Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Biomedicines biomedicines	4.7	3.7	2013	15.4 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Biomolecules biomolecules	5.5	8.3	2011	16.9 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Cells cells	6.0	9.0	2012	16.6 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Journal of Clinical Medicine jcm	3.9	5.4	2012	17.9 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Osteology osteology	-	-	2021	24 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
Genes genes	3.5	5.1	2010	16.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
International Journal of Molecular Sciences ijms	5.6	7.8	2000	16.3 Days	CHF 2900	Submit

26 pages, 2600 KiB

Open AccessReview

Novel Insights into the Links between N6-Methyladenosine and Regulated Cell Death in Musculoskeletal Diseases

by Juanjuan Han, Cuijing Wang, Haolin Yang, Jiayi Luo, Xiaoyi Zhang and Xin-An Zhang

Biomolecules 2024, 14(5), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14050514 - 24 Apr 2024

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs), including osteoarthritis (OA), osteosarcoma (OS), multiple myeloma (MM), intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), osteoporosis (OP), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), present noteworthy obstacles associated with pain, disability, and impaired quality of life on a global scale. In recent years, it has become [...] Read more.

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs), including osteoarthritis (OA), osteosarcoma (OS), multiple myeloma (MM), intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), osteoporosis (OP), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), present noteworthy obstacles associated with pain, disability, and impaired quality of life on a global scale. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a key regulator in the expression of genes in a multitude of biological processes. m6A is composed of 0.1–0.4% adenylate residues, especially at the beginning of 3′-UTR near the translation stop codon. The m6A regulator can be classified into three types, namely the “writer”, “reader”, and “eraser”. Studies have shown that the epigenetic modulation of m6A influences mRNA processing, nuclear export, translation, and splicing. Regulated cell death (RCD) is the autonomous and orderly death of cells under genetic control to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Moreover, distorted RCDs are widely used to influence the course of various diseases and receiving increasing attention from researchers. In the past few years, increasing evidence has indicated that m6A can regulate gene expression and thus influence different RCD processes, which has a central role in the etiology and evolution of MSDs. The RCDs currently confirmed to be associated with m6A are autophagy-dependent cell death, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, immunogenic cell death, NETotic cell death and oxeiptosis. The m6A–RCD axis can regulate the inflammatory response in chondrocytes and the invasive and migratory of MM cells to bone remodeling capacity, thereby influencing the development of MSDs. This review gives a complete overview of the regulatory functions on the m6A–RCD axis across muscle, bone, and cartilage. In addition, we also discuss recent advances in the control of RCD by m6A-targeted factors and explore the clinical application prospects of therapies targeting the m6A–RCD in MSD prevention and treatment. These may provide new ideas and directions for understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of MSDs and the clinical prevention and treatment of these diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

21 pages, 20479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unique Spatial Transcriptomic Profiling of the Murine Femoral Fracture Callus: A Preliminary Report

by Will Jiang, Dennis L. Caruana, Jungho Back and Francis Y. Lee

Cells 2024, 13(6), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13060522 - 16 Mar 2024

Viewed by 721

Abstract

Fracture callus formation is a dynamic stage of bone activity and repair with precise, spatially localized gene expression. Metastatic breast cancer impairs fracture healing by disrupting bone homeostasis and imparting an altered genomic profile. Previous sequencing techniques such as single-cell RNA and in [...] Read more.

Fracture callus formation is a dynamic stage of bone activity and repair with precise, spatially localized gene expression. Metastatic breast cancer impairs fracture healing by disrupting bone homeostasis and imparting an altered genomic profile. Previous sequencing techniques such as single-cell RNA and in situ hybridization are limited by missing spatial context and low throughput, respectively. We present a preliminary approach using the Visium CytAssist spatial transcriptomics platform to provide the first spatially intact characterization of genetic expression changes within an orthopedic model of impaired fracture healing. Tissue slides prepared from BALB/c mice with or without MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells were used. Both unsupervised clustering and histology-based annotations were performed to identify the hard callus, soft callus, and interzone for differential gene expression between the wild-type and pathological fracture model. The spatial transcriptomics platform successfully localized validated genes of the hard (Dmp1, Sost) and soft callus (Acan, Col2a1). The fibrous interzone was identified as a region of extensive genomic heterogeneity. MDA-MB-231 samples demonstrated downregulation of the critical bone matrix and structural regulators that may explain the weakened bone structure of pathological fractures. Spatial transcriptomics may represent a valuable tool in orthopedic research by providing temporal and spatial context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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19 pages, 4829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recombinant Human Peptide Growth Factors, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (rhBMP7), and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) for Osteoporosis Treatment in an Oophorectomized Rat Model

by Thamara Gonçalves Reis, Alice Marcela Sampaio Del Colletto, Luiz Augusto Santana Silva, Bruna Andrade Aguiar Koga, Mari Cleide Sogayar and Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira

