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Water
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Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production
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Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 September 2023) | Viewed by 19463

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Changseok Han

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Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Engineering, INHA University, Incheon 22212, Korea
Interests: advanced oxidation processes; photocatalysis; toxins; contaminants of emerging concern; nutrients recovery; water treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Daphne Hermosilla Redondo

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Ingeniería y Gestión Forestal y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: water treatment; water management; advanced oxidation processes; photocatalysis; membranes; physicochemical processes; biological treatment; clean technologies; energy and water use; sustainable production
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yeojoon Yoon

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Division of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Korea
Interests: environmental nanotechnology; functional nanomaterials; advanced oxidation processes; water treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Alicia L. Garcia-Costa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Interests: wastewater treatment; water conditioning; advanced oxidation and reduction processes; process intensification; photocatalysis; electrooxidation; microwave-assisted processes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wastewater is a potential source of massive contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, microplastics, and nutrients, causing the eutrophication of surface water to the environment. On the other hand, wastewater is a great resource for producing energy and energy sources such as electrical energy, methane gas, and hydrogen gas. For example, ammonia has recently gained much attention for the production, storage, and transport of hydrogen; thus, much research effort has lately been devoted to the use of the ammonia content of wastewater for energy production. As environmental engineers, it is of great importance for us to protect the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems by removing contaminants, as well as to produce green energy by recycling resources from wastewater. Therefore, it is very important to compile recent advances in the decontamination of micropollutants from wastewater, and energy production using wastewater as a resource to provide environmental engineers with sound water management technologies for a more sustainable development. As a consequence, we will collect papers on the current technologies for micropollutant treatment in wastewater and energy production technologies using the resources present in wastewater.

Dr. Changseok Han
Dr. Daphne Hermosilla Redondo
Dr. Yeojoon Yoon
Dr. Alicia L. Garcia-Costa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • micropollutants
  • wastewater treatment
  • contaminants of emerging concern and priority pollutants
  • energy production
  • ammonia
  • hydrogen

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2286 KiB  
Article
Improving the Anaerobic Digestion Process of Wine Lees by the Addition of Microparticles
by Alfonso García Álvaro, César Ruiz Palomar, Daphne Hermosilla, Antonio Gascó, Raúl Muñoz and Ignacio de Godos
Water 2024, 16(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010101 - 27 Dec 2023
Viewed by 950
Abstract
Wine lee generation, a by-product of the wine industry, implies economic challenges for producers in terms of management due to its high organic load and low pH value. Biological treatment based on controlled anaerobic digestion may emerge as a viable management alternative given [...] Read more.
Wine lee generation, a by-product of the wine industry, implies economic challenges for producers in terms of management due to its high organic load and low pH value. Biological treatment based on controlled anaerobic digestion may emerge as a viable management alternative given its promising potential for biogas production thanks to the organic content of the substrate. However, the complex properties of wine lees may lead to microbial activity inhibition and process kinetics failure. Various solutions have already been explored, including co-digestion with other substrates, or the application of different pretreatments, to mitigate the effects of the accumulation of phenolic compounds, volatile fatty acids, antioxidants, or the acidic pH value of the medium. In this study, laboratory-scale batch reactors were established, adding iron- (magnetite) or carbon (graphite)-based microparticles to assess their impact on the kinetics of the process. The results demonstrate a significant improvement of 35% in the potential production of biomethane after four days of operation with graphite particles and 42% after five days using magnetite particles. Methane production rates, as determined by the Gompertz model, were 45.38 and 46.54 mL CH4∙gVS−1∙d−1 for the application of graphite and magnetite microparticles to the medium, respectively, compared to the value of 33.46 mL CH4∙gVS−1∙d−1 for the control trial, confirming kinetic process improvements of 36% and 39%, respectively. Evidences of the acceleration of the methanogenesis phase were detected along the essays; however, the strong inhibition mediated by the carboxylate accumulation was not avoided in any of the tested conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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18 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Tea-Waste-Mediated Magnetic Oxide Nanoparticles as a Potential Low-Cost Adsorbent for Phosphate (PO43−) Anion Remediation
by Khizar Hussain Shah, Misbah Fareed, Muhammad Waseem, Shabnam Shahida, Mohammad Rafe Hatshan, Sadaf Sarfraz, Aneeqa Batool, Muhammad Fahad, Tauqeer Ahmad, Noor S. Shah, Kyungeun Ha and Changseok Han
Water 2023, 15(20), 3541; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203541 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1127
Abstract
In the current study, magnetic oxide nanoparticle-impregnated tea waste (TW-Fe3O4) is employed as an adsorbent to remove phosphate ions (PO43−) from an aqueous solution. By utilizing a variety of analytical methods, the TW-Fe3O4 [...] Read more.
