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13 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vector Competence of Aedes albopictus for Yellow Fever Virus: Risk of Reemergence of Urban Yellow Fever in Brazil

by Rossela Damasceno-Caldeira, Joaquim Pinto Nunes-Neto, Carine Fortes Aragão, Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas, Milene Silveira Ferreira, Paulo Henrique Gomes de Castro, Daniel Damous Dias, Pedro Arthur da Silva Araújo, Roberto Carlos Feitosa Brandão, Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva, Lívia Carício Martins, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos and Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz

Viruses 2023, 15(4), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15041019 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

The risk of the emergence and reemergence of zoonoses is high in regions that are under the strong influence of anthropogenic actions, as they contribute to the risk of vector disease transmission. Yellow fever (YF) is among the main pathogenic arboviral diseases in [...] Read more.

The risk of the emergence and reemergence of zoonoses is high in regions that are under the strong influence of anthropogenic actions, as they contribute to the risk of vector disease transmission. Yellow fever (YF) is among the main pathogenic arboviral diseases in the world, and the Culicidae Aedes albopictus has been proposed as having the potential to transmit the yellow fever virus (YFV). This mosquito inhabits both urban and wild environments, and under experimental conditions, it has been shown to be susceptible to infection by YFV. In this study, the vector competence of the mosquito Ae. albopictus for the YFV was investigated. Female Ae. albopictus were exposed to non-human primates (NHP) of the genus Callithrix infected with YFV via a needle inoculation. Subsequently, on the 14th and 21st days post-infection, the legs, heads, thorax/abdomen and saliva of the arthropods were collected and analyzed by viral isolation and molecular analysis techniques to verify the infection, dissemination and transmission. The presence of YFV was detected in the saliva samples through viral isolation and in the head, thorax/abdomen and legs both by viral isolation and by molecular detection. The susceptibility of Ae. albopictus to YFV confers a potential risk of reemergence of urban YF in Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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18 pages, 5052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses with Encephalitogenic Potential Diagnosed by Evandro Chagas Institute (Pará, Brazil) in the Period of 1954–2022: Six Decades of Discoveries

by Ana Lucia Monteiro Wanzeller, Fabio Silva da Silva, Leonardo Henrique Almeida Hernández, Landerson Junior Leopoldino Barros, Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas, Maissa Maia Santos, Ercília de Jesus Gonçalves, Jamilla Augusta Sousa Pantoja, Creuza de Sousa Lima, Maxwell Furtado Lima, Luiz Roberto Oliveira Costa, Liliane Leal das Chagas, Iveraldo Ferreira Silva, Tania Cristina Alves da Silveira da Cunha, Bruna Lais Sena do Nascimento, Helena Baldez Vasconcelos, Elizabeth Salbe Travassos da Rosa, Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues, Raimunda do Socorro da Silva Azevedo, Lívia Carício Martins, Lívia Medeiros Neves Casseb, Jannifer Oliveira Chiang, Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto, Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz, Valéria Lima Carvalho, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos and Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva Show full author list Hide full author list

Viruses 2023, 15(4), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040935 - 10 Apr 2023

Viewed by 3772

Abstract

Viruses with encephalitogenic potential can cause neurological conditions of clinical and epidemiological importance, such as Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus [...] Read more.

Viruses with encephalitogenic potential can cause neurological conditions of clinical and epidemiological importance, such as Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus and West Nile virus. The objective of the present study was to determine the number of arboviruses with neuroinvasive potential isolated in Brazil that corresponds to the collection of viral samples belonging to the Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute (SAARB/IEC) of the Laboratory Network of National Reference for Arbovirus Diagnosis from 1954 to 2022. In the analyzed period, a total of 1,347 arbovirus samples with encephalitogenic potential were isolated from mice; 5,065 human samples were isolated exclusively by cell culture; and 676 viruses were isolated from mosquitoes. The emergence of new arboviruses may be responsible for diseases still unknown to humans, making the Amazon region a hotspot for infectious diseases due to its fauna and flora species characteristics. The detection of circulating arboviruses with the potential to cause neuroinvasive diseases is constant, which justifies the continuation of active epidemiological surveillance work that offers adequate support to the public health system regarding the virological diagnosis of circulating arboviruses in Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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17 pages, 3151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological, Genetic, and Phylogenetic Aspects of YFV 2017–2019 Spread in Rio de Janeiro State

by Ieda Pereira Ribeiro, Edson Delatorre, Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu, Alexandre Araújo Cunha dos Santos, Nathália Dias Furtado, Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito, Anielle de Pina-Costa, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos Neves, Márcia Gonçalves de Castro, Monique de Albuquerque Motta, Patricia Brasil, Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira and Myrna Cristina Bonaldo

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020437 - 04 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1930

Abstract

In Brazil, a yellow fever (YF) outbreak was reported in areas considered YF-free for decades. The low vaccination coverage and the increasing forest fragmentation, with the wide distribution of vector mosquitoes, have been related to yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission beyond endemic areas [...] Read more.