Biomolecules 2024, 14(3), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14030317 - 07 Mar 2024

Viewed by 811

Abstract

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are known to regulate/stimulate osteogenesis, playing vital roles in bone homeostasis, rendering them strong candidates for osteoporosis treatment. We evaluated the effects of recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP7) and PDGF-BB (rhPDGF-BB) in an oophorectomy-induced osteoporosis [...] Read more.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are known to regulate/stimulate osteogenesis, playing vital roles in bone homeostasis, rendering them strong candidates for osteoporosis treatment. We evaluated the effects of recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP7) and PDGF-BB (rhPDGF-BB) in an oophorectomy-induced osteoporosis rat model. Forty Sprague Dawley rats underwent oophorectomy surgery; treatments commenced on the 100th day post-surgery when all animals exhibited signs of osteoporosis. These peptide growth factors were administered intraocularly (iv) once or twice a week and the animals were monitored for a total of five weeks. Two weeks after the conclusion of the treatments, the animals were euthanized and tissues were collected for assessment of alkaline phosphatase, X-ray, micro-CT, and histology. The results indicate that the most promising treatments were 20 µg/kg rhPDGF-BB + 30 µg/kg rhBMP-7 twice a week and 30 µg/kg BMP-7 twice a week, showing significant increases of 15% (p < 0.05) and 13% (p < 0.05) in bone volume fraction and 21% (p < 0.05) and 23% (p < 0.05) in trabecular number, respectively. In conclusion, rhPDGF-BB and rhBMP-7 have demonstrated the ability to increase bone volume and density in this osteoporotic animal model, establishing them as potential candidates for osteoporosis treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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12 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gene Therapy in Pediatric Orthopedics

by Emmanuel Olaonipekun, Anthony Lisyansky, Robin Olaonipekun, Bouchra Ghania Merabia, Karim Gaber and Waleed Kishta

Osteology 2024, 4(1), 33-44; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology4010003 - 06 Mar 2024

Viewed by 658

Abstract

Gene therapy is gaining traction as an effective treatment for several deleterious disorders by delivering genetic material using viral or non-viral vectors to correct mutated genes. Research in the field focuses primarily on the treatment of cancers; however, it shows great promise for [...] Read more.

Gene therapy is gaining traction as an effective treatment for several deleterious disorders by delivering genetic material using viral or non-viral vectors to correct mutated genes. Research in the field focuses primarily on the treatment of cancers; however, it shows great promise for treating diseases related to pediatric orthopedics. This review aims to describe gene therapy’s application, efficacy and safety in pediatric orthopedics. This paper will examine common pediatric orthopedic disorders including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, spinal muscular atrophy and osteosarcoma. Overall, gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy has made great advances with approved gene therapy drugs already in use, while therapy for osteogenesis imperfecta and osteosarcoma treatments is still widely preclinical but still promising. As a whole, gene therapy is rapidly advancing in the field of pediatric orthopedics; however, further research is crucial in continuing and spreading these advancements and for the treatment of other debilitating pediatric-related orthopedic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

36 pages, 3799 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sphingolipid-Induced Bone Regulation and Its Emerging Role in Dysfunction Due to Disease and Infection

by Anouska Seal, Megan Hughes, Fei Wei, Abinaya S. Pugazhendhi, Christopher Ngo, Jonathan Ruiz, Jonathan D. Schwartzman and Melanie J. Coathup

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 3024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25053024 - 05 Mar 2024

Viewed by 841

Abstract

The human skeleton is a metabolically active system that is constantly regenerating via the tightly regulated and highly coordinated processes of bone resorption and formation. Emerging evidence reveals fascinating new insights into the role of sphingolipids, including sphingomyelin, sphingosine, ceramide, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, in [...] Read more.