In the current study, magnetic oxide nanoparticle-impregnated tea waste (TW-Fe3O4) is employed as an adsorbent to remove phosphate ions (PO43−) from an aqueous solution. By utilizing a variety of analytical methods, the TW-Fe3O4 nano-adsorbent was characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, FTIR and XRD. The FE-SEM of TW-Fe3O4 demonstrated the adsorbent’s granular morphology with a variety of magnetic nanoparticle sizes and shapes. The XRD of TW-Fe3O4 showed two diffraction peaks at 2θ values 30.9° and 35.4°, which are in correspondence with the diffraction pattern of magnetite. The synthesis of a TW-Fe3O4 adsorbent with a greater surface area and porosity was demonstrated by BET analysis. Numerous adsorption factors like initial concentration of PO43− ion, pH of the medium, contact time, temperature and adsorbent dose were optimized for phosphate removal. The maximum removal of 92% was achieved by using the adsorbent dose of 1.2 g at 323 K (pH 5). Pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models were fitted to the sorption kinetic, whereas adsorption isotherm data were found well fitted to Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) models. The highest adsorption capacity of TW-Fe3O4 towards phosphate ions was 226.8 mg/g, which is significantly higher than other reported bio-adsorbents. According to thermodynamic data, phosphate adsorption at the solid–liquid interface was of an endothermic and spontaneous nature and characterized by enhanced inevitability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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16 pages, 4436 KiB  
Article
Degradation of Tetracycline Using a Magnetic Gadolinium-Decorated Nanoplatform: A Peroxidase Biomimetic System with Fenton-Like Catalysis
by Nesa Hamidian, Gholamreza Dehghan, Samaneh Rashtbari, Alireza Khataee, Mehdi Khoobi and Nader Sheibani
Water 2023, 15(7), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071419 - 05 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1894
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pollutants such as tetracycline (TC) pose a growing global threat to aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Developing new methods for the degradation of these pollutants would be a significant advancement in their management. The progress in the development of synthetic enzymes based on [...] Read more.
Pharmaceutical pollutants such as tetracycline (TC) pose a growing global threat to aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Developing new methods for the degradation of these pollutants would be a significant advancement in their management. The progress in the development of synthetic enzymes based on nanomaterials has resulted in their replacement for natural enzymes with higher performance quality. In this work, a magnetite/Gd3+/β-cyclodextrin nanoplatform was prepared and used for TC degradation for the first time. The characterization studies were carried out using various methods, including SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The peroxidase-mimic activity of the synthesized nanoplatform was evaluated using a colorimetric assay. Kinetic parameters, including Km and Vmax, were obtained using TMB (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine) and H2O2. The results indicated that prepared particles had a lower Km value than horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which confirmed the higher affinity of the prepared nanoplatform toward its substrates. We also demonstrated that our recyclable nanoplatform (3 mg/mL) was able to degrade 82% of TC (4.5 mM) in 85 min without any initiator such as light or ultrasonic waves. Collectively, these results confirmed the high affinity of the synthesized nanoplatform toward desired substrates, including TC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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18 pages, 5488 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Malaysian Crude Oils and Measurement of ASP Flooded Water in Oil Emulsion Stability and Viscosity in Primary Separator
by Muhammad Irfan, Javed Akbar Khan, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Sharjeel Waqas, Waqas Aleem, Nor Erniza Mohammad Rozali, Sabih Qamar, Abdulnour Ali Jazem Ghanim, Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk, Stanislaw Legutko, Izabela Kruszelnicka and Saifur Rahman
Water 2023, 15(7), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071290 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2297
Abstract
With the application of chemical enhanced oil recovery methods, water separation is a major issue in a production facility. Oil/water separation is suppressed with a stable emulsion. The present study evaluated the impact of different emulsifiers in enhanced oil recovery. The effectiveness of [...] Read more.