In Brazil, a yellow fever (YF) outbreak was reported in areas considered YF-free for decades. The low vaccination coverage and the increasing forest fragmentation, with the wide distribution of vector mosquitoes, have been related to yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission beyond endemic areas since 2016. Aiming to elucidate the molecular and phylogenetic aspects of YFV spread on a local scale, we generated 43 new YFV genomes sampled from humans, non-human primates (NHP), and primarily, mosquitoes from highly heterogenic areas in 15 localities from Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state during the YFV 2016–2019 outbreak in southeast Brazil. Our analysis revealed that the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of the sylvatic transmission of YFV in RJ originated from at least two introductions and followed two chains of dissemination, here named the YFV RJ-I and YFV RJ-II clades. They moved with similar dispersal speeds from the north to the south of the RJ state in parallel directions, separated by the Serra do Mar Mountain chain, with YFV RJ-I invading the north coast of São Paulo state. The YFV RJ-I clade showed a more significant heterogeneity across the entire polyprotein. The YFV RJ-II clade, with only two amino acid polymorphisms, mapped at NS1 (I1086V), present only in mosquitoes at the same locality and NS4A (I2176V), shared by all YFV clade RJ-II, suggests a recent clustering of YFV isolates collected from different hosts. Our analyses strengthen the role of surveillance, genomic analyses of YVF isolated from other hosts, and environmental studies into the strategies to forecast, control, and prevent yellow fever outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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18 pages, 3919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Back to Where It Was First Described: Vectors of Sylvatic Yellow Fever Transmission in the 2017 Outbreak in Espírito Santo, Brazil

by Luciana Matos de Abreu Stanzani, Monique de Albuquerque Motta, Rafael Santos Erbisti, Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu, Agostinho Cardoso Nascimento-Pereira, Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos Neves, Gláucio Rocha Pereira, Glauber Rocha Pereira, Claudiney Biral dos Santos, Israel de Souza Pinto, Creuza Rachel Vicente, Álvaro Adolfo Faccini-Martínez, Karina Ribeiro Leite Jardim Cavalcante, Aloísio Falqueto and Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122805 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

Evidence of sylvatic yellow fever was first reported in Atlantic Forest areas in Espírito Santo, Brazil, during a yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in 1931. An entomological survey was conducted in six forest sites during and after an outbreak reported ~80 years after [...] Read more.

Evidence of sylvatic yellow fever was first reported in Atlantic Forest areas in Espírito Santo, Brazil, during a yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in 1931. An entomological survey was conducted in six forest sites during and after an outbreak reported ~80 years after the last case in the area. Among 10,658 mosquitoes of 78 species, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, and Hg. janthinomys/capricornii were considered the main vectors as they had a relatively high abundance, co-occurred in essentially all areas, and showed high YFV infection rates. Sabethes chloropterus, Sa. soperi, Sa. identicus, Aedes aureolineatus, and Shannoniana fluviatilis may have a secondary role in transmission. This is the first report of Sa. identicus, Ae. aureolineatus, and Sh. fluviatilis infected with YFV. Our study emphasizes the importance of entomological monitoring and maintenance of high vaccination coverage in receptive areas to YFV transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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10 pages, 2513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serological and Molecular Evidence of the Circulation of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Subtype IIIA in Humans, Wild Vertebrates and Mosquitos in the Brazilian Amazon

by Franko A. Silva, Milene S. Ferreira, Pedro A. Araújo, Samir M. M. Casseb, Sandro P. Silva, Joaquim P. Nunes Neto, Jannifer O. Chiang, José W. Rosa Junior, Liliane L. Chagas, Maria N. O. Freitas, Éder B. Santos, Leonardo Hernández, Thito Paz, Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos and Lívia C. Martins

Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112391 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

Understanding the interaction between viruses and ecosystems in areas with or without anthropic interference can contribute to the organization of public health services, as well as prevention and disease control. An arbovirus survey was conducted at Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará, Brazil, where 632 [...] Read more.

Understanding the interaction between viruses and ecosystems in areas with or without anthropic interference can contribute to the organization of public health services, as well as prevention and disease control. An arbovirus survey was conducted at Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará, Brazil, where 632 local residents, 338 vertebrates and 15,774 pools of hematophagous arthropods were investigated. Neutralization antibodies of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus, subtype IIIA, Mucambo virus (MUCV) were detected in 57.3% and 61.5% of humans and wild vertebrates, respectively; in addition, genomic fragments of MUCV were detected in pool of Uranotaenia (Ura.) geometrica. The obtained data suggest an enzootic circulation of MUCV in the area. Understanding the circulation of endemic and neglected arboviruses, such as MUCV, represents an important health problem for the local residents and for the people living in the nearby urban centers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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12 pages, 3635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into the Mechanism of Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury in Yellow Fever: The Role of Immunopathological and Endