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Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity
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Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Soil and Water".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 21648

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Muhammad Imran Khan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Irrigation & Drainage, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Interests: drought, crop modeling; meteorological variability assessment, climate-vegetation-hydrology interaction mechanism, extreme events assessment, water use efficiency; deficit irrigation; irrigation scheduling; water resources
Dr. Qaisar Saddique

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Interests: water use efficiency; deficit irrigation; climate change; crop modeling; drought; irrigation scheduling; evapotranspiration; soil infiltration parameters; soil water status; water resources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Muhammad Naveed Anjum

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Land and Water Conservation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
Interests: interests: water resources management; hydrological modeling; satellite-based precipitation products; natural disasters; climate change; remote sensing
Dr. Muhammad Zaman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Irrigation & Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Interests: climate change impact at water resources; hydraulic & hydropower engineering; dam & reservoir engineering; open channel hydraulics; design of hydraulic structures

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Drought assessment is key to water resources management and planning. Optimal selection of drought monitoring tools, such as drought indices, can elevate the drought mitigation measures. Precise analysis of droughts' impact on crop production also plays a vital role in sustainable agricultural water management in the region. Drought is an extreme climate event, which has negative impacts on human lives and the environment. Moreover, it has a distinct nature and is very hard to detect because it sneaks gradually and affects a substantial area. The consequences of drought are more severe and expensive than other natural disasters. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is essential for accurately assessing drought in the crop area. Moreover, studying potential evapotranspiration changes due to climatic variables effectively determines appropriate adaptation policies for mitigating the probable damage.

Therefore, drought investigation is important for the agricultural water demand and better management of local water resources. Various drought indices are restricted to indicating the drought severity in a single value each year. Drought is considered severe when it prevails for a long time or is sensitive for a very short time. Therefore, the drought index can address these issues, and then we could assess the drought events more accurately from the given data.

Therefore, it needs to develop solutions for better crop production in drought-prone areas by efficiently utilizing agricultural water resources. That is why accurate drought assessment is crucial for better crop production. The proposed Special Issue will investigate how water productivity can be improved under different extreme climate conditions and address the objective of efficient utilization of water resources under water scarcity conditions.

Dr. Muhammad Imran Khan
Dr. Qaisar Saddique
Dr. Muhammad Naveed Anjum
Dr. Muhammad Zaman
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • drought
  • water use efficiency
  • extreme events assessment
  • meteorological variability
  • crop water modelling
  • irrigation scheduling
  • soil water status