With the application of chemical enhanced oil recovery methods, water separation is a major issue in a production facility. Oil/water separation is suppressed with a stable emulsion. The present study evaluated the impact of different emulsifiers in enhanced oil recovery. The effectiveness of each additive such as an alkali, surfactant, or polymer on the stability of the emulsion was anticipated using laser scattering to measure the emulsion’s stability. An artificial neural network was applied to predict the effectiveness of the additives on stabilization/destabilization and to assess how alkali/surfactants, surfactant/polymers, and polymer/surfactants affect the separation profiles. Measurements of the viscosity and zeta potential of residual emulsion clarify that the increase in surfactant makes the emulsion stable and became unstable with the increase in the alkali and polymer. The droplet zeta potential was within −i9~−i5 mV. The absolute value of the zeta potential decreased at a high polymer concentration with a low surfactant concentration resulting in fast flocculence phenomena. With an increase in the surfactant concentration and the presence of high alkali, the droplet’s absolute zeta potential demonstrated an increase in the repulsion force in the emulsions. The study also focuses on the carbon number distribution, wax appearance temperature (WAT) and wax content of four crude oil samples from different field locations (Miri, Angsi, Penara and Dulang). Findings show that crude oil samples with higher mol percent of carbon distribution from C20 to C40 (paraffinic composition) contains higher wax content, wt% and subsequently results in higher wax appearance temperature (WAT). This is obviously shown by the crude oil sample from Penara field. Further similar investigation on other field locations will assist in characterizing the paraffinic composition in Malaysian oil basins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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14 pages, 1570 KiB  
Article
The Catalytic Degradation of the Inflammatory Drug Diclofenac Sodium in Water by Fe2+/Persulfate, Fe2+/Peroxymonosulfate and Fe2+/H2O2 Processes: A Comparative Analysis
by Faiza Rehman, Waqas Ahmad, Nazish Parveen, Syed Khuram Zakir, Sanaullah Khan and Changseok Han
Water 2023, 15(5), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050885 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2046
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium was extensively used for treating arthritis, osteoarthritis and skeletal muscular injuries, which ultimately caused troubles for aquatic organisms as well as human beings. In this study, homogeneous catalytic advanced oxidation processes, including Fe2+/persulfate, Fe2+/peroxymonosulfate and Fe2+ [...] Read more.
Diclofenac sodium was extensively used for treating arthritis, osteoarthritis and skeletal muscular injuries, which ultimately caused troubles for aquatic organisms as well as human beings. In this study, homogeneous catalytic advanced oxidation processes, including Fe2+/persulfate, Fe2+/peroxymonosulfate and Fe2+/H2O2, were used for the degradation of diclofenac sodium in water, without using UV-C light. About 89, 82 and 54% DCF sodium was decomposed by Fe2+/persulfate, Fe2+/peroxymonosulfate and Fe2+/H2O2, respectively, in 60 min. The degradation of diclofenac sodium followed the pseudo first-order kinetics, in all cases. The degradation efficiency of diclofenac sodium was significantly affected in the presence of various anions, such as NO3−, HCO3− and SO42−. The mineralization studies revealed 62, 45 and 32% total carbon removal by Fe2+/persulfate, Fe2+/peroxymonosulfate and Fe2+/H2O2, respectively, in 60 min. In addition, the degradation byproducts of diclofenac sodium were determined by FTIR analysis. The results revealed that the Fe2+/oxidant system, particularly Fe2+/persulfate, was a promising technology for the elimination of toxic pharmaceuticals, such as diclofenac sodium, from the water environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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16 pages, 6698 KiB  
Article
Potential of Adsorption of Diverse Environmental Contaminants onto Microplastics
by Chaehwi Lim, Namgyu Kim, Junho Lee and Yeojoon Yoon
Water 2022, 14(24), 4086; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244086 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2393
Abstract
Microplastics are regarded as vectors of hazardous contaminants due to their ability to adsorb xenobiotic chemicals. This has led to increased interest in the risk of previously neglected microplastic contaminants in the aquatic environment. Here, we assessed the possibility of transferring chemical contaminants [...] Read more.