The human skeleton is a metabolically active system that is constantly regenerating via the tightly regulated and highly coordinated processes of bone resorption and formation. Emerging evidence reveals fascinating new insights into the role of sphingolipids, including sphingomyelin, sphingosine, ceramide, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, in bone homeostasis. Sphingolipids are a major class of highly bioactive lipids able to activate distinct protein targets including, lipases, phosphatases, and kinases, thereby conferring distinct cellular functions beyond energy metabolism. Lipids are known to contribute to the progression of chronic inflammation, and notably, an increase in bone marrow adiposity parallel to elevated bone loss is observed in most pathological bone conditions, including aging, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteomyelitis. Of the numerous classes of lipids that form, sphingolipids are considered among the most deleterious. This review highlights the important primary role of sphingolipids in bone homeostasis and how dysregulation of these bioactive metabolites appears central to many chronic bone-related diseases. Further, their contribution to the invasion, virulence, and colonization of both viral and bacterial host cell infections is also discussed. Many unmet clinical needs remain, and data to date suggest the future use of sphingolipid-targeted therapy to regulate bone dysfunction due to a variety of diseases or infection are highly promising. However, deciphering the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of this diverse and extremely complex sphingolipidome, both in terms of bone health and disease, is considered the next frontier in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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15 pages, 11998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diverse Response to Local Pharmacological Blockade of Sirt1 Cleavage in Age-Induced versus Trauma-Induced Osteoarthritis Female Mice

by Yonathan H. Maatuf, Miya Marco, Shani Unger-Gelman, Eli Farhat, Anna Zobrab, Ankita Roy, Ashish Kumar, Idan Carmon, Eli Reich and Mona Dvir-Ginzberg

Biomolecules 2024, 14(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010081 - 08 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1150

Abstract

Objective: Previous studies have shown that the cleavage of Sirt1 contributes to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). In fact, OA was effectively abrogated by the intra-articular (IA) administration of two compounds, one blocking Sirt1 cleavage (CA074me) and the other activating Sirt1 (SRT1720), [...] Read more.

Objective: Previous studies have shown that the cleavage of Sirt1 contributes to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). In fact, OA was effectively abrogated by the intra-articular (IA) administration of two compounds, one blocking Sirt1 cleavage (CA074me) and the other activating Sirt1 (SRT1720), using a post-traumatically induced model (PTOA) in young female mice. In this study, we attempted to understand if this local treatment is effective in preventing age-associated OA (AOA) progression and symptoms. Design: A group of 17-month-old female C57BL/6J mice were IA administered with CA074me and/or SRT1720 or their combination. Joint histopathological analysis and bone histomorphometry were carried out, with an assessment of knee mechanical hyperalgesia. A serum analysis for NT/CT Sirt1 was carried out along with immunohistochemistry for articular cartilage to detect p16^INK4A or γH2A.X. Similarly, meniscal cartilage was monitored for Lef1 and Col1a1 deposition. The data were compared for young female mice subjected to post-traumatic OA (PTOA). Results: Similar to PTOA, combination-treated AOA exhibited improved knee hyperalgesia, yet structural improvements were undetected, corresponding to unchanged NT/CT Sirt1 serum levels. Both AOA and PTOA exhibited unchanged staining for nuclear p16^INK4A or γH2A.X and lacked a correlation with OA severity. Contrarily to PTOA, the combination treatment with AOA did not exhibit a local reduction in the Lef1 and Col1 targets. Conclusions: When targeting Sirt1 cleavage, the PTOA and AOA models exhibited a similar pain response to the combination treatment; however, they displayed diverse structural outcomes for joint-related damage, related to Lef1-dependent signaling. Interestingly, nuclear p16^INK4A was unaffected in both models, regardless of the treatment’s effectiveness. Finally, these findings highlight the variations in the responses between two highly researched OA preclinical models, reflecting OA pathophysiology heterogeneity and variations in gender-related drug-response mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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12 pages, 2458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Whole-Exome Sequencing of a Cohort of 19 Families with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS): Candidate Pathways

by Laura Marie-Hardy, Thomas Courtin, Hugues Pascal-Moussellard, Serge Zakine and Alexis Brice

Genes 2023, 14(11), 2094; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14112094 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1098

Abstract

A significant genetic involvement has been known for decades to exist in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a spine deformity affecting 1–3% of the world population. However, though biomechanical and endocrinological theories have emerged, no clear pathophysiological explanation has been found. Data from the [...] Read more.

