938

Abstract

Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are an excellent electrochemical energy storage system (ESS) because of their superior power density, faster charge–discharge ability, and longer cycle life compared to those of other EES systems. Activated carbons (ACs) have been mainly used as the electrode materials [...] Read more.

Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are an excellent electrochemical energy storage system (ESS) because of their superior power density, faster charge–discharge ability, and longer cycle life compared to those of other EES systems. Activated carbons (ACs) have been mainly used as the electrode materials for EDLCs because of their high specific surface area, superior chemical stability, and low cost. Petroleum pitch (PP) is a graphitizable carbon that is a promising precursor for ACs because of its high carbon content, which is obtained as an abundant by-product during the distillation of petroleum. However, the processibility of PP is poor because of its stable structure. In this study, pre-oxidized PP-derived AC (OPP-AC) was prepared to investigate the effects of pre-oxidation on the electrochemical behaviors of PP. The specific surface area and pore size distribution of OPP-AC were lower and narrower, respectively, compared to the textural properties of untreated PP-derived AC (PP-AC). On the other hand, the specific capacitance of OPP-AC was 25% higher than that of PP-AC. These results revealed that pre-oxidation of PP induces a highly developed micropore structure of ACs, resulting in improved electrochemical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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19 pages, 67892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study on p- and n-Type Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells by AFORS-HET

by Wabel Mohammed Alkharasani, Nowshad Amin, Seyed Ahmad Shahahmadi, Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani, Ili Salwani Mohamad, Puvaneswaran Chelvanathan and Tiong Sieh Kiong

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3508; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103508 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2562

Abstract

Despite the increasing trend of n-type silicon wafer utilization in the manufacturing of high-efficiency heterojunction solar cells due to the superior advantages over p-type counterparts, its high manufacturing cost remains to be one of the most crucial factors, which impedes its market share [...] Read more.

Despite the increasing trend of n-type silicon wafer utilization in the manufacturing of high-efficiency heterojunction solar cells due to the superior advantages over p-type counterparts, its high manufacturing cost remains to be one of the most crucial factors, which impedes its market share growth with state-of-the-art silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells demonstrating high conversion efficiencies from various configurations, the prospect of using an n-type wafer is debatable from a cost-efficiency point of view. Hence, a systematic comparison between p- and n-type SHJ solar cells was executed in this work using AFORS-HET numerical software. Front and rear-emitter architectures were selected for each type of wafer with ideal (without defects) and non-ideal (with defects) conditions. For ideal conditions, solar cells with p-type wafers and a front-emitter structure resulted in a maximum conversion efficiency of 28%, while n-type wafers demonstrated a maximum efficiency of 26% from the rear-emitter structure. These high-performance devices were possible due to the optimization of the bandgap and electron-affinity for all passivating and doping layers with values ranging from 1.3 to 1.7 eV and 3.9 to 4 eV, respectively. The correlation between the device structure and the type of wafers as demonstrated here will be helpful for the development of both types of solar cells with comparable performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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14 pages, 1698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Greenhouse Gases Absorption by Doped Fullerenes with Externally Oriented Electric Field

by Rodrigo A. Lemos Silva, Daniel F. Scalabrini Machado, Núbia Maria Nunes Rodrigues, Heibbe C. B. de Oliveira, Luciano Ribeiro and Demétrio A. da Silva Filho

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092968 - 06 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1591

Abstract

In this work, a theoretical investigation of the effects caused by the doping of C₂₀ with silicon (Si) atom as well as the adsorption of CO, CO₂ and N₂ gases to C₂₀ and C₁₉Si fullerenes was carried [...] Read more.

In this work, a theoretical investigation of the effects caused by the doping of C₂₀ with silicon (Si) atom as well as the adsorption of CO, CO₂ and N₂ gases to C₂₀ and C₁₉Si fullerenes was carried out. In concordance with previous studies, it was found that the choice of the doping site can control the structural, electronic, and energetic characteristics of the C₁₉Si system. The ability of C₂₀ and C₁₉Si to adsorb CO, CO₂ and N₂ gas molecules was evaluated. In order to modulate the process of adsorption of these chemical species to C₁₉Si, an externally oriented electric field was included in the theoretical calculations. It was observed that C₁₉Si is highly selective with respect to CO adsorption. Upon the increase of the electric field intensity the adsorption energy was magnified correspondingly and that the interaction between CO and C₁₉Si changes in nature from a physical adsorption to a partial covalent character interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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13 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Cracking for Propylene Production over Au Catalyst Supported by External Surface-Modified ZSM-5 Zeolite

by Lei Wu, Huijuan Su, Xun Sun, Libo Sun, Lijun Zhao and Caixia Qi

Catalysts 2022, 12(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12040418 - 08 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2505

Abstract

To improve the yield of propylene in fluidized catalytic cracking, a series of different Au/ZSM-5-TOS catalysts were prepared by modifying ZSM-5, using an external surface modification method and Au nanoparticles. The modified catalyst maintained the MFI structure of ZSM-5, whereas the pore-opening size [...] Read more.

To improve the yield of propylene in fluidized catalytic cracking, a series of different Au/ZSM-5-TOS catalysts were prepared by modifying ZSM-5, using an external surface modification method and Au nanoparticles. The modified catalyst maintained the MFI structure of ZSM-5, whereas the pore-opening size of the zeolite relatively decreased, without affecting its internal structure. The acidity of ZSM-5, especially the Brønsted acidity, reduced. Among the studied catalysts, the 0.2 wt% Au/ZSM-5-1%TOS catalyst exhibited the best feedstock conversion and propylene selectivity, along with a significant increase in propylene selectivity and a slight decrease in the conversion of light diesel oil, even after water vapor treatment at 800 °C for 4 h. Its catalytic activity at 360 °C exceeded that of ZSM-5 at 460 °C, showing great application potential in petrochemical processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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11 pages, 2931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Energy Storage Properties of High-Porosity Foamed Cement

by Changshun Zhou, Qidong Wang and Congyan Zhang

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072459 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1758

Abstract

Foamed porous cement materials were fabricated with H₂O₂ as foaming agent. The effect of H₂O₂ dosage on the multifunctional performance is analyzed. The result shows that the obtained specimen with 0.6% H₂O₂ of the [...] Read more.

Foamed porous cement materials were fabricated with H₂O₂ as foaming agent. The effect of H₂O₂ dosage on the multifunctional performance is analyzed. The result shows that the obtained specimen with 0.6% H₂O₂ of the ordinary Portland cement mass (PC0.6) has appropriate porosity, leading to outstanding multifunctional property. The ionic conductivity is 29.07 mS cm⁻¹ and the compressive strength is 19.6 MPa. Furthermore, the electrochemical energy storage performance is studied in novel ways. The PC0.6 also shows the highest areal capacitance of 178.28 mF cm⁻² and remarkable cycle stability with 90.67% of initial capacitance after 2000 cycles at a current density of 0.1 mA cm⁻². The superior electrochemical energy storage property may be attributed to the high porosity of foamed cement, which enlarges the contact area with the electrode and provides a rich ion transport channel. This report on cement–matrix materials is of great significance for large scale civil engineering application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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24 pages, 12953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Electronics from Nature: Computational Investigation of the Electronic and Optical Properties of the Isomers of Bixin and Norbixin Present in the Achiote Seeds

by Igo Tôrres Lima, Josiel da Silva Crispim, Olimpio Pereira de Sá Neto, Rafael Timóteo de Sousa Júnior, Luiz Antônio Ribeiro Júnior and Demétrio Antonio da Silva Filho

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2138; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072138 - 25 Mar 2022

Viewed by 2294

Abstract

Organic compounds have been employed in developing new green energy solutions with good cost-efficiency compromise, such as photovoltaics. The light-harvesting process in these applications is a crucial feature that still needs improvements. Here, we studied natural dyes to propose an alternative for enhancing [...] Read more.

Organic compounds have been employed in developing new green energy solutions with good cost-efficiency compromise, such as photovoltaics. The light-harvesting process in these applications is a crucial feature that still needs improvements. Here, we studied natural dyes to propose an alternative for enhancing the light-harvesting capability of photovoltaics. We performed density functional theory calculations to investigate the electronic and optical properties of the four natural dyes found in achiote seeds (Bixa orellana L.). Different DFT functionals, and basis sets, were used to calculate the electronic and optical properties of the bixin, norbixin, and their trans-isomers (molecules present in Bixa orellana L.). We observed that the planarity of the molecules and their similar extension for the conjugation pathways provide substantially delocalized wavefunctions of the frontier orbitals and similar values for their energies. Our findings also revealed a strong absorption peak in the blue region and an absorption band over the visible spectrum. These results indicate that Bixa orellana L. molecules can be good candidates for improving light-harvesting in photovoltaics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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16 pages, 2790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Sintering Temperature on the Electrical Properties of La_0.9Sr_0.1MnO₃ Manganite

by Wided Hizi, Hedi Rahmouni, Nima E. Gorji, Ahlem Guesmi, Naoufel Ben Hamadi, Lotfi Khezami, Essebti Dhahri, Kamel Khirouni and Malek Gassoumi

Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030340 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2522

Abstract

La_0.9Sr_0.1MnO₃ nanoparticles were prepared using the citrate–gel route and sintered at different temperatures (T_S = 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C). The x-day diffraction patterns reveal that the samples exhibit a single phase with a rhombohedral [...] Read more.

La_0.9Sr_0.1MnO₃ nanoparticles were prepared using the citrate–gel route and sintered at different temperatures (T_S = 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C). The x-day diffraction patterns reveal that the samples exhibit a single phase with a rhombohedral

(R \bar{3} C)

structure. The transmission electron microscopy technique shows an increase in the grain size when the sintering temperature (T_S) rises. The obtained values are approximately similar to that of crystallite size calculated from x-ray diffraction patterns. The impact of sintering temperature (T_S) on the electrical properties of La_0.9Sr_0.1MnO₃manganite is examined using the impedance spectroscopy technique. A metal-semi-conductor transition at a specific temperature (T_M-SC) is observed for all samples. Indeed, the sintering temperature increase induces the shift of this transition temperature toward higher temperatures. Such a behavior is explained by the increase in the grain size. An agreement between the metal-semi-conductor transition values coming from the DC resistivity and the grain boundaries analyses is observed. This agreement proves the contribution of the grain boundaries in the electrical properties of the studied samples. In addition, the presence of the relaxation phenomenon is confirmed. The fitted Nyquist plots show the correlation between the microstructure of the material and the electrical properties using an electrical equivalent circuit model. The DC resistivity and the impedance analyses reveal the thermal activation of the transport properties in the investigated system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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16 pages, 3255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Oxofunctionalization of Cyclohexane and Benzyl Alcohol over BiOI/TiO₂ Heterojunction

by Adolfo Henríquez, Romina Romero, Lorena Cornejo-Ponce, Claudio Salazar, Juan Díaz, Victoria Melín, Héctor D. Mansilla, Gina Pecchi and David Contreras

Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030318 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2338

Abstract

Heterogeneous photocatalysis under visible light irradiation allows performing of selective oxofunctionalization of hydrocarbons at ambient temperature and pressure, using molecular oxygen as a sacrificial reagent and potential use of sunlight as a sustainable and low-cost energy source. In the present work, a photocatalytic [...] Read more.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis under visible light irradiation allows performing of selective oxofunctionalization of hydrocarbons at ambient temperature and pressure, using molecular oxygen as a sacrificial reagent and potential use of sunlight as a sustainable and low-cost energy source. In the present work, a photocatalytic material based on heterojunction of titanium dioxide and bismuth oxyiodide was used as photocatalyst on selective oxofunctionalization of cyclohexane and benzyl alcohol. The selective oxidation reactions were performed in a homemade photoreactor equipped with a metal halide lamp and injected air as a source of molecular oxygen. The identified oxidized products obtained from oxofunctionalization of cyclohexane were cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. On the other hand, the product obtained from oxofunctionalization of benzyl alcohol was benzaldehyde. The yield obtained with BiOI/TiO₂ photocatalysts was higher than that obtained with pure bismuth oxyiodide. The higher performance of this material with respect to pure BiOI was attributed to its higher specific area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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31 pages, 3805 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Organic Solar Cells: A Review on Materials from Acceptor to Donor

by Yang Li, Wei Huang, Dejiang Zhao, Lu Wang, Zhiqiang Jiao, Qingyu Huang, Peng Wang, Mengna Sun and Guangcai Yuan

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061800 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 10043

Abstract

In the last few decades, organic solar cells (OSCs) have drawn broad interest owing to their advantages such as being low cost, flexible, semitransparent, non-toxic, and ideal for roll-to-roll large-scale processing. Significant advances have been made in the field of OSCs containing high-performance [...] Read more.

