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Wind
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Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures
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Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures

A special issue of Wind (ISSN 2674-032X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 10657

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yasushi Uematsu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Architecture and Building Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Interests: wind environment; building aerodynamics; structural engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, wind-related disasters have occurred frequently all over the world, causing significant casualties, property damage, and economic loss. In 2021, for example, the United States was subjected to severe wind-related disasters by Hurricane Ida in August, and by several massive tornados in December. The sum of economic loss in the United States, Japan, and China, which are disaster hotspots, comprises more than 80 % of the total worldwide loss. It is said that such extreme weather events will occur more frequently in the future due to global warming. In order to mitigate such wind disasters, especially their influence on buildings and structures, it is necessary to develop more reasonable wind-resistant designs and construction methods. For this purpose, it is important to establish reasonable methods for evaluating the wind loads and wind-resistant performances of buildings and structures. With remarkable developments in computational technology, various methods have been developed in recent years, e.g., large-scale testing facilities, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), database-assisted design, neural networks, and machine learning. This Special Issue publishes current, high-quality papers investigating the wind loads, the wind-induced responses, and the wind-resistant performances of buildings and structures.

Prof. Dr. Yasushi Uematsu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Wind is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind pressure and wind forces
  • wind load estimation
  • wind tunnel experiment, full-scale measurement and CFD
  • application of AI (machine learning, etc.)
  • database assisted design
  • wind-induced response of structure
  • wind damage to structures
  • wind resistant design of structures and cladding/components
  • wind resistant performance
  • development of new technology for wind engineering research

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 23072 KiB  
Article
Uncertainty Quantification and Simulation of Wind-Tunnel-Informed Stochastic Wind Loads
by Thays G. A. Duarte, Srinivasan Arunachalam, Arthriya Subgranon and Seymour M. J. Spence
Wind 2023, 3(3), 375-393; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3030022 - 13 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1115
Abstract
The simulation of stochastic wind loads is necessary for many applications in wind engineering. The proper-orthogonal-decomposition-(POD)-based spectral representation method is a popular approach used for this purpose, due to its computational efficiency. For general wind directions and building configurations, the data-informed POD-based stochastic [...] Read more.
The simulation of stochastic wind loads is necessary for many applications in wind engineering. The proper-orthogonal-decomposition-(POD)-based spectral representation method is a popular approach used for this purpose, due to its computational efficiency. For general wind directions and building configurations, the data-informed POD-based stochastic model is an alternative that uses wind-tunnel-smoothed auto- and cross-spectral density as input, to calibrate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the target load process. Even though this method is straightforward and presents advantages, compared to using empirical target auto- and cross-spectral density, the limitations and errors associated with this model have not been investigated. To this end, an extensive experimental study on a rectangular building model considering multiple wind directions and configurations was conducted, to allow the quantification of uncertainty related to the use of short-duration wind tunnel records for calibration and validation of the data-informed POD-based stochastic model. The results demonstrate that the data-informed model can efficiently simulate stochastic wind loads with negligible model errors, while the errors associated with calibration to short-duration wind tunnel data can be important. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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18 pages, 8893 KiB  
Article
Wind Tunnel Experiments on Interference Effects of a High-Rise Building on the Surrounding Low-Rise Buildings in an Urban Block
by Yasuyuki Ishida, Akihito Yoshida, Shuhei Kamata, Yuta Yamane and Akashi Mochida
Wind 2023, 3(1), 97-114; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010007 - 21 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1902
Abstract
High-rise buildings cause accelerated winds around them. However, the interference effects of high-rise buildings on the surrounding low-rise buildings in urban blocks have not been evaluated. This study investigated the wind pressure coefficients on the roofs and walls of low-rise buildings surrounding a [...] Read more.
High-rise buildings cause accelerated winds around them. However, the interference effects of high-rise buildings on the surrounding low-rise buildings in urban blocks have not been evaluated. This study investigated the wind pressure coefficients on the roofs and walls of low-rise buildings surrounding a high-rise building through wind tunnel experiments. Seventy-two wind directions were considered from 0° to 355° in 5° increments, and the influence of the wind direction on the wind pressure coefficients of surrounding buildings was evaluated. At a 30° wind direction angle, the positive and negative peak wind pressure coefficients occurred in a low-rise building at the leeward side of the high-rise building. The positive peak pressure, approximately 1.4 times that without a nearby high-rise building, occurred at the windward corner on the front wall of a low-rise building. The negative peak value, approximately three times that without a nearby high-rise building, was observed at the windward edge on the roof of a low-rise building. Thus, accelerated winds caused by high-rise buildings may result in unexpected damage to the surrounding low-rise buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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18 pages, 6446 KiB  
Article
Aerodynamic Characterization of the 516 Arouca Pedestrian Suspension Bridge over the Paiva River
by Fernando Marques da Silva
Wind 2023, 3(1), 79-96; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010006 - 14 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1380
Abstract
Given the 516 Arouca pedestrian suspension bridge’s design and characteristics, the owner, a municipality, required a set of tests in order to evaluate its aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic response, aiming at both structural safety and user comfort. Wind tunnel tests were performed over [...] Read more.
Given the 516 Arouca pedestrian suspension bridge’s design and characteristics, the owner, a municipality, required a set of tests in order to evaluate its aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic response, aiming at both structural safety and user comfort. Wind tunnel tests were performed over a sectional scaled model to obtain the static aerodynamic coefficients and dynamic response. The tests were carried out on different bridge configurations—a deck with people and a deck with an arch for secondary cables (connecting each suspension point to the catenary on the opposite side of the deck)—for the static coefficients. For the dynamic response, only the deck alone was tested. A major challenge had to be overcome, as the main displacement mode belonged to a swing movement, to assemble a wind tunnel setting, requiring a suspension system allowing wind displacements. A persistent trend of small amplitude displacements was identified, influencing user comfort and contributing to the installation of the secondary cables, but no aerodynamic instabilities were identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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Graphical abstract