A significant genetic involvement has been known for decades to exist in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a spine deformity affecting 1–3% of the world population. However, though biomechanical and endocrinological theories have emerged, no clear pathophysiological explanation has been found. Data from the whole-exome sequencing performed on 113 individuals in 19 multi-generational families with AIS have been filtered and analyzed via interaction pathways and functional category analysis (Varaft, Bingo and Panther). The subsequent list of 2566 variants has been compared to the variants already described in the literature, with an 18% match rate. The familial analysis in two families reveals mutations in the BICD2 gene, supporting the involvement of the muscular system in AIS etiology. The cellular component analysis revealed significant enrichment in myosin-related and neuronal activity-related categories. All together, these results reinforce the suspected role of the neuronal and muscular systems, highlighting the calmodulin pathway and suggesting a role of DNA-binding activities in AIS physiopathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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16 pages, 2838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Anti-OSCAR Antibodies for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

by Gyeong Min Kim, Doo Ri Park, Thi Thu Ha Nguyen, Jiseon Kim, Jihee Kim, Myung-Ho Sohn, Won-Kyu Lee, Soo Young Lee and Hyunbo Shim

Biomedicines 2023, 11(10), 2844; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102844 - 19 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that causes local inflammation and pain, significantly reducing the quality of life and normal social activities of patients. Currently, there are no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) available, and treatment relies on pain relief agents or [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that causes local inflammation and pain, significantly reducing the quality of life and normal social activities of patients. Currently, there are no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) available, and treatment relies on pain relief agents or arthroplasty. To address this significant unmet medical need, we aimed to develop monoclonal antibodies that can block the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR). Our recent study has revealed the importance of OSCAR in OA pathogenesis as a novel catabolic regulator that induces chondrocyte apoptosis and accelerates articular cartilage destruction. It was also shown that blocking OSCAR with a soluble OSCAR decoy receptor ameliorated OA in animal models. In this study, OSCAR-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were isolated and optimized by phage display. These antibodies bind to and directly neutralize OSCAR, unlike the decoy receptor, which binds to the ubiquitously expressed collagen and may result in reduced efficacy or deleterious off-target effects. The DMOAD potential of the anti-OSCAR antibodies was assessed with in vitro cell-based assays and an in vivo OA model. The results demonstrated that the anti-OSCAR antibodies significantly reduced cartilage destruction and other OA signs, such as subchondral bone plate sclerosis and loss of hyaline cartilage. Hence, blocking OSCAR with a monoclonal antibody could be a promising treatment strategy for OA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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16 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Use of Immunosuppressive Agents Increased the Risk of Fractures in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: An 18-Year Population-Based Cohort Study

by Feng-Chen Kao, Yao-Chun Hsu, Yuan-Kun Tu, Tzu-Shan Chen, Hsi-Hao Wang and Jeff (Chien-Fu) Lin

Biomedicines 2023, 11(10), 2764; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102764 - 12 Oct 2023

Viewed by 755

Abstract

The risk of fractures is higher in patients with autoimmune diseases, but it is not clear whether the use of immunosuppressive agents can further increase this risk. To investigate this issue, a retrospective study was conducted using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance [...] Read more.

The risk of fractures is higher in patients with autoimmune diseases, but it is not clear whether the use of immunosuppressive agents can further increase this risk. To investigate this issue, a retrospective study was conducted using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients diagnosed with autoimmune diseases between 2000 and 2014, including psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, were included in the study. A control group of patients without autoimmune diseases was selected from the same database during the same period. Patients with autoimmune diseases were divided into two sub-cohorts based on their use of immunosuppressive agents. This study found the risk of fractures was 1.14 times higher in patients with autoimmune diseases than in those without. Moreover, we found that patients in the immunosuppressant sub-cohort had a higher risk of fractures compared to those in the non-immunosuppressant sub-cohort. The adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio for shoulder fractures was 1.27 (95% CI = 1.01–1.58), for spine fractures was 1.43 (95% CI = 1.26–1.62), for wrist fractures was 0.95 (95% CI = 0.75–1.22), and for hip fractures was 1.67 (95% CI = 1.38–2.03). In conclusion, the long-term use of immunosuppressive agents in patients with autoimmune diseases may increase the risk of fractures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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13 pages, 3147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Shotgun Proteomics Reveals the Characteristic Protein Signature of Osteosarcoma Subtypes

by Maram Alaa, Nouran Al-Shehaby, Ali Mostafa Anwar, Nesma Farid, Mustafa Shaban Shawky, Manal Zamzam, Iman Zaky, Ahmed Elghounimy, Shahenda El-Naggar and Sameh Magdeldin

