Editorial

2 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species

by Fernando Vicosa Bauermann and Mayara F. Maggioli

Viruses 2023, 15(4), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040925 - 06 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 980

Infectious diseases in livestock species are responsible for significant economic losses worldwide and constantly threaten food security [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

Research

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14 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Heifers Vaccinated with a Combination of Multivalent Modified Live and Inactivated Viral Vaccines

by Shollie M. Falkenberg, Rohana P. Dassanayake, Lauren Crawford, Kaitlyn Sarlo Davila and Paola Boggiatto

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030703 - 08 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1542

Abstract

Bovine viral vaccines contain both live or inactivated/killed formulations, but few studies have evaluated the impact of vaccinating with either live or killed antigens and re-vaccinating with the reciprocal. Commercial dairy heifers were utilized for the study and randomly assigned to three treatment [...] Read more.

Bovine viral vaccines contain both live or inactivated/killed formulations, but few studies have evaluated the impact of vaccinating with either live or killed antigens and re-vaccinating with the reciprocal. Commercial dairy heifers were utilized for the study and randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Treatment groups received a commercially available modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine containing BVDV and were revaccinated with a commercially available killed viral (KV) vaccine containing BVDV, another group received the same KV vaccine and was revaccinated with the same MLV vaccine, and yet another group served as negative controls and did not receive any viral vaccines. Heifers in KV/MLV had higher virus neutralizing titers (VNT) at the end of the vaccination period than heifers in MLV/KV and control groups. The frequency of IFN-γ mRNA positive CD4+, CD8+, and CD335+ populations, as well as increased mean fluorescent intensity of CD25+ cells was increased for the MLV/KV heifers as compared to KV/MLV and controls. The data from this study would suggest that differences in initial antigen presentation such as live versus killed could augment CMI and humoral responses and could be useful in determining vaccination programs for optimizing protective responses, which is critical for promoting lifetime immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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15 pages, 2988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Epitopes Mapping of African Swine Fever Virus CP312R Protein Using Monoclonal Antibodies

by Yibrah Tekle Hagoss, Dongdong Shen, Zhenjiang Zhang, Fang Li, Zhigao Bu and Dongming Zhao

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020557 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1909

Abstract

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal pig disease and poses a huge threat to the pig industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) encodes more than 150 different proteins, but the biological properties of most viral proteins are still unknown. ASFV [...] Read more.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal pig disease and poses a huge threat to the pig industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) encodes more than 150 different proteins, but the biological properties of most viral proteins are still unknown. ASFV CP312R protein has been proven to be one of the most immunogenic proteins during ASFV infection in pigs; however, its specific epitopes have yet to be identified. In this study, we verified the immunogenicity of CP312R protein in the sera from attenuated ASFV-inoculated pigs. We generated seven anti-ASFV CP312R mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice immunized with recombinant CP312R protein (rCP312R). All seven mAbs are the IgG2b-Kappa isotype and specifically interacted with the CP312R protein expressed in various cells that were infected by ASFVs or transfected with plasmid CP312R. The epitope mapping was performed by using these characterized mAbs and the peptide scanning (Pepscan) method followed by Western blot. As a result, two antigenic determinant regions were identified: two of the seven mAbs recognized the ¹²²KNEQGEEIYP¹³¹ amino acids, and the remaining five mAbs recognized the ⁷⁸DEEVIRMNAE⁸⁷ amino acids of the CP312R protein. These antigenic determinants of CP312R are conserved in different ASFV strains of seven genotypes. By using the characterized mAb, confocal microscopy observation revealed that the CP312R was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and, to some extent, in nuclei and on the nuclear membrane of infected host cells. In summary, our results benefit our understanding on the antigenic regions of ASFV CP312R and help to develop better serological diagnosis of ASF and vaccine research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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14 pages, 1510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HoBi-like Pestivirus Is Highly Prevalent in Cattle Herds in the Amazon Region (Northern Brazil)

by Leticia F. Baumbach, Ana Cristina S. Mósena, Raquel S. Alves, Laura J. Camargo, Juliana C. Olegário, Leonardo R. Lobraico, João Marcos N. Costa, Mauro R. Borba, Fernando V. Bauermann, Matheus N. Weber and Cláudio W. Canal

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020453 - 06 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1894

Abstract

Pestiviruses are globally distributed and cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. In Brazil, the country with the world’s largest cattle population, pestivirus infections are well described in some regions, such as in the south, where a high frequency of BVDV-2 is [...] Read more.