In the last few decades, organic solar cells (OSCs) have drawn broad interest owing to their advantages such as being low cost, flexible, semitransparent, non-toxic, and ideal for roll-to-roll large-scale processing. Significant advances have been made in the field of OSCs containing high-performance active layer materials, electrodes, and interlayers, as well as novel device structures. Particularly, the innovation of active layer materials, including novel acceptors and donors, has contributed significantly to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement in OSCs. In this review, high-performance acceptors, containing fullerene derivatives, small molecular, and polymeric non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, highly efficient donor materials designed for fullerene- and NFA-based OSCs are also presented. Additionally, motivated by the incessant developments of donor and acceptor materials, recent advances in the field of ternary and tandem OSCs are reviewed as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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9 pages, 4752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ag Current Collecting Layer Fabricated by Sputter for 3D-Printed Polymer Bipolar Plate of Ultra-Light Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

by Gye-Eun Jang and Gu-Young Cho

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2997; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052997 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

In this study, 3D-printed polymer bipolar plates were fabricated and applied to the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In order to overcome the poor electronic conductivity of polymer bipolar plates, silver current collecting layers were deposited using a sputter process. Influences of [...] Read more.

In this study, 3D-printed polymer bipolar plates were fabricated and applied to the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In order to overcome the poor electronic conductivity of polymer bipolar plates, silver current collecting layers were deposited using a sputter process. Influences of the thickness of the current collecting layer were carefully investigated to optimize the thickness. Using a sputter process, current collecting layers were successfully deposited without clear evidence of defects. Additionally, the increment in the total weight of bipolar plates was minimized. The average thickness of the silver current collecting layer was varied from 216 nm to 1.46 um. The results showed the fuel cell with 1.46 um thick Ag current collecting layer coated 3D printed bipolar plates achieved 0.96 V of the open circuit voltage and 308.35 mW/cm² of performance at 25 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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25 pages, 8526 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of New Energy Thermochromic Composite Thermosensitive Materials of Smart Windows in Recent Years

by Yu-Qin Feng, Mei-Ling Lv, Ming Yang, Wen-Xia Ma, Gang Zhang, Yun-Zi Yu, Ya-Qi Wu, Hai-Bo Li, De-Zheng Liu and Yong-Sheng Yang

Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051638 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5548

Abstract

Thermochromic smart windows technology can intelligently regulate indoor solar radiation by changing indoor light transmittance in response to thermal stimulation, thus reducing energy consumption of the building. In recent years, with the development of new energy-saving materials and the combination with practical technology, [...] Read more.

Thermochromic smart windows technology can intelligently regulate indoor solar radiation by changing indoor light transmittance in response to thermal stimulation, thus reducing energy consumption of the building. In recent years, with the development of new energy-saving materials and the combination with practical technology, energy-saving smart windows technology has received more and more attention from scientific research. Based on the summary of thermochromic smart windows by Yi Long research groups, this review described the applications of thermal responsive organic materials in smart windows, including poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogels, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) hydrogels, ionic liquids and liquid crystals. Besides, the mechanism of various organic materials and the properties of functional materials were also introduced. Finally, opportunities and challenges relating to thermochromic smart windows and prospects for future development are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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21 pages, 5009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanowall Textured Hydrophobic Surfaces and Liquid Droplet Impact

by Bekir Sami Yilbas, Abba Abubakar, Mubarak Yakubu, Hussain Al-Qahtani and Abdullah Al-Sharafi

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051645 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1545

Abstract

Water droplet impact on nanowires/nanowalls’ textured hydrophobic silicon surfaces was examined by assessing the influence of texture on the droplet impact dynamics. Silicon wafer surfaces were treated, resulting in closely packed nanowire/nanowall textures with an average spacing and height of 130 nm and [...] Read more.

Water droplet impact on nanowires/nanowalls’ textured hydrophobic silicon surfaces was examined by assessing the influence of texture on the droplet impact dynamics. Silicon wafer surfaces were treated, resulting in closely packed nanowire/nanowall textures with an average spacing and height of 130 nm and 10.45 μm, respectively. The top surfaces of the nanowires/nanowalls were hydrophobized through the deposition of functionalized silica nanoparticles, resulting in a droplet contact angle of 158° ± 2° with a hysteresis of 4° ± 1°. A high-speed camera was utilized to monitor the impacting droplets on hydrophobized nanowires/nanowalls’ textured surfaces. The nanowires/nanowalls texturing of the surface enhances the pinning of the droplet on the impacted surface and lowers the droplet spreading. The maximum spreading diameter of the impacting droplet on the hydrophobized nanowires/nanowalls surfaces becomes smaller than that of the hydrophobized as-received silicon, hydrophobized graphite, micro-grooved, and nano-springs surfaces. Penetration of the impacted droplet fluid into the nanowall-cell structures increases trapped air pressure in the cells, acting as an air cushion at the interface of the droplet fluid and nanowalls’ top surface. This lowers the droplet pinning and reduces the work of droplet volume deformation while enhancing the droplet rebound height. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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13 pages, 6863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Syntheses and Characterizations of CuIn_1-xZn_xSe₂ Chalcopyrite Nanoparticles

by Khedidja Benameur, Younes Mouchaal, Kheireddine Benchouk, Abdelkader Laafer and Regis Barille

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041436 - 15 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1409

Abstract

CuIn_1-xZn_xSe₂ powders with various atomic percentages (x = 0, 0.05, 0.11, 0.16 and 0.21) were synthesized with the solvothermal method using metal chlorides and ethylendiamine as sources of precursors and a solvent, respectively. The experiment aims to investigate [...] Read more.

CuIn_1-xZn_xSe₂ powders with various atomic percentages (x = 0, 0.05, 0.11, 0.16 and 0.21) were synthesized with the solvothermal method using metal chlorides and ethylendiamine as sources of precursors and a solvent, respectively. The experiment aims to investigate the effect of atomic percentages of Zn_x compounds on the structural and optical properties of CuIn_1-xZn_xSe₂ in order to improve future technological applications based on this material. The powders’ chalcopyrite phases were identified by X-ray diffraction. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of Cu, In, Zn and Se with the expected atomic ratio of Zn/(In + Zn). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the powders have large-scale desert rose-like structures. The nanopowders’ optical study by UV-visible spectrophotometry showed that the CuIn_1-xZn_xSe₂ energy gap values increase with the molar fraction of Zn_x. A change from 1.15 to 1.4 eV was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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12 pages, 2899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Pt-Loaded Catalysts Supported on the Functionalized Pyrolytic Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Tires for the High Performance Dehydrogenation of Methylcyclohexane and Hydrogen Production

by Hongli Ye, Tianci Wang, Shuangxi Liu, Cui Zhang and Youqiong Cai

Catalysts 2022, 12(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12020211 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2269

Abstract

The pyrolytic activated carbon derived from waste tires (PTC) was functionalized to fabricate the high performance of Pt-based catalysts in the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane and hydrogen production. Structural characterizations evidenced that the modification partially influenced the surface area, the pore structure, and the [...] Read more.