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 5452 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Geospatial Techniques for Interpolating Groundwater Quality Data in Agricultural Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
by Muhammad Tayyab, Rana Ammar Aslam, Umar Farooq, Sikandar Ali, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, Mazhar Iqbal, Muhammad Imran Khan and Naeem Saddique
Water 2024, 16(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010139 - 29 Dec 2023
Viewed by 844
Abstract
Groundwater Arsenic (As) data are often sparse and location-specific, making them insufficient to represent the heterogeneity in groundwater quality status at unsampled locations. Interpolation techniques have been used to map groundwater As data at unsampled locations. However, the results obtained from these techniques [...] Read more.
Groundwater Arsenic (As) data are often sparse and location-specific, making them insufficient to represent the heterogeneity in groundwater quality status at unsampled locations. Interpolation techniques have been used to map groundwater As data at unsampled locations. However, the results obtained from these techniques are affected by various inherent and external factors, which lead to uncertainties in the interpolated data. This study was designed to determine the best technique to interpolate groundwater As data. We selected ten interpolation techniques to predict the As concentration in the groundwater resources of Punjab, Pakistan. Two external factors, the spatial extent of the study area and data density, were considered to assess their impact on the performance of interpolation techniques. Our results show that the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Spline interpolation techniques demonstrate the highest accuracy with the lowest RMSE (13.5 ppb and 16.7 ppb) and MAE (87.8 ppb and 89.5 ppb), respectively, while the Natural Neighbor technique shows the lowest accuracy with the highest RMSE (2508.7 ppb) and MAE (712.1 ppb) to interpolate groundwater As data. When the study area’s extent was modified, IDW showed the best performance, with errors within ±1.5 ppb for 95% of the wells across the study area. While data density has a positive correlation with interpolation accuracy among all techniques, the IDW remained the best method for interpolation. It is therefore concluded that IDW should be used to interpolate groundwater quality data when observed data are sparse and randomly distributed. The utilization of IDW can be useful for As monitoring and management in groundwater resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity)
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30 pages, 3012 KiB  
Article
Roles of Agricultural Cooperatives (ACs) in Drought Risk Management among Smallholder Farmers in Pursat and Kampong Speu Provinces, Cambodia
by Nyda Chhinh, Serey Sok, Veasna Sou and Pheakdey Nguonphan
Water 2023, 15(8), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081447 - 07 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2055
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the roles of agricultural cooperatives (ACs) in the provinces Pursat and Kampong Speu, Cambodia, with respect to managing the drought risks among smallholder farmers, with particular focus on the following factors: (a) the impacts of drought on socio-economic [...] Read more.
This research aims to investigate the roles of agricultural cooperatives (ACs) in the provinces Pursat and Kampong Speu, Cambodia, with respect to managing the drought risks among smallholder farmers, with particular focus on the following factors: (a) the impacts of drought on socio-economic development and livelihood; (b) the services delivered by AC operations in terms of increasing the five livelihood assets; and (c) the interactions between AC operations, adaptive capacity, and the impacts of drought. Household surveys were conducted among 421 smallholder farmers; in addition, case studies were also conducted with stakeholders in the Bakan district in Pursat Province and the Barsedth district in Kampong Speu Province. The study demonstrates that (i) both climatic and human-made factors contributed toward the impact of drought in the Bakan and Barsedth districts. Furthermore, this hazard affected smallholder farmers. (ii) AC operations increased the smallholder farmers’ access to natural and physical assets. Currently, AC operations are constrained by a lack of willingness and commitment in AC committees, trust building in the communities, and human and financial resources after development projects, which are implemented by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). (iii) Adaptive capacity contributed to the drought impacts and participation in AC activities, but the involvement in AC activities did not contribute to AC operations nor to aiding with the impacts of drought. This empirical research, which was performed via structural education modeling (SEM), fills a gap in the literature by increasing the understanding of the roles of AC operations in the context of drought risk management and their role in increasing access to the five livelihood assets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity)
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17 pages, 7536 KiB  
Article
Rainfall Forecast and Drought Analysis for Recent and Forthcoming Years in India
by S. Poornima, M. Pushpalatha, Raghavendra B. Jana and Laxmi Anusri Patti
Water 2023, 15(3), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030592 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7751
Abstract
Agriculture is the primary profession in India which relies on several climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc., for the successful growth of crops. Weather and drought forecasting may help to take preventive measures in an unusual situation due to crop failure. [...] Read more.
Agriculture is the primary profession in India which relies on several climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc., for the successful growth of crops. Weather and drought forecasting may help to take preventive measures in an unusual situation due to crop failure. Most of the existing work attempts to forecast the weather or analyse the reason for the occurrence of drought and its effects in the past. This paper adopts the machine learning model called the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to forecast the long-term rainfall and standardised precipitation index for drought estimation. The predicted annual rainfall from LSTM is taken as an input to forecast the drought conditions of India for the upcoming years, which is a unique approach and objective, and based on this work appropriate decisions can be made for future actions. The past 117 years of rainfall and drought conditions are compared with the recent 50 years by analysing the data in several ways in order to predict the future scenario. The forecasted results are compared with actual observations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the LSTM model to produce adequate results. The error and network loss of the model is 0.059 and 0.0036, which is minimal, and the forecasted rainfall level is almost equal to actual level specifically accuracy is 99.46% for the previous year, 2021. It was found that there is a rainfall decline of 0.04% every year. Apart from the prediction for the country, a clear picture of the region regarding drought forecasts is presented in this work. The real-time drought level is mild and moderate for most of the regions in the country which matches with the drought level determined using forecasted rainfall. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity)
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14 pages, 1672 KiB  
Article
Effect of Post-Drought Rehydration on Winter Wheat Fluorescence and Photosynthetic Indices under Different Levels of Nitrogen Application
by Daoxi Li, Huan Liu, Shikai Gao, Shah Jahan Leghari, Haosen Hou and Yanbin Li
Water 2023, 15(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020305 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1632
Abstract
Studying the response of winter wheat to post-drought rehydration is conducive to understanding the efficient utilization of water-saving technology, such as regulating deficit irrigation and increasing water use efficiency. The controlled condition experiment in the rain shelter was conducted in 2020. The two [...] Read more.
Studying the response of winter wheat to post-drought rehydration is conducive to understanding the efficient utilization of water-saving technology, such as regulating deficit irrigation and increasing water use efficiency. The controlled condition experiment in the rain shelter was conducted in 2020. The two water stress treatments, including post-drought rehydration at the jointing and heading stages, were combined with high nitrogen (N) (250 kg/hm2), low N (125 kg/hm2), and no N (0 kg/hm2, control). The effects of post-drought rehydration on the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), major fluorescence parameters, and photosynthetic indexes of winter wheat were determined. The results showed that post-drought rehydration increased the SPAD value, the efficiency of light energy conversion, maximum potential photo-electron transport, and the photosynthetic indices and decreased the photochemical quenching coefficient. Among them, the compensatory effect of rehydration at the heading stage on SPAD, fluorescence parameters, and photosynthetic indexes was more significant (p < 0.05), and the winter wheat needed a recovery process after rehydration. Increased application of N fertilizer can alleviate the effects of water stress on the fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic properties of flag leaf and promote the degree of the response of fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic properties to rehydration. The specific effects were as follows: high N > low N > no N application. As a result, winter wheat had a certain compensatory effect of rehydration after timely drought stress; the compensatory effect of rehydration could be enhanced under the condition of increasing N application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity)
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14 pages, 2523 KiB  
Article
Drought Induced Dynamic Traits of Soil Water and Inorganic Carbon in Different Karst Habitats
by Liang Luo, Yanyou Wu, Haitao Li, Deke Xing, Ying Zhou and Antong Xia
Water 2022, 14(23), 3837; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233837 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1697
Abstract
Understanding the temporal variability of soil water and carbon is an important prerequisite for restoring the vegetation in fragile karst ecosystems. A systematic study of soil moisture and carbon storage capacity under drought conditions in different karst habitats is critical for cultivating suitable [...] Read more.
Understanding the temporal variability of soil water and carbon is an important prerequisite for restoring the vegetation in fragile karst ecosystems. A systematic study of soil moisture and carbon storage capacity under drought conditions in different karst habitats is critical for cultivating suitable crops in karst regions. The hydrological characteristics of soil and changes in soil HCO3−, pH, and EC values under drought conditions were measured on simulated rock outcrops and non-outcrops in an indoor pot experiment. The results showed that the rock outcrops had less evaporation and significantly greater water retention capacity than the non-outcrops, which gave the retained water in the rock outcrops sufficient reaction time to dissolve atmospheric CO2, as well as to promote dissolution at the rock–soil interface. Therefore, the carbon sequestration capacity of the rock outcrops was higher than that of the non-outcrops. Due to the rock–soil–water interaction in the early stage of drought, the soil HCO3− concentration in the rock outcrops fluctuated with soil water content, but the soil HCO3− concentration tended to be stable in the whole drought period, showing a phenomenon of zero-carbon sink. No obvious change was observed in the soil HCO3− concentration in non-outcrops during the drought period, which indicated that the carbon sequestration of rock outcrops was mainly attributed to the dissolution of rocks. Therefore, rock outcrops were more effective for water and carbon storage, compared with non-outcrops, under drought, and could provide more available water and carbon resources for supporting the photosynthesis of plants in karst regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity)
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Review