Cells 2023, 12(17), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12172179 - 30 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1342

Abstract

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor affecting adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to identify proteomic signatures that distinguish between different osteosarcoma subtypes, providing insights into their molecular heterogeneity and potential implications for personalized treatment approaches. Using advanced proteomic techniques, we [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor affecting adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to identify proteomic signatures that distinguish between different osteosarcoma subtypes, providing insights into their molecular heterogeneity and potential implications for personalized treatment approaches. Using advanced proteomic techniques, we analyzed FFPE tumor samples from a cohort of pediatric osteosarcoma patients representing four various subtypes. Differential expression analysis revealed a significant proteomic signature that discriminated between these subtypes, highlighting distinct molecular profiles associated with different tumor characteristics. In contrast, clinical determinants did not correlate with the proteome signature of pediatric osteosarcoma. The identified proteomics signature encompassed a diverse array of proteins involved in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and proteoglycans in cancer, among the top enriched pathways. These findings underscore the importance of considering the molecular heterogeneity of osteosarcoma during diagnosis or even when developing personalized treatment strategies. By identifying subtype-specific proteomics signatures, clinicians may be able to tailor therapy regimens to individual patients, optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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14 pages, 35695 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Del1 Is a Growth Factor for Skeletal Progenitor Cells in the Fracture Callus

by Yuxi Sun, Tatiana Boyko, Owen Marecic, Danielle Struck, Randall K. Mann, Tom W. Andrew, Michael Lopez, Xinming Tong, Stuart B. Goodman, Fan Yang, Michael T. Longaker, Charles K. F. Chan and George P. Yang

Biomolecules 2023, 13(8), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13081214 - 03 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1483

Abstract

Failure to properly form bone or integrate surgical implants can lead to morbidity and additional surgical interventions in a significant proportion of orthopedic surgeries. While the role of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) in bone formation and repair is well-established, very little is known [...] Read more.

Failure to properly form bone or integrate surgical implants can lead to morbidity and additional surgical interventions in a significant proportion of orthopedic surgeries. While the role of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) in bone formation and repair is well-established, very little is known about the factors that regulate the downstream Bone, Cartilage, Stromal, Progenitors (BCSPs). BCSPs, as transit amplifying progenitor cells, undergo multiple mitotic divisions to expand the pool of lineage committed progenitors allowing stem cells to preserve their self-renewal and stemness. Del1 is a protein widely expressed in the skeletal system, but its deletion led to minimal phenotype changes in the uninjured mouse. In this paper, we demonstrate that Del1 is a key regulator of BCSP expansion following injury. In Del1 knockout mice, there is a significant reduction in the number of BCSPs which leads to a smaller callus and decreased bone formation compared with wildtype (WT) littermates. Del1 serves to promote BCSP proliferation and prevent apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, exogenous Del1 promotes proliferation of aged human BCSPs. Our results highlight the potential of Del1 as a therapeutic target for improving bone formation and implant success. Del1 injections may improve the success of orthopedic surgeries and fracture healing by enhancing the proliferation and survival of BCSPs, which are crucial for generating new bone tissue during the process of bone formation and repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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8 pages, 878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Mechanism for Bone Loss: Platelet Count Negatively Correlates with Bone Mineral Density via Megakaryocyte-Derived RANKL

by Shohei Kikuchi, Akinori Wada, Yusuke Kamihara, Imari Yamamoto, Daiki Kirigaya, Kohei Kunimoto, Ryusuke Horaguchi, Takuma Fujihira, Yoshimi Nabe, Tomoki Minemura, Nam H. Dang and Tsutomu Sato

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(15), 12150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512150 - 29 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 775

Abstract

A potential association between hematopoietic stem cell status in bone marrow and surrounding bone tissue has been hypothesized, and some studies have investigated the link between blood count and bone mineral density (BMD), although their exact relationship remains controversial. Moreover, biological factors linking [...] Read more.