The pyrolytic activated carbon derived from waste tires (PTC) was functionalized to fabricate the high performance of Pt-based catalysts in the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane and hydrogen production. Structural characterizations evidenced that the modification partially influenced the surface area, the pore structure, and the oxygen-containing functional groups of the supports. The techniques of CO pulse, transmission electron microscopy, and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction were utilized to investigate the dispersion degrees and particle sizes of the active component Pt, and its interaction with the various functionalized supports, respectively. The results manifested that Pt particles loaded on the functionalized PTC-S had the largest dispersion degree and the smallest size among those loaded on PTC and other functionalized PTC (i.e., PTC-K and PTC-NH). Finally, the Pt-based catalysts were successfully applied in the dehydrogenation reaction of methylcyclohexane to yield hydrogen. The results revealed that the Pt catalyst over the functional PTC-S support exhibited a more excellent conversion of methylcyclohexane (84.3%) and a higher hydrogen evolution rate (991.5 mmol/g_Pt/min) than the other resulting Pt-based catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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10 pages, 1820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Bithiophene Extended IDIC-Based Non-Fullerene Acceptors and Organic Photovoltaics Thereof

by Yeong Heon Jeong, Jae Min Jeon, Jun Young Kim and Yun-Hi Kim

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031113 - 07 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

We developed new bithiophene extended electron acceptors based on m-alkoxythenyl-substituted IDIC with three different end groups, named as IDT-BT-IC, IDT-BT-IC4F, and IDT-BT-IC4Cl, respectively. The ultraviolet absorption maximum was redshifted and the bandgap was decreased as the strong electron accepting ability of the [...] Read more.

We developed new bithiophene extended electron acceptors based on m-alkoxythenyl-substituted IDIC with three different end groups, named as IDT-BT-IC, IDT-BT-IC4F, and IDT-BT-IC4Cl, respectively. The ultraviolet absorption maximum was redshifted and the bandgap was decreased as the strong electron accepting ability of the end group increased. A differential scanning calorimetry thermogram analysis revealed that all the new acceptors have a crystalline character. Using these acceptors and a bulk heterojunction structure using PBDB-T, inverted organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices were fabricated, and their performance was analyzed. Due to the red shift of the electron acceptors, the OPV active layer particularly, which was derived from IDT-BT-IC4F, exhibited increased absorption at long wavelengths over 800 nm. The OPV prepared using IDT-BT-IC exhibited a short-circuit current density (J_sc) of 2.30 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.95 V, a fill factor (FF) of 45%, and a photocurrent efficiency (PCE) of 1.00%. Using IDT-BT-IC4F, the corresponding OPV device showed J_sc = 8.31 mA/cm², V_oc = 0.86 V, FF = 47%, and PCE = 3.37%. The IDT-BT-IC4Cl-derived OPV had J_sc = 3.00 mA/cm², V_oc = 0.89 V, FF = 29%, and PCE = 0.76%. When IDT-BT-IC4F was used as the electron acceptor, the highest J_sc and PCE values were achieved. The results show that the low average roughness (0.263 nm) of the active layer improves the extraction of electrons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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19 pages, 7602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Demand Hydrogen Generation by the Hydrolysis of Ball-Milled Aluminum–Bismuth–Zinc Composites

by Jamey Davies, Stephanus P. du Preez and Dmitri G. Bessarabov

Materials 2022, 15(3), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031197 - 04 Feb 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2348

Abstract

In this investigation, ternary Al-Bi-Zn composites were prepared through mechanochemical activation to determine the combined effects of low-cost Bi and Zn on the morphology change and reactivity of the Al composite during the hydrolysis reaction. Specifically, Zn was considered as a means to [...] Read more.

In this investigation, ternary Al-Bi-Zn composites were prepared through mechanochemical activation to determine the combined effects of low-cost Bi and Zn on the morphology change and reactivity of the Al composite during the hydrolysis reaction. Specifically, Zn was considered as a means to slow the hydrogen generation rate while preserving a high hydrogen yield. A steady hydrogen generation rate is preferred when coupled with a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that Bi and Zn were distributed relatively uniformly in Al particles. By doing so, galvanic coupling between anodic Al and the cathodic Bi/Zn sustains the hydrolysis reaction until the entire Al particle is consumed. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed no intermetallic phases between Al, Bi, and/or Zn formed. A composite containing 7.5 wt% Bi and 2.5 wt% Zn had a hydrogen yield of 99.5%, which was completed after approximately 2300 s. It was further found that the water quality used during hydrolysis could further slow the hydrogen generation rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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16 pages, 2183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid RF-Si Xerogels: A Cost-Effective Proposal for Insulator Materials

by Samantha L. Flores-López, Sara F. Villanueva, Natalia Rey-Raap and Ana Arenillas

Materials 2022, 15(1), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010265 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Hybrid xerogels RF/Si were synthesized by controlling the chemical variables involved in the polymerization process (i.e., molar ratios, dilution ratio, catalysts, etc.) and evaluated as insulator materials. Higher insulating performances were recorded for these hybrids compared with their counterparts made from only one [...] Read more.

Hybrid xerogels RF/Si were synthesized by controlling the chemical variables involved in the polymerization process (i.e., molar ratios, dilution ratio, catalysts, etc.) and evaluated as insulator materials. Higher insulating performances were recorded for these hybrids compared with their counterparts made from only one of their components (i.e., RF or Si xerogels with similar porous characteristics). The analysis of chemical and structural features correlated with heat transfer methods was useful in understanding the sum of contributions involved in the thermal conductivity of RF/Si xerogels. Variables such as roughness and tortuosity can be used to improve the performance of xerogels from a different perspective. In this way, thermal conductivities of 25 mW/mK were achieved without lengthy process steps or special drying methods. Knowledge of material design and the use of microwave heating during the synthesis allowed us to approach a simple and cost-effective process. These results suggest that the hybrid materials developed in this work are a good starting point for the future of the massive production of insulation materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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7 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Solubility of Hybrid Halide Perovskites in DMF and DMSO

by Andrey A. Petrov, Artem A. Ordinartsev, Sergey A. Fateev, Eugene A. Goodilin and Alexey B. Tarasov

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7541; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247541 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4720

Abstract

Solution methods remain the most popular means for the fabrication of hybrid halide perovskites. However, the solubility of hybrid perovskites has not yet been quantitively investigated. In this study, we present accurate solubility data for MAPbI₃, FAPbI₃, MAPbBr₃ [...] Read more.