Microplastics are regarded as vectors of hazardous contaminants due to their ability to adsorb xenobiotic chemicals. This has led to increased interest in the risk of previously neglected microplastic contaminants in the aquatic environment. Here, we assessed the possibility of transferring chemical contaminants to microplastics by evaluating the adsorption performance of (in)organic pollutants on various types of microplastics (polystyrene, PS; polyethylene terephthalate, PET; high-density polyethylene, HDPE; and low-density polyethylene, LDPE;). Considering the toxicity and polarity of each pollutant, dyes (BB9 and RR120) and heavy metals (Cd(II), Pb(II), As(III), and As(V)) were selected for the adsorption experiments. Dye was found to be adsorbed through physical adsorption. The adsorption capacity of microplastics for RR120 and BB9 was the highest for HDPE-1 and LDPE-1, respectively. Additionally, the smaller the size of the microplastics, the higher the adsorbed amounts. The main adsorption mechanism of heavy metals was found to be through physical and chemical adsorption. And adsorption mechanism of dye depends on physical adsorption. Thus, the adsorption of microplastic contaminants was affected more by the condition than by the type of microplastics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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15 pages, 3282 KiB  
Article
Biogas Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Integrated with the Aerated Condition
by Reni Desmiarti, Maulana Yusup Rosadi, Ariadi Hazmi, Muhammad Miftahur Rahman, Nofri Naldi and Joni Aldilla Fajri
Water 2022, 14(22), 3774; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223774 - 20 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2242
Abstract
In this study, the performance of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with the aerated condition at discharge voltages of 15, 20, and 25 kV on the production of biogas; CH4, H2, CO, and CO2 and the removal of COD [...] Read more.
In this study, the performance of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with the aerated condition at discharge voltages of 15, 20, and 25 kV on the production of biogas; CH4, H2, CO, and CO2 and the removal of COD and BOD from POME were investigated. The experimental results showed that the aerated condition with a rate of 2.5 L/min at a high voltage (25 kV) produced CH4, CO, and CO2 that was 9.4, 21.5, and 19.6 times higher than the non-aerated one, respectively. The maximum cumulative volume of CH4, H2, CO, and CO2 was 95.4 ± 8.92, 0.94 ± 0.71, 3.06 ± 0.73, and 2.45 ± 0.35 mL/mg COD, respectively, under the aerated condition at 25 kV and the experimental data fit well with the polynomial regression (R2 > 95) for the initial biogas production. The decrease in COD and BOD was greatly affected by the high discharge voltage under the aerated condition, resulting in a high removal rate. These findings suggest that good performance was observed when the DBD was integrated with the aerated condition under the optimum discharge voltage. The study can give information on the optimum condition in a laboratory scale to produce CH4, H2, CO, and CO2, as well as the reduction of organic pollutants from POME. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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16 pages, 2671 KiB  
Article
Efficient Arsenate Decontamination from Water Using MgO-Itsit Biochar Composite: An Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study
by Salah Ud Din, Babar Hussain, Sirajul Haq, Muhammad Imran, Pervaiz Ahmad, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Fazal Ur Rehman, Sayed M. Eldin, Abd Allah A. Mousa, Ilyas Khan and Talha Bin Emran
Water 2022, 14(21), 3559; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213559 - 05 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1505
Abstract
(1) Background: In this investigation, a composite of MgO nanoparticles with Itsit biochar (MgO-IBC) has been used to remove arsenate from contaminated water. The reduced adsorption capacity of biochar (IBC), due to loss of functionalities under pyrolysis, is compensated for with the composite [...] Read more.
(1) Background: In this investigation, a composite of MgO nanoparticles with Itsit biochar (MgO-IBC) has been used to remove arsenate from contaminated water. The reduced adsorption capacity of biochar (IBC), due to loss of functionalities under pyrolysis, is compensated for with the composite MgO-IBC. (2) Methods: Batch scale adsorption experiments were conducted by using MgO-IBC as an adsorbent for the decontamination of arsenate from water. Functional groups, elemental composition, surface morphology, and crystallinity of the adsorbent were investigated by using FTIR, EDX, SEM and XRD techniques. The effect of pH on arsenate adsorption by MgO-IBC was evaluated in the pH range of 2 to 8, whereas the temperature effect was investigated in the range of 303 K to 323 K. (3) Results: Both pH and temperature were found to significantly influence the overall adsorption efficiency of MgO-IBC for arsenate adsorption with lower pH and higher temperature being suitable for higher arsenate adsorption. A kinetics study of arsenate adsorption confirmed an equilibrium time of 240 min and a pseudo-second-order model well-explained the kinetic adsorption data, whereas the Langmuir model best fitted with the equilibrium arsenate adsorption data. The spontaneity and the chemisorptive nature of arsenate adsorption was confirmed by enthalpy, entropy, and activation energy. Comparison of adsorbents in the literature with the current study indicates that MgO-IBC composite has better adsorption capacity for arsenate adsorption than several previously explored adsorbents. (4) Conclusions: The higher adsorption capacity of MgO-IBC confirms its suitability and efficient utilization for the removal of arsenate from water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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18 pages, 7405 KiB  
Article
Efficiency of Adsorption and Photodegradation of Composite TiO2/Fe2O3 and Industrial Wastes in Cyanide Removal
by Blanca Margarita Amaro-Medina, Antonia Martinez-Luevanos, Ma. de Jesus Soria-Aguilar, Marco Antonio Sanchez-Castillo, Sofia Estrada-Flores and Francisco Raul Carrillo-Pedroza
Water 2022, 14(21), 3502; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213502 - 02 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1910
Abstract
This research focused on the evaluation of the Fe2O3/TiO2 composite and two industrial wastes, a kaolin (Clay-K) and a blast furnace sludge (BFS), as adsorbents and/or photocatalytic materials to enhance the removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions. Cyanide [...] Read more.