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35 pages, 1002 KiB  
Review
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): A Rampart against the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress
by Naoual Bouremani, Hafsa Cherif-Silini, Allaoua Silini, Ali Chenari Bouket, Lenka Luptakova, Faizah N. Alenezi, Oleg Baranov and Lassaad Belbahri
Water 2023, 15(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030418 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6933
Abstract
Abiotic stress significantly limits plant growth and production. Drought, in particular, is a severe constraint that affects growth and limits agricultural productivity on a global scale. Water stress induces in plants a set of morpho-anatomical (modification of root and leaf structure), physiological, and [...] Read more.
Abiotic stress significantly limits plant growth and production. Drought, in particular, is a severe constraint that affects growth and limits agricultural productivity on a global scale. Water stress induces in plants a set of morpho-anatomical (modification of root and leaf structure), physiological, and biochemical (relative water content, membrane stability, photosynthesis, hormonal balance, antioxidant systems, and osmolyte accumulation) changes mainly employed to cope with the drought stress. These strategies allow the plant to overcome the unfavorable period of limited water availability. Currently, a promising alternative is available to improve plant growth and tolerance under drought conditions. The use of osmotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as inoculants can alleviate water stress by increasing the water use efficiency of the plant. The PGPR improve the tolerance of plants to drought, through changes in the morphology and architecture of the root system, production of phytohormones, extracellular polysaccharides, ACC 1-(aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase, volatile chemicals, and osmolyte accumulation. They may also enhance the antioxidant defense system and induce transcriptional regulation of stress response genes. This review addresses the effects of stress on plant growth, adaptation, and response to drought conditions and discusses the significant potential of PGPR to modulate the physiological response against water scarcity, ensuring plant survival and improving the resistance and growth of agricultural crops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drought on Agriculture Water Resources and Crop Productivity)
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