Solution methods remain the most popular means for the fabrication of hybrid halide perovskites. However, the solubility of hybrid perovskites has not yet been quantitively investigated. In this study, we present accurate solubility data for MAPbI₃, FAPbI₃, MAPbBr₃ and FAPbBr₃ in the two most widely used solvents, DMF and DMSO, and demonstrate huge differences in the solubility behavior depending on the solution compositions. By analyzing the donor numbers of the solvents and halide anions, we rationalize the differences in the solubility behavior of hybrid perovskites with various compositions, in order to take a step forward in the search for better processing conditions of hybrid perovskites for solar cells and optoelectronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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13 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ionic Transport Triggered by Asymmetric Illumination on 2D Nano-Membrane

by Linhan Du, Xiaoyu Hu, Diannan Lu and Zheng Liu

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7078; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237078 - 23 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1755

Abstract

Ionic transport and ion sieving are important in the field of separation science and engineering. Based on the rapid development of nanomaterials and nano-devices, more and more phenomena occur on the nanoscale devices in the field of thermology, optics, mechanics, etc. Recently, we [...] Read more.

Ionic transport and ion sieving are important in the field of separation science and engineering. Based on the rapid development of nanomaterials and nano-devices, more and more phenomena occur on the nanoscale devices in the field of thermology, optics, mechanics, etc. Recently, we experimentally observed a novel ion transport phenomenon in nanostructured graphene oxide membrane (GOM) under asymmetric illumination. We first build a light-induced carriers’ diffusion model based on our previous experimental results. This model can reveal the light-induced ion transport mechanism and predict the carriers’ diffusion behavior under different operational situations and material characters. The voltage difference increases with the rise of illuminate asymmetry, photoresponsivity, recombination coefficient, and carriers’ diffusion coefficient ratio. Finally, we discuss the ion transport behavior with different surface charge densities using MD simulation. Moderate surface charge decreases the ion transport with the same type of charge due to the electrostatic repulsion; however, excess surface charge blocks both cation and anion because a thicker electrical double layer decreases effective channel height. Research here provides referenced operational and material conditions to obtain a greater voltage difference between the membrane sides. Also, the mechanism of ion transport and ion sieving can guide us to modify membrane material according to different aims. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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12 pages, 3692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse Vulcanization of a Natural Monoene with Sulfur as Sustainable Electrochemically Active Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

by Jian Xiao, Zhicong Liu, Wangnian Zhang, Ning Deng, Jijun Liu and Fulai Zhao

Molecules 2021, 26(22), 7039; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227039 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2601

Abstract

A novel soluble copolymer poly(S-MVT) was synthesized using a relatively quick one-pot solvent-free method, inverse vulcanization. Both of the two raw materials are sustainable, i.e., elemental sulfur is a by-product of the petroleum industry and 4-Methyl-5-vinylthiazole (MVT) is a natural monoene compound. The [...] Read more.

A novel soluble copolymer poly(S-MVT) was synthesized using a relatively quick one-pot solvent-free method, inverse vulcanization. Both of the two raw materials are sustainable, i.e., elemental sulfur is a by-product of the petroleum industry and 4-Methyl-5-vinylthiazole (MVT) is a natural monoene compound. The microstructure of poly(S-MVT) was characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, XPS spectroscopy, XRD, DSC SEM, and TEM. Test results indicated that the copolymers possess protonated thiazole nitrogen atoms, meso/macroporous structure, and solubility in tetrahydrofuran and chloroform. Moreover, the improved electronic properties of poly(S-MVT) relative to elemental sulfur have also been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The copolymers are utilized successfully as the cathode active material in Li-S batteries. Upon employment, the copolymer with 15% MVT content provided good cycling stability at a capacity of ∼514 mA h g⁻¹ (based on the mass of copolymer) and high Coulombic efficiencies (∼100%) over 100 cycles, as well as great rate performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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13 pages, 3413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supported Cu/W/Mo/Ni—Liquid Metal Catalyst with Core-Shell Structure for Photocatalytic Degradation

by Shuting Liang, Chaowei Wang, Fengjiao Li and Gang Song

Catalysts 2021, 11(11), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111419 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2609

Abstract

Room-temperature liquid metal is a very ideal material for the design of catalytic materials. At low temperatures, the liquid metal enters the liquid state. It provides an opportunity to utilize the liquid phase in the catalysis, which is far superior to the traditional [...] Read more.

Room-temperature liquid metal is a very ideal material for the design of catalytic materials. At low temperatures, the liquid metal enters the liquid state. It provides an opportunity to utilize the liquid phase in the catalysis, which is far superior to the traditional solid-phase catalyst. Aiming at the low performance and narrow application scope of the existing single-phase liquid metal catalyst, this paper proposed a type of liquid metal/metal oxide core-shell composite multi-metal catalyst. The Ga₂O₃ core-shell heterostructure was formed by chemical modification of liquid metals with different nano metals Cu/W/Mo/Ni, and it was applied to photocatalytic degrading organic contaminated raw liquor. The effects of different metal species on the rate of catalytic degradation were explored. The selectivity and stability of the LM/MO core-shell composite catalytic material were clarified, and it was found that the Ni-LM catalyst could degrade methylene blue and Congo red by 92% and 79%, respectively. The catalytic mechanism and charge transfer mechanism were revealed by combining the optical band gap value. Finally, we provided a theoretical basis for the further development of liquid metal photocatalytic materials in the field of new energy environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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14 pages, 5693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ Photocatalyst for Efficient Fixation on Cotton Fabric: Applications in UV Shielding and Self-Cleaning Performances

by Jiayi Chen, Kuang Wang, Jialong Tian, Wenhui Yu, Yujie Chen, Na Li, Zhenming Qi and Chunxia Wang

Materials 2021, 14(22), 7002; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14227002 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

In this work, a visible-light-driven BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst was obtained via a facile hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet/visible light diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV/Vis), and photocurrent (PC). [...] Read more.

In this work, a visible-light-driven BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst was obtained via a facile hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet/visible light diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV/Vis), and photocurrent (PC). BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ was modified with (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride to obtain the cationized BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆. Cotton fabric was pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium chloroacetate solution to obtain carboxymethylated cotton fabric, which was further reacted with cationized BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ to achieve finished cotton fabric. The cotton fabrics were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), XRD, SEM, and EDS. The photocatalytic activity of the BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst and cotton fabrics was assessed by photocatalytic degradation of MB (methylene blue) solution under simulated visible light. The self-cleaning property of cotton fabrics was evaluated by removing MB solution and red-wine stains. Results revealed that the coated cotton fabrics exhibited appreciable photocatalytic and self-cleaning performance. In addition, anti-UV studies showed that the finished cotton fabrics had remarkable UV blocking properties in the UVA and UVB regions. Therefore, the finished cotton fabric with BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ can provide a framework for the development of multifunctional textiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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13 pages, 4740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing Er-Doped ZnO/CuS/Au Core-Shell Nanowires with Enhanced Photocatalytic and SERS Properties

by Chia-Man Chou, Tan-Tzu Chang, Chin-Yi Chen and Yu-Cheng Chang

Catalysts 2021, 11(11), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111347 - 09 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1976

Abstract

In this study, we fabricated Er-doped ZnO/CuS/Au core-shell nanowires using two-step wet chemical methods and an ion-sputtering method on a glass substrate as a bifunctional photocatalytic and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The characteristic properties of as-prepared photocatalysts were confirmed by scanning electron [...] Read more.

In this study, we fabricated Er-doped ZnO/CuS/Au core-shell nanowires using two-step wet chemical methods and an ion-sputtering method on a glass substrate as a bifunctional photocatalytic and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The characteristic properties of as-prepared photocatalysts were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, DR/UV-Vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Compared with Er-doped ZnO nanowires and Er-doped ZnO/CuS core-shell nanowires, Er-doped ZnO/CuS/Au core-shell nanowires exhibited remarkably photocatalytic activity to degrade acid orange 7 solutions under blue LED light. These results ascribed to the Er-doped ZnO/CuS/Au core-shell nanowires can enhance the visible-light absorbance and the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, inducing their higher photocatalytic activity under blue LED light. In addition, Er-doped ZnO/CuS/Au core-shell nanowires exhibit high sensitivity, a low detection limit (10⁻⁶ M), uniformity, recyclability, and stability of SERS performance for detected acid orange 7. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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10 pages, 5798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Polarization on Performance of Inverted Solar Cells Based on Molecular Ferroelectric 1,6-Hexanediamine Pentaiodide Bismuth with PCBM as Electron Transport Layer

by Xiaolan Wang, Xiaoping Zou, Jialin Zhu, Chunqian Zhang, Jin Cheng, Junming Li, Zixiao Zhou, Yifei Wang, Xiaotong Li, Keke Song and Baokai Ren

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10494; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110494 - 08 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1753

Abstract

The depolarization field of ferroelectric photovoltaic materials can enhance the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers, which will improve the performance of photovoltaic devices, thus attracting the attention of researchers. In this paper, a narrow bandgap molecular ferroelectric Hexane-1,6-diammonium pentaiodobismuth (HDA-BiI₅) [...] Read more.

The depolarization field of ferroelectric photovoltaic materials can enhance the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers, which will improve the performance of photovoltaic devices, thus attracting the attention of researchers. In this paper, a narrow bandgap molecular ferroelectric Hexane-1,6-diammonium pentaiodobismuth (HDA-BiI₅) was selected as the photo absorption layer for the fabrication of solar cells. After optimizing the ferroelectric thin film by the antisolvent process, the effect of different polarization voltages on the performance of ferroelectric devices was studied. The results showed that there was a significant increase in short-circuit current density, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency showed an overall increasing trend. Finally, we analyzed the internal mechanism of the effect of polarization on the device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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16 pages, 4759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile and Quantitative Method for Estimating the Isolation Degree of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) Suspensions

by Minwoo Lee, Minhaeng Heo, Hyunho Lee and Jihoon Shin

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216463 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

The isolation degree of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) suspensions calculated from the amount of sediments obtained with the centrifugation method can be estimated with turbidimetry, surface charge and dispersion analysis of the CNCs suspension. Three different types of raw cellulosic materials were used and [...] Read more.

The isolation degree of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) suspensions calculated from the amount of sediments obtained with the centrifugation method can be estimated with turbidimetry, surface charge and dispersion analysis of the CNCs suspension. Three different types of raw cellulosic materials were used and carried out with an acid hydrolysis and mechanical disintegration. As the number of high-pressure homogenizer treatments increased, the isolation degree of CNCs from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) increased from 2.3 to 99.6%, while the absorbencies from turbidimetric measurement of the CNCs suspension decreased, from 2.6 to 0.1 Abs units. Furthermore, the surface charges based on zeta potential measurements of the CNCs suspensions increased from −34.6 to −98.7 mV, but the heights of sediments from the CNCs suspensions were reduced, from 4.01 to 0.07 mm. Similar results were obtained for CNCs from softwood pulp (SWP) and cotton pulp (CP). These results show a direct correlation between yield, turbidity, surface charge and sedimentation of CNCs suspensions. Their correlation indices (0.9) were close to a maximal value of 1. This approach can be suggested as a facile and rapid estimation method for CNCs manufacturing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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24 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress on Noble Metal-Based Catalysts Dedicated to the Selective Catalytic Ammonia Oxidation into Nitrogen and Water Vapor (NH₃-SCO)

by Magdalena Jabłońska

Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6461; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216461 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2997

Abstract

A recent development for selective ammonia oxidation into nitrogen and water vapor (NH₃-SCO) over noble metal-based catalysts is covered in the mini-review. As ammonia (NH₃) can harm human health and the environment, it led to stringent regulations by environmental [...] Read more.

A recent development for selective ammonia oxidation into nitrogen and water vapor (NH₃-SCO) over noble metal-based catalysts is covered in the mini-review. As ammonia (NH₃) can harm human health and the environment, it led to stringent regulations by environmental agencies around the world. With the enforcement of the Euro VI emission standards, in which a limitation for NH₃ emissions is proposed, NH₃ emissions are becoming more and more of a concern. Noble metal-based catalysts (i.e., in the metallic form, noble metals supported on metal oxides or ion-exchanged zeolites, etc.) were rapidly found to possess high catalytic activity for NH₃ oxidation at low temperatures. Thus, a comprehensive discussion of property-activity correlations of the noble-based catalysts, including Pt-, Pd-, Ag- and Au-, Ru-based catalysts is given. Furthermore, due to the relatively narrow operating temperature window of full NH₃ conversion, high selectivity to N₂O and NO_x as well as high costs of noble metal-based catalysts, recent developments are aimed at combining the advantages of noble metals and transition metals. Thus, also a brief overview is provided about the design of the bifunctional catalysts (i.e., as dual-layer catalysts, mixed form (mechanical mixture), hybrid catalysts having dual-layer and mixed catalysts, core-shell structure, etc.). Finally, the general conclusions together with a discussion of promising research directions are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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20 pages, 7716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Step Preparation of Nitrogen-Doped Platinum-Based Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol

by Ruihua Guo, Na An, Shengli An, Jieyu Zhang, Kuochih Chou, Lili Guan and Xiao Tian

Catalysts 2021, 11(11), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111264 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1639

Abstract

Pt/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-GO) catalysts were prepared by one-step microwave-assisted ethylene glycol reduction using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the nitrogen source. Nitrogen doping in GO and the deposition of highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles were completed at the same time. The effect of adding [...] Read more.