This research focused on the evaluation of the Fe2O3/TiO2 composite and two industrial wastes, a kaolin (Clay-K) and a blast furnace sludge (BFS), as adsorbents and/or photocatalytic materials to enhance the removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions. Cyanide adsorption tests were conducted in the absence of light. In contrast, cyanide photodegradation tests were conducted under three types of irradiations: visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light, and natural sunlight. For the latter case, two irradiance conditions were evaluated. Cyanide adsorption from aqueous phases was similar for Clay-K and TiO2/Fe2O3 materials, which adsorbed almost twice as much cyanide compared to the BFS sample. The differences observed in cyanide removal were explained in terms of the material’s surface area and chemical composition, and a complexation of cyanide ions with surface metals was suggested as the most feasible adsorption mechanism. The set of cyanide photodegradation experiments promoted, in general, higher cyanide removal from the aqueous solution compared to the adsorption processes. Under the conditions used in this study and when using Clay-K and BFS as promoters, cyanide photodegradation progressively enhanced with the following radiations: visible light < UV light ~ UV+solar ≤ Visible+solar. In the case of the TiO2/Fe2O3 composite, cyanide photodegradation increased in the following order: UV light < visible light < UV+solar ~ Visible+solar. Clearly, solar radiation had a significant effect on promoting cyanide removal. For experiments conducted with natural sunlight, the set with irradiance of 600–800 W/m2 exhibited the highest cyanide removal percentage, and the BFS had the best performance among the three tested samples over a period of 2 h. Results showed the benefit of using industrial wastes to remove cyanide from aqueous solutions and illustrates remediation of industrial effluents is potentially feasible within the framework of a circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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19 pages, 2211 KiB  
Article
Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by UV-254 nm Radiation for the Degradation of Crystal Violet
by Noreen Ali, Ashfaq Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Wakeel, Ijaz Ahmed Khan, Salah Ud Din, Saeed Ahmad Qaisrani, Abdul Majid Khan and Muhammad Usman Hameed
Water 2022, 14(21), 3440; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213440 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1896
Abstract
Water is a precious natural resource. Unfortunately, bodies of water become polluted by waste, such as untreated wastewater and detritus, along with oil spills, with minimum or no consideration for their limited capacity to renew themselves. Among these pollutants, dyes are harmful as [...] Read more.
Water is a precious natural resource. Unfortunately, bodies of water become polluted by waste, such as untreated wastewater and detritus, along with oil spills, with minimum or no consideration for their limited capacity to renew themselves. Among these pollutants, dyes are harmful as they are persistent and not biodegradable in nature. The present study demonstrates the removal of crystal violet (CV), a toxic cationic dye, by using three systems: Peroxymonosulfate (PMS), UV-254 nm radiation and UV/P5MS. The effects of various parameters, such as the effects of the initial dose of crystal violet, initial concentration of PMS, pH, typical inorganic ions, etc., were also investigated. The effect of pH was investigated in the range of 1.92–12.07. Similarly, the effect of various anions such as NO2•−, HCO3•−, CO3•2−, SO4•2− and CH3COO•− was investigated for the degradation of target pollutants. The order of degradation of crystal violet was UV/PMS > PMS > UV with removal efficiencies of 97%, 76% and 42%, respectively, at reaction times of 60 min. The degradation of crystal violet was enhanced significantly at a pH range of 10.52–12.07. Electrical energy per order (EE/O) values for UV/PMS, PMS and UV were calculated to be 1.68, 3.62 and 48.96 KWh/m3/order, respectively. The addition of inorganic ions inhibited the removal of CV in the order of SO4•2− > NO2•− > HCO3•− > CO3•2− > CH3COO•−. Moreover, the kinetic studies on the degradation of CV by the UV-254 nm, PMS, and UV/PMS systems, were also carried out and found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The study revealed that oxidation processes are most efficacious for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wastewater Treatment from Decontamination to Energy Production)
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