29 pages, 20068 KiB  
Article
Study on Phase Characteristics of Wind Pressure Fields around a Prism Using Complex Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
by Tomoyuki Murakami, Yuichiro Nishida and Tetsuro Taniguchi
Wind 2023, 3(1), 35-63; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010004 - 08 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1229
Abstract
Wind loads for the design of wind-resistant high-rise buildings are generally evaluated based on spectral modal analysis or time-history response analysis using wind pressure data obtained from wind tunnel experiments with rigid models. The characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures around vibrating buildings [...] Read more.
Wind loads for the design of wind-resistant high-rise buildings are generally evaluated based on spectral modal analysis or time-history response analysis using wind pressure data obtained from wind tunnel experiments with rigid models. The characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures around vibrating buildings must be evaluated for relevant wind-resistant designs because the wind pressures around buildings are affected by their vibrations. One of the methods to investigate fluctuating fields is complex proper orthogonal decomposition (CPOD), which can express complicated pressure fields, including advection phenomena, as coherent structures. This paper presents the phase characteristics of fluctuating wind pressures around rigid and elastic models of a square-sectioned prism evaluated via CPOD analysis using the results of wind tunnel experiments. The evaluation procedure for the symmetricity of the fluctuating wind pressure modes obtained via CPOD is presented. The similarity of fluctuating wind pressure fields is evaluated as the congruency of the planes formed by the 1st- and 2nd-eigenmodes. With symmetricity and similarity, the fluctuating wind pressure fields are classified into three types: resonant and non-resonant states in smooth flow, and in gradient flow. The characteristics of the three types of wind pressure fields are shown, respectively, in the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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17 pages, 7388 KiB  
Article
Wind Loading of Photovoltaic Panels Installed on Hip Roofs of Rectangular and L-Shaped Low-Rise Buildings
by Yasushi Uematsu, Tetsuo Yambe and Atsushi Yamamoto
Wind 2022, 2(2), 288-304; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind2020016 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
Many residential houses in Japan have hip roofs with pitches ranging from 20° to 30°. Recently, roof-mounted photovoltaic (PV) panels have become popular all over the world for environmental conservation. The design of PV systems in Japan is usually based on the Japanese [...] Read more.
Many residential houses in Japan have hip roofs with pitches ranging from 20° to 30°. Recently, roof-mounted photovoltaic (PV) panels have become popular all over the world for environmental conservation. The design of PV systems in Japan is usually based on the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) C 8955 (2017). However, the standard does not provide wind force coefficients for PV panels installed near roof edges (up to 0.3 m from the edge) because flow separation at the roof edges causes large up-lift forces on such panels. In this paper, we investigated the wind force coefficients for designing PV panels installed on hip roofs of rectangular and L-shaped low-rise buildings. The roof pitch was set to 25° as a typical value. Rectangular panels were installed almost over the whole roof, including the edge zones. Because the thickness of PV panels and the distance between PV panels and the roof are both as small as several centimeters, it is difficult to make wind tunnel models of PV systems with the same geometric scale as that for buildings. We focused on a numerical simulation using the unsteady Bernoulli equation to estimate the pressures in the space between PV panels and the roof. In the simulation, we used the time histories of wind pressure coefficients on the bare roof, which were measured in a turbulent boundary layer. We propose installing PV panels with small gaps between them along their short sides. The gaps may reduce the wind loads not only on the PV panels but also on the roofing due to pressure equalization. We discuss the optimum gap width from the viewpoint of wind load reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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