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Viruses
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Pestivirus 2023
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Pestivirus 2023

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 4857

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Benjamin J. Lamp

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Guest Editor
Justus-Liebig University, Veterinary Medicine, Giessen, Germany
Interests: viral-related diseases of livestock and insects
Prof. Dr. Till Rümenapf

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
Interests: pestiviruses; arteriviruses; persistent infections; cellular receptors
Prof. Dr. Christiane M. Riedel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allee d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
Interests: pestiviruses; rhabdoviruses; Cryo EM; structural virology; virus entry, cellular receptors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Traditional pestiviruses, such as the classical swine fever virus or the bovine viral diarrhea virus, are known agents of economically important animal diseases. However, recent research has led to the identification of many different related viruses that also infect previously unknown host species, such as cetaceans, rodents, or pangolins. It is likely that this is only the tip of the iceberg and that additional pestivirus species will be discovered soon.

Moreover, the impact of new species on the health status of individual animals or entire populations and their implications for the conservation of endangered species are still unknown. Although we know much about immunomodulatory proteins, the establishment of persistent infections, and cellular host factors of pestiviruses, there have been recent breakthroughs in understanding the mechanisms of infection. Of particular note are the recent studies on cellular receptor molecules, of which ADAM17 has been identified as a major host factor and direct interactor of the envelope protein E2.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present and summarize the latest discoveries in basic research, as well as the developments and advances in the epidemiology, diagnostics, and control of pestiviruses. Emphasis is also placed on pestiviral diseases, their pathogenesis, and their economic or environmental importance. Further investigation into the newly discovered pestiviruses and the molecular infection mechanisms of the known species will continue to be an exciting and important area of research.