A potential association between hematopoietic stem cell status in bone marrow and surrounding bone tissue has been hypothesized, and some studies have investigated the link between blood count and bone mineral density (BMD), although their exact relationship remains controversial. Moreover, biological factors linking the two are largely unknown. In our present study, we found no clear association between platelet count and BMD in the female group, with aging having a very strong effect on BMD. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation was found between platelet count and BMD in the male group. As a potential mechanism, we examined whether megakaryocytes, the source of platelet production, secrete cytokines that regulate BMD, namely OPG, M-CSF, and RANKL. We detected the production of these cytokines by megakaryocytes derived from bone marrow mononuclear cells, and found that RANKL was negatively correlated with BMD. This finding suggests that RANKL production by megakaryocytes may mediate the negative correlation between platelet count and BMD. To our knowledge, this is the first report to analyze bone marrow cells as a mechanism for the association between blood count and BMD. Our study may provide new insights into the development and potential treatment of osteoporosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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22 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulation of Bone by Mechanical Loading, Sex Hormones, and Nerves: Integration of Such Regulatory Complexity and Implications for Bone Loss during Space Flight and Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis

by David A. Hart

Biomolecules 2023, 13(7), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13071136 - 15 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

During evolution, the development of bone was critical for many species to thrive and function in the boundary conditions of Earth. Furthermore, bone also became a storehouse for calcium that could be mobilized for reproductive purposes in mammals and other species. The critical [...] Read more.

During evolution, the development of bone was critical for many species to thrive and function in the boundary conditions of Earth. Furthermore, bone also became a storehouse for calcium that could be mobilized for reproductive purposes in mammals and other species. The critical nature of bone for both function and reproductive needs during evolution in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth has led to complex regulatory mechanisms that require integration for optimization of this tissue across the lifespan. Three important regulatory variables include mechanical loading, sex hormones, and innervation/neuroregulation. The importance of mechanical loading has been the target of much research as bone appears to subscribe to the “use it or lose it” paradigm. Furthermore, because of the importance of post-menopausal osteoporosis in the risk for fractures and loss of function, this aspect of bone regulation has also focused research on sex differences in bone regulation. The advent of space flight and exposure to microgravity has also led to renewed interest in this unique environment, which could not have been anticipated by evolution, to expose new insights into bone regulation. Finally, a body of evidence has also emerged indicating that the neuroregulation of bone is also central to maintaining function. However, there is still more that is needed to understand regarding how such variables are integrated across the lifespan to maintain function, particularly in a species that walks upright. This review will attempt to discuss these regulatory elements for bone integrity and propose how further study is needed to delineate the details to better understand how to improve treatments for those at risk for loss of bone integrity, such as in the post-menopausal state or during prolonged space flight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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16 pages, 3900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Articular Lactate Dehydrogenase A Inhibitor Oxamate Reduces Experimental Osteoarthritis and Nociception in Rats via Possible Alteration of Glycolysis-Related Protein Expression in Cartilage Tissue

by Zhi-Hong Wen, Chun-Sung Sung, Sung-Chun Lin, Zhi-Kang Yao, Yu-Cheng Lai, Yu-Wei Liu, Yu-Yan Wu, Hsi-Wen Sun, Hsin-Tzu Liu, Wu-Fu Chen and Yen-Hsuan Jean

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310770 - 28 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and joint disorder worldwide. Metabolic reprogramming of osteoarthritic chondrocytes from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis results in the accumulation of lactate from glycolytic metabolite pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), leading to cartilage degeneration. In [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and joint disorder worldwide. Metabolic reprogramming of osteoarthritic chondrocytes from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis results in the accumulation of lactate from glycolytic metabolite pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), leading to cartilage degeneration. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of the intra-articular administration of oxamate (LDHA inhibitor) against OA development and glycolysis-related protein expression in experimental OA rats. The animals were randomly allocated into four groups: Sham, anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), ACLT + oxamate (0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg). Oxamate-treated groups received an intra-articular injection of oxamate once a week for 5 weeks. Intra-articular oxamate significantly reduced the weight-bearing defects and knee width in ACLT rats. Histopathological analyses showed that oxamate caused significantly less cartilage degeneration in the ACLT rats. Oxamate exerts hypertrophic effects in articular cartilage chondrocytes by inhibiting glucose transporter 1, glucose transporter 3, hexokinase II, pyruvate kinase M2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases 1 and 2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2, and LHDA. Further analysis revealed that oxamate significantly reduced chondrocyte apoptosis in articular cartilage. Oxamate attenuates nociception, inflammation, cartilage degradation, and chondrocyte apoptosis and possibly attenuates glycolysis-related protein expression in ACLT-induced OA rats. The present findings will facilitate future research on LDHA inhibitors in prevention strategies for OA progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Bone-Related Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy Development)

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