Pt/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-GO) catalysts were prepared by one-step microwave-assisted ethylene glycol reduction using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the nitrogen source. Nitrogen doping in GO and the deposition of highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles were completed at the same time. The effect of adding NMP on the microstructure and the electrocatalytic performance of Pt/N-GO catalysts were studied. The results show that Pt/N-GO catalysts have better particle size distribution and electrocatalytic performance than undoped catalysts. When the ratio of GO to NMP reaches 1:200, the peak current density of the catalyst is about 3 times that of the non-nitrogen-doped Pt/GO and Pt/C(JM) catalysts, indicating that the electrocatalytic performance of this catalyst is the best. Therefore, the development of a one-step synthesis of Pt/N-GO catalysts has a broad application prospects in direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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12 pages, 3180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Size and Temperature on Water Dynamics inside Carbon Nano-Tubes Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

by Amit Srivastava, Jamal Hassan and Dirar Homouz

Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6175; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206175 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2155

Abstract

Water transport inside carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) has attracted considerable attention due to its nano-fluidic properties, its importance in nonporous systems, and the wide range of applications in membrane desalination and biological medicine. Recent studies show an enhancement of water diffusion inside nano-channels depending [...] Read more.

Water transport inside carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) has attracted considerable attention due to its nano-fluidic properties, its importance in nonporous systems, and the wide range of applications in membrane desalination and biological medicine. Recent studies show an enhancement of water diffusion inside nano-channels depending on the size of the nano-confinement. However, the underlying mechanism of this enhancement is not well understood yet. In this study, we performed Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to study water flow inside CNT systems. The length of CNTs considered in this study is 20 nm, but their diameters vary from 1 to 10 nm. The simulations are conducted at temperatures ranging from 260 K to 320 K. We observe that water molecules are arranged into coaxial water tubular sheets. The number of these tubular sheets depends on the CNT size. Further analysis reveals that the diffusion of water molecules along the CNT axis deviates from the Arrhenius temperature dependence. The non-Arrhenius relationship results from a fragile liquid-like water component persisting at low temperatures with fragility higher than that of the bulk water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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8 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Properties of Electrically Conductive/Nitrogen Grain Boundaries Incorporated Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (N-UNCD) Thin Films Grown by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD)

by Michelle Salgado-Meza, Guillermo Martínez-Rodríguez, Pablo Tirado-Cantú, Eliel Eduardo Montijo-Valenzuela and Rafael García-Gutiérrez

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8443; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188443 - 11 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

Research and development have been performed to investigate the effect of total pressure and microwave power on the electrical conductivity of nitrogen (N) atoms’ grain boundaries incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) films grown by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Insertion of N atoms [...] Read more.

Research and development have been performed to investigate the effect of total pressure and microwave power on the electrical conductivity of nitrogen (N) atoms’ grain boundaries incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) films grown by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Insertion of N atoms into the UNCD film’s grain boundaries induces N atoms chemical reaction with C-atoms dangling bonds, resulting in release of electrons, which induce electrical conductivity. Four-point probe electrical measurements show that the highest electrically conductive N-UNCD films, produced until now, exhibit electrical resistivity of ~1 Ohm.cm, which is orders of magnitude lower than the ≥106 Ohm.cm for undoped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films. X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the growth of the N-UNCD films by MPCVD do not produce graphite phase but only crystalline nanodiamond grains. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of nitrogen (N) in the N-UNCD films and the high conductivity (no electrical charging is observed during XPS analysis) shown in electrical measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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18 pages, 11093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison Study of Metal Oxides (CeO₂, CuO, SnO₂, CdO, ZnO and TiO₂) Decked Few Layered Graphene Nanocomposites for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

by Satish Bykkam, D. N. Prasad, Muni Raj Maurya, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni and John-John Cabibihan

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7685; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147685 - 09 Jul 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2847

Abstract

Recent research is focused on few layered graphene (FLG) with various metal oxides (MOs) as (MOs; CeO₂, CuO, SnO₂, CdO, ZnO, and TiO₂) nanocomposite materials are alternatives to critically important in the fabrication of solar cell devices. [...] Read more.

Recent research is focused on few layered graphene (FLG) with various metal oxides (MOs) as (MOs; CeO₂, CuO, SnO₂, CdO, ZnO, and TiO₂) nanocomposite materials are alternatives to critically important in the fabrication of solar cell devices. In this work, FLG with different MOs nanocomposites were prepared by a novel eco-friendly viable ultrasonic assisted route (UAR). The prepared FLG/MO nanocomposites were performed with various characterization techniques. The crystal and phase compositional were carried out through using X-ray diffraction technique. Surface morphological studies by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Spectroscopic methods were done by Raman and UV-Vis Diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS). The prepared FLG/MO nanocomposites materials were used as a photoanode, in the fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Compared to TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) and other FLG/MO nanocomposites, FLG/TiO₂ nanocomposites exhibited superior photovoltaic properties. The obtained results indicate that FLG/TiO₂ nanocomposites significantly improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs. The photovoltaic analyses were performed in a solar simulator with an air mass (AM) of 1.5 G, power density of 100 m W/m², and current density-voltage (J-V) was investigated using N719 dye. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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27 pages, 11809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Effects of Temperature and Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Acceleration of Production from Carbonate Rocks

by Ibraheem Salaudeen, Muhammad Rehan Hashmet and Peyman Pourafshary

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(7), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071642 - 23 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1846

Abstract

The use of engineered water (EW) nanofluid flooding in carbonates is a new enhanced oil recovery (EOR) hybrid technique that has yet to be extensively investigated. In this research, we investigated the combined effects of EW and nanofluid flooding on oil-brine-rock interactions and [...] Read more.

