Recovery of Valuable Metals from Secondary Resources and Their Comprehensive Utilization

Attempts have been made to extract nickel from ores and nickel-containing wastes using the chlorination method. However, the use of gaseous chlorinating agents is limited due to their toxicity. High-temperature chlorination of nickel oxide using calcium chloride is analyzed in this study. The volatilization percentage is positively correlated to temperature and CaCl₂ dosage and negatively correlated to oxygen partial pressure. The apparent activation energy is calculated to be 142.91 kJ/mol, between 1173 K and 1323 K, which suggests that the high-temperature chlorination of nickel oxide using calcium chloride is controlled by a chemical reaction. Full article

Against the background of escalating global electronic waste (e-waste) and its rich reservoir of elements, this research addresses the exploitation of precious metals from discarded CPUs for potential applications in hydrogen production. The study systematically explores the influence of varied CPU sample preparation techniques on the formation of an electrode’s catalytic layer and the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media. Four distinct e-waste samples, each subjected to different preparation protocols, were employed as sources in electrodeposition baths. The electrocatalytic efficiency of the resulting electrodeposited cathodes was evaluated, with the AR-CPU-1.4M electrode demonstrating superior properties. Morphological insights from SEM, coupled with elemental data from EDS and ICP analyses, revealed the intricate relationship between sample preparation, electrode characteristics, and HER kinetics. Notably, gold deposits and a prominent copper concentration emerged as defining attributes of our findings. This research underscores the potential of e-waste-derived metals, particularly in hydrogen production, providing an avenue for sustainable metal recovery and utilization. Full article

As Bayan Obo rare-earth tailings, which are generated after the production of mineral products with the raw ore from different mining areas, are considered secondary resources rich in valuable elements such as F, Fe, REE, and Nb, an effective method is urgently needed to recover such valuable elements for resource recycling and environmental conservation. A mineralogical analysis can enable process diagnosis, design, and optimization and is the key to comprehensively utilizing valuable elements. Hence, detailed mineralogical characterization is necessary as a starting point to develop a feasible processing flowsheet. In this study, various detection methods, namely inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF), X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy system with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), mineral liberation analysis (MLA), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), were applied to conduct detailed mineralogical characterization of Bayan Obo rare-earth tailings, and the occurrence state of Sc in the main Sc-bearing minerals was studied using density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that Fe mainly occurs in hematite, riebeckite, ankerite, siderite, and pyrite, with contents of 50.15 wt%, 27.94 wt%, 8.34 wt%, 4.92 wt%, and 5.59 wt%, respectively. Nearly all F occurs in 26.8 wt% fluorite. The main rare-earth minerals are bastnasite, apatite, and monazite (La), with contents of 5.0%, 5.0%, and 1.6% in Bayan Obo rare-earth tailings, respectively. Notably, 48.47%, 21.70%, 10.34%, and 10.28% of niobium element occurs in nioboaeschynite, pyrochlore, dingdaohengite, and ilmenorutile, respectively. Scandium was detected in five minerals, namely aegirine, riebeckite, monazite, ilmenorutile, and niobite, with average contents of 0.04 wt%, 0.22 wt%, 0.06 wt%, 0.06 wt%, and 1.58 wt%, respectively. According to the DFT analysis, the state of Sc in aegirine is different from that in riebeckite. Scandium in aegirine mainly substitutes Fe or enters the interstitial lattice site, while Sc in riebeckite tends to replace Fe. Based on these results, a process for recovering valuable elements from tailings is proposed. Full article

Spent lead–acid batteries have become the primary raw material for global lead production. In the current lead refining process, the tin oxidizes to slag, making its recovery problematic and expensive. This paper aims to present an innovative method for the fire refining of lead, which enables the retention of tin contained in lead from recycled lead–acid batteries. The proposed method uses aluminium scrap to remove impurities from the lead, virtually leaving all of the tin in it. The results of the conducted experiments indicate the high efficiency of the proposed method, which obtained a pure Pb-Sn alloy. This alloy is an ideal base material for the production of battery grids. This research was carried out on an industrial scale, which confirms the possibility of facile implementation of the method in almost every lead–acid battery recycling plant in the world. Full article

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) is employed in the sulfide ore flotation process due to its excellent collection performance. Herein, we investigated the interfacial adsorption behavior of DDTC on the four main mineral phases of high-sulfur residue: sulfur, pyrite, sphalerite, and lead sulfate. The adsorption behavior of DDTC and H₂O, namely, the adsorption structure and the energy and electron localization function cross section, were explored using density function theory calculation. The results were helpful in constructing a coadsorption model of DDTC and H₂O, which was validated by pure mineral flotation and characterization of Fourier transform infrared spectra. The coadsorption model indicated that the adsorption of DDTC on sulfur, sphalerite, and lead sulfate was weak with physical bonding, while its adsorption on pyrite was strong with chemical bonding. Practical bench-scale high-sulfur residue flotation was performed, and the result was different from that obtained from pure mineral flotation. Our developed model predictions and mineral fugacity pattern analysis were synergistically used to explain this difference. Overall, this work proposes for the first time a coadsorption model of DDTC and H₂O and provides important insights into interfacial adsorption in high-sulfur residue flotation. Full article

This paper presents the results of studies for niobium sorption from chloride solutions with the use of anion-exchange organic sorbents: Amberlite IRA-67, Purolite A-100, AB-17-8, and AN-2FN. Niobium sorption was performed from model niobium-containing solutions. Data on comparative sorption characteristics of the studied sorbents were obtained, and the static exchange capacity of the sorbents, values of distribution coefficients, and extraction degree during the niobium sorption from chloride solutions were calculated. The Purolite A-100 anion-exchange resin exhibited the highest affinity for niobium ions under the conditions studied. Its distribution coefficient was 184 mL/g; the niobium extraction degree was 41.5%. To study the equilibrium sorption of niobium from solution on the Purolite A-100 anionite, three well-known models of isotherms were applied: Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich. The data obtained confirm the good agreement of the Langmuir model with the results of experiments and indicate that the process takes place in a monomolecular layer on the adsorbent having homogeneous adsorption centers. The optimum conditions of niobium sorption by the Purolite A-100 anion-exchange resin were determined as follows: hydrochloric acid concentration—5–10 wt.%, process temperature—35–40 °C, and duration—40–50 min. The calculated activation energy values for niobium sorption from hydrochloric acid solution in the temperature range of 20–50 °C were 25.32 kJ/mol, which corresponds to the intermediate region corresponding to the transition from the diffusion to the kinetic mode. Full article