Prof. Dr. Benjamin J. Lamp
Prof. Dr. Till Rümenapf
Prof. Dr. Christiane Riedel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 3218 KiB  
Article
Evolutionary-Related High- and Low-Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates Reveal Viral Determinants of Virulence
by Yoandry Hinojosa, Matthias Liniger, Obdulio García-Nicolás, Markus Gerber, Anojen Rajaratnam, Sara Muñoz-González, Liani Coronado, María Teresa Frías, Carmen Laura Perera, Llilianne Ganges and Nicolas Ruggli
Viruses 2024, 16(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010147 - 19 Jan 2024
Viewed by 826
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the [...] Read more.
Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the highly virulent Margarita/1958 strain. In recent years, chronic and persistent infections with low-virulent CSFV have been observed. Amino acid substitutions located in immunodominant epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of the attenuated isolates were attributed to positive selection due to suboptimal vaccination and control. To obtain a complete picture of the mutations involved in attenuation, we applied forward and reverse genetics using the evolutionary-related low-virulent CSFV/Pinar del Rio (CSF1058)/2010 (PdR) and highly virulent Margarita/1958 isolates. Sequence comparison of the two viruses recovered from experimental infections in pigs revealed 40 amino acid differences. Interestingly, the amino acid substitutions clustered in E2 and the NS5A and NS5B proteins. A long poly-uridine sequence was identified previously in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of PdR. We constructed functional cDNA clones of the PdR and Margarita strains and generated eight recombinant viruses by introducing single or multiple gene fragments from Margarita into the PdR backbone. All chimeric viruses had comparable replication characteristics in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. Recombinant PdR viruses carrying either E2 or NS5A/NS5B of Margarita, with 36 or 5 uridines in the 3′UTR, remained low virulent in 3-month-old pigs. The combination of these elements recovered the high-virulent Margarita phenotype. These results show that CSFV evolution towards attenuated variants in the field involved mutations in both structural and non-structural proteins and the UTRs, which act synergistically to determine virulence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2023)
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13 pages, 2626 KiB  
Article
Multivariate Analysis as a Method to Evaluate Antigenic Relationships between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1b Isolates and Vaccine Strains
by Shollie M. Falkenberg, Hao Ma, Eduardo Casas, Rohana P. Dassanayake, Michael W. Bolton, Gage Raithel, Scott Silvis, John D. Neill and Paul H. Walz
Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102085 - 13 Oct 2023
Viewed by 807
Abstract
The antigenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been evaluated using virus-neutralizing titer data analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and has demonstrated numerous isolates to be antigenically divergent from US vaccine strains. The lack of BVDV-1b strains in currently licensed vaccines [...] Read more.
The antigenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been evaluated using virus-neutralizing titer data analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and has demonstrated numerous isolates to be antigenically divergent from US vaccine strains. The lack of BVDV-1b strains in currently licensed vaccines has raised concerns regarding the lack of protection against BVDV-1b field strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenic diversity of BVDV-1b strains and better understand the breadth of antigenic relatedness using BVDV-1b antisera and antisera from vaccine strains. Results from this analysis demonstrate the antigenic diversity observed among BVDV-1b isolates and genetic assignment into the BVDV-1b subgenotype is not representative of antigenic relatedness. This is demonstrated by BVDV-1b isolates (2280N, SNc, Illc, MSU, and 2337) observed to be as antigenically dissimilar as BVDV-2a isolates when using BVDV-1b antisera. Additionally, when BVDV-1a vaccine antisera was used for comparisons, a greater percentage of BVDV-1b isolates clustered with BVDV-1a vaccine strains as part of PC1, suggesting antigenic relatedness and potentially partial protection. Collectively, data from this study would suggest that while most BVDV-1b isolates are antigenically similar, there are antigenically dissimilar BVDV-1b isolates as determined by the lack of cross-reactivity, which may contribute to the lack of protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2023)
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11 pages, 1491 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Infection of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in Commercial Pigs from Birth to Market: A Longitudinal Study
by Alexandra C. Buckley, Juan-Carlos Mora-Díaz, Ronaldo L. Magtoto, Amberly Van Hulzen, Franco Matias Ferreyra, Shollie M. Falkenberg, Luis G. Giménez-Lirola and Bailey L. Arruda
Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081767 - 18 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1238
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was found to be associated with pigs demonstrating congenital tremors (CT), and clinical signs in pigs have been reproduced after experimental challenge. Subsequently, APPV has been identified in both symptomatic and asymptomatic swine of all ages globally. The objective [...] Read more.
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was found to be associated with pigs demonstrating congenital tremors (CT), and clinical signs in pigs have been reproduced after experimental challenge. Subsequently, APPV has been identified in both symptomatic and asymptomatic swine of all ages globally. The objective of this research was to perform a longitudinal study following two cohorts of pigs, those born in litters with pigs exhibiting CT and those born in litters without CT, to analyze the virus and antibody dynamics of APPV infection in serum from birth to market. There was a wide range in the percentage of affected pigs (8–75%) within CT-positive litters. After co-mingling with CT-positive litters at weaning, pigs from CT-negative litters developed viremia that was cleared after approximately 2 months, with the majority seroconverting by the end of the study. In contrast, a greater percentage of pigs exhibiting CT remained PCR positive throughout the growing phase, with less than one-third of these animals seroconverting. APPV RNA was present in multiple tissues from pigs in both groups at the time of marketing. This study improved our understanding of the infection dynamics of APPV in swine and the impact that the immune status and timing of infection have on the persistence of APPV in serum and tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2023)
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13 pages, 4348 KiB  
Article
Structure of Bovine CD46 Ectodomain
by Hazel Aitkenhead, David I. Stuart and Kamel El Omari
Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071424 - 23 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1223
Abstract
CD46, or membrane cofactor protein, is a type-one transmembrane protein from the complement regulatory protein family. Alongside its role in complement activation, CD46 is involved in many other processes, from T-cell activation to reproduction. It is also referred to as a pathogen magnet, [...] Read more.
CD46, or membrane cofactor protein, is a type-one transmembrane protein from the complement regulatory protein family. Alongside its role in complement activation, CD46 is involved in many other processes, from T-cell activation to reproduction. It is also referred to as a pathogen magnet, because it is used as a receptor by multiple bacteria and viruses. Bovine CD46 (bovCD46) in particular is involved in bovine viral diarrhoea virus entry, an economically important disease in cattle industries. This study presents the X-ray crystallographic structure of the extracellular region of bovCD46, revealing a four-short-consensus-repeat (SCR) structure similar to that in human CD46. SCR1-3 are arranged linearly, while SCR 4 has a reduced interface angle, resulting in a hockey stick-like appearance. The structure also reveals the bovine viral diarrhoea virus interaction site in SCR1, which is likely to confer pestivirus specificity for their target host, CD46. Insights gained from the structural information on pestivirus receptors, such as CD46, could offer valuable guidance for future control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2023)
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