The use of engineered water (EW) nanofluid flooding in carbonates is a new enhanced oil recovery (EOR) hybrid technique that has yet to be extensively investigated. In this research, we investigated the combined effects of EW and nanofluid flooding on oil-brine-rock interactions and recovery from carbonate reservoirs at different temperatures. EW was used as dispersant for SiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), and a series of characterisation experiments were performed to determine the optimum formulations of EW and NP for injection into the porous media. The EW reduced the contact angle and changed the rock wettability from the oil-wet condition to an intermediate state at ambient temperature. However, in the presence of NPs, the contact angle was reduced further, to very low values. When the effects of temperature were considered, the wettability changed more rapidly from a hydrophobic state to a hydrophilic one. Oil displacement was studied by injection of the optimised EW, followed by an EW-nanofluid mixture. An additional recovery of 20% of the original oil in place was achieved. The temperature effects mean that these mechanisms are catalytic, and the process involves the initiation and activation of multiple mechanisms that are not activated at lower temperatures and in each standalone technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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14 pages, 4229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

pH-Responsive Nanoemulsions Based on a Dynamic Covalent Surfactant

by Gaihuan Ren, Bo Li, Lulu Ren, Dongxu Lu, Pan Zhang, Lulu Tian, Wenwen Di, Weili Shao, Jianxin He and Dejun Sun

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061390 - 25 May 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3361

Abstract

Developing solid-free nanoemulsions with pH responsiveness is desirable in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. Here, we report the synthesis of an interfacial activity controllable surfactant (T−DBA) through dynamic imine bonding between taurine (T) and p-decyloxybenzaldehyde (DBA). Instead of macroemulsions, nanoemulsions can be prepared [...] Read more.

Developing solid-free nanoemulsions with pH responsiveness is desirable in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. Here, we report the synthesis of an interfacial activity controllable surfactant (T−DBA) through dynamic imine bonding between taurine (T) and p-decyloxybenzaldehyde (DBA). Instead of macroemulsions, nanoemulsions can be prepared by using T−DBA as an emulsifier. The dynamic imine bond of T−DBA enables switching between the active and inactive states in response to pH. This switching of interfacial activity was used to gate the stability of nanoemulsions, thus enabling us to turn the nanoemulsions off and on. Using such dynamic imine bonds to govern nanoemulsion stability could enable intelligent control of many processes such as heavy oil recovery and interfacial reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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16 pages, 32623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soiling Comparison of Mirror Film and Glass Concentrating Solar Power Reflectors in Southwest Louisiana

by Kenneth Ritter III, Albert McBride and Terrence Chambers

Sustainability 2021, 13(10), 5727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105727 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Soiling effects influence the output of solar thermal plants, significantly causing unwanted transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance losses. Research is needed to identify what type of reflective surfaces are best suited for semitropical climates, such as the southeastern United States. This paper initially presents [...] Read more.

Soiling effects influence the output of solar thermal plants, significantly causing unwanted transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance losses. Research is needed to identify what type of reflective surfaces are best suited for semitropical climates, such as the southeastern United States. This paper initially presents a review of several concentrating solar power (CSP) reflector testbeds used to analyze the soiling effects of various reflective materials. A soiling testbed is developed for this study that comprised six sets of reflective surfaces mounted at a fixed tilt of 30 degrees: three sets of thin-film surfaces and three sets of glass types. Two generations of 3M solar mirror film (SMF), 3M SMF 1100 and 3M SMF 2020, were used along with Konica Minolta SMF, silvered Corning Willow Glass, a dichroic cold mirror, and a standard mirror. Results show that the 3M SMF 2020 and Konica Minolta SMF performed the best during regular cleaning intervals, whereas the silvered Corning Willow Glass gave the best performance if only cleaned naturally. The other glass types showed the least average loss due to soiling throughout this study but gave the lowest performance for specular reflection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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14 pages, 5427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dimethylglyoxime Clathrate as Ligand Derived Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Supported Nano-Metal Particles as Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

by Luping Xu, Zhongqin Guo, Hanyu Jiang, Siyu Xu, Juanli Ma, Mi Hu, Jiemei Yu, Fengqi Zhao and Taizhong Huang

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(5), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11051329 - 18 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2723

Abstract

Nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal nano-particles show great promise as high-performance catalysts for novel energies, organic synthesis, environmental protection, and other fields. The synergistic effect between nitrogen-doped carbon and metal nano-particles enhances the catalytic properties. Thus, how to effectively combine nitrogen-doped carbon with metal nano-particles [...] Read more.

Nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal nano-particles show great promise as high-performance catalysts for novel energies, organic synthesis, environmental protection, and other fields. The synergistic effect between nitrogen-doped carbon and metal nano-particles enhances the catalytic properties. Thus, how to effectively combine nitrogen-doped carbon with metal nano-particles is a crucial factor for the synthesis of novel catalysts. In this paper, we report on a facile method to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal nano-particles by using dimethylgly-oxime as ligand. The nano-particles of Pd, Ni, Cu, and Fe were successfully prepared by the pyrolysis of the corresponding clathrate of ions and dimethylglyoxime. The ligand of dimethylglyoxime is adopted as the source for the nitrogen-doped carbon. The nano-structure of the prepared Pd, Ni, Cu, and Fe particles are confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and trans-mission electron microscopy tests. The catalytic performances of the obtained metal nano-particles for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, Tafel, linear sweeping voltammetry, rotating disc electrode, rotating ring disc electrode, and other technologies. Results show that the nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal nano-particles can be highly efficient catalysts for ORR. The results of the paper exhibit a facile methodology to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal nano-particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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9 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cu&Si Core–Shell Nanowire Thin Film as High-Performance Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

by Lifeng Zhang, Linchao Zhang, Zhuoming Xie and Junfeng Yang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4521; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104521 - 15 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2082

Abstract

Cu@Si core–shell nanowire thin films with a Cu₃Si interface between the Cu and Si were synthesized by slurry casting and subsequent magnetron sputtering and investigated as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this constructed core–shell architecture, the Cu nanowires were [...] Read more.

Cu@Si core–shell nanowire thin films with a Cu₃Si interface between the Cu and Si were synthesized by slurry casting and subsequent magnetron sputtering and investigated as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this constructed core–shell architecture, the Cu nanowires were connected to each other or to the Cu foil, forming a three-dimensional electron-conductive network and as mechanical support for the Si during cycling. Meanwhile, the Cu₃Si layer can enhance the interface adhesion strength of the Cu core and Si shell; a large amount of void spaces between the Cu@Si nanowires could accommodate the lithiation-induced volume expansion and facilitate electrolyte impregnation. As a consequence, this electrode exhibits impressive electrochemical properties: the initial discharge capacity and initial coulombic efficiency is 3193 mAh/g and 87%, respectively. After 500 cycles, the discharge capacity is about 948 mAh/g, three times that of graphite, corresponding to an average capacity fading rate of 0.2% per cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications)

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