Pestiviruses are globally distributed and cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. In Brazil, the country with the world’s largest cattle population, pestivirus infections are well described in some regions, such as in the south, where a high frequency of BVDV-2 is described and contrasts with the high prevalence of HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) in the northeast. However, there is a lack of information about pestiviruses in the Amazon Region, in northern Brazil, with a cattle population estimated at 55.7 million head, which has a significant impact on the international livestock market. Therefore, this study investigated the seroprevalence and genetic variability of ruminant pestiviruses in 944 bovine serum samples from four states in northern Brazil: Pará (PA), Amapá (AP), Roraima (RR), and Amazonas (AM). Our results showed that 45.4% of the samples were seropositive (19.8% for BVDV-1, 14.1% for BVDV-2, and 20.9% for HoBiPeV). All samples were tested by RT–qPCR, and three were positive and classified as HoBiPeV in a phylogenetic analysis. These serological and molecular results contrast with those from other regions of the world, suggesting that the northern Brazilian states have a high prevalence of all bovine pestiviruses including HoBiPeV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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8 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3C^pro Cleaves BP180 to Induce Blister Formation

by Pathum Ekanayaka, Asela Weerawardhana, Kiramage Chathuranga, Jong-Hyeon Park and Jong-Soo Lee

Viruses 2022, 14(9), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092060 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1921

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is mainly characterized by blister formation (vesicles) in animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, the molecular basis of the blister formation in FMD is still unknown. BP180 is one of the main anchoring proteins connecting the dermal and [...] Read more.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is mainly characterized by blister formation (vesicles) in animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, the molecular basis of the blister formation in FMD is still unknown. BP180 is one of the main anchoring proteins connecting the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin. Previous studies have shown that the cleavage of BP180 by proteases produced by the inflammatory cells and the resulting skin loosening are major causes of the blister formation in bullous pemphigoid (BP) disease. Similar to BP, here we have demonstrated that, among the FMDV-encoded proteases, only FMDV 3C^pro contributes to the cleavage of BP180 at multiple sites, consequently inducing the degradation of BP180, leading to skin loosening. Additionally, we confirmed that FMDV 3C^pro interacts directly with BP180 and the FMDV 3C^pro C142T mutant, known to have reduced protease activity, is less effective for BP180 degradation than wild-type FMDV 3C^pro. In conclusion, for the first time, our results demonstrate the function of FMDV 3C^pro on the connective-tissue protein BP180 associated with blister formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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18 pages, 6568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bovine Polyomavirus-1 (Epsilonpolyomavirus bovis): An Emerging Fetal Pathogen of Cattle That Causes Renal Lesions Resembling Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy of Humans

by Federico Giannitti, Caroline da Silva Silveira, Hannah Bullock, Marina Berón, Sofía Fernández-Ciganda, María José Benítez-Galeano, Nélida Rodríguez-Osorio, Luciana Silva-Flannery, Yisell Perdomo, Andrés Cabrera, Rodrigo Puentes, Rodney Colina, Jana M. Ritter and Matías Castells

Viruses 2022, 14(9), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092042 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

Bovine polyomavirus-1 (BoPyV-1, Epsilonpolyomavirus bovis) is widespread in cattle and has been detected in commercialized beef at supermarkets in the USA and Germany. BoPyV-1 has been questioned as a probable zoonotic agent with documented increase in seropositivity in people exposed to cattle. [...] Read more.

Bovine polyomavirus-1 (BoPyV-1, Epsilonpolyomavirus bovis) is widespread in cattle and has been detected in commercialized beef at supermarkets in the USA and Germany. BoPyV-1 has been questioned as a probable zoonotic agent with documented increase in seropositivity in people exposed to cattle. However, to date, BoPyV-1 has not been causally associated with pathology or disease in any animal species, including humans. Here we describe and illustrate pathological findings in an aborted bovine fetus naturally infected with BoPyV-1, providing evidence of its pathogenicity and probable abortigenic potential. Our results indicate that: (i) BoPyV-1 can cause severe kidney lesions in cattle, including tubulointerstitial nephritis with cytopathic changes and necrosis in tubular epithelial cells, tubular and interstitial inflammation, and interstitial fibroplasia; (ii) lesions are at least partly attributable to active viral replication in renal tubular epithelial cells, which have abundant intranuclear viral inclusions; (iii) BoPyV-1 large T (LT) antigen, resulting from early viral gene expression, can be detected in infected renal tubular epithelial cells using a monoclonal antibody raised against Simian Virus-40 polyomavirus LT antigen; and (iv) there is productive BoPyV-1 replication and virion assembly in the nuclei of renal tubular epithelial cells, as demonstrated by the ultrastructural observation of abundant arrays of viral particles with typical polyomavirus morphology. Altogether, these lesions resemble the “cytopathic-inflammatory pathology pattern” proposed in the pathogenesis of Human polyomavirus-1-associated nephropathy in immunocompromised people and kidney allograft recipients. Additionally, we sequenced the complete genome of the BoPyV-1 infecting the fetus, which represents the first whole genome of a BoPyV-1 from the Southern Hemisphere. Lastly, the BoPyV-1 strain infecting this fetus was isolated, causing a cytopathic effect in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. We conclude that BoPyV-1 is pathogenic to the bovine fetus under natural circumstances. Further insights into the epidemiology, biology, clinical relevance, and zoonotic potential of BoPyV-1 are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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Review

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15 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Extensive Examination of the Warning Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Available Therapies, and Prognosis for Lumpy Skin Disease

by Bharti Datten, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Shalini Sharma, Lokender Singh, Krishna Dutta Rawat, Mohammad Saquib Ashraf, Lina M. Alneghery, Malak O. Aladwani, Hassan Ahmad Rudayni, Deen Dayal, Sanjay Kumar and Kundan Kumar Chaubey

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030604 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3290

Abstract

The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infects cattle and buffalo and causes lumpy skin disease (LSD). It affects the lymph nodes of the sick animals, causing them to enlarge and appear as lumps (cutaneous nodules) that are 2–5 cm in diameter on their [...] Read more.

The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infects cattle and buffalo and causes lumpy skin disease (LSD). It affects the lymph nodes of the sick animals, causing them to enlarge and appear as lumps (cutaneous nodules) that are 2–5 cm in diameter on their heads, necks, limbs, udders, genitalia, and perinea. A high temperature, a sharp drop in milk supply, discharge from the eyes and nose, salivation, a loss of appetite, depression, damaged hides, and emaciation are further warning signs and symptoms. As per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the incubation period, or the time between an infection and symptoms, is approximately 28 days. Infected animals can transfer the virus by direct contact with the vectors, direct virus secretion from mouth or nose, shared feeding and watering troughs, and even artificial insemination. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO both warn that the spread of illnesses could lead to serious economic losses. This illness reduces cow’s milk production because oral ulcers make the animal weak and lead them to lose their appetite. There are many diagnostics available for LSDV. However, very few tests yield accurate findings. The best methods for preventing and controlling the lumpy skin condition include vaccination and movement restrictions. As a specific cure is not available, the only available treatment for this illness is supportive care for cattle. Recently, India has developed a homologous, live-attenuated vaccine, Lumpi-ProVacInd, which is specifically intended to protect animals against the LSD virus. This study’s primary goal is to accumulate data on symptoms, the most accurate method of diagnosis, treatments, and controls to stop infections from spreading as well as to explore future possibilities for the management of LSDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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16 pages, 2614 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Latency-Reactivation Cycle, a Chronic Problem in the Cattle Industry

by Jeffery B. Ostler and Clinton Jones

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020552 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2762

Abstract

Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a persistent and recurring disease that affects cattle worldwide. It is a major contributor to bovine respiratory disease and reproductive failure in the US. A major complication of BoHV-1 arises from the lifelong latent infection established in the [...] Read more.

Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a persistent and recurring disease that affects cattle worldwide. It is a major contributor to bovine respiratory disease and reproductive failure in the US. A major complication of BoHV-1 arises from the lifelong latent infection established in the sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system following acute infection. Lifelong latency is marked by periodic reactivation from latency that leads to virus transmission and transient immunosuppression. Physiological and environmental stress, along with hormone fluctuations, can drive virus reactivation from latency, allowing the virus to spread rapidly. This review discusses the mechanisms of the latency/reactivation cycle, with particular emphasis on how different hormones directly regulate BoHV-1 gene expression and productive infection. Glucocorticoids, including the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, are major effectors of the stress response. Stress directly regulates BoHV-1 gene expression through multiple pathways, including β-catenin dependent Wnt signaling, and the glucocorticoid receptor. Related type 1 nuclear hormone receptors, the androgen and progesterone receptors, also drive BoHV-1 gene expression and productive infection. These receptors form feed-forward transcription loops with the stress-induced Krüppel-like transcription factors KLF4 and KLF15. Understanding these molecular pathways is critical for developing novel therapeutics designed to block reactivation and reduce virus spread and disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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Other

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6 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Experimental Senecavirus A Infection of Bovine Cell Lines and Colostrum-Deprived Calves

by Alexandra Buckley, Lauren Crawford, Kyle Hoffman and Shollie Falkenberg

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122809 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1404

Abstract

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a causative agent for vesicular disease in swine, which is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases of swine including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Recently, it was reported that buffalo in Guangdong, China were experiencing clinical symptoms similar to FMD including [...] Read more.

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a causative agent for vesicular disease in swine, which is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases of swine including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Recently, it was reported that buffalo in Guangdong, China were experiencing clinical symptoms similar to FMD including mouth ulcers and lameness tested positive for SVA. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle (Bos taurus) to SVA infection. Initial in vitro work using the PrimeFlow assay demonstrated that bovine cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle were susceptible to SVA infection. Subsequently, six colostrum-deprived Holstein calves were challenged with SVA intranasally. No vesicular lesions were observed after challenge. Serum, oral, nasal, and rectal swabs tested for SVA nucleic acid did not support significant viral replication and there was no evidence of seroconversion. Therefore, demonstrating cattle from this study were not susceptible to experimental SVA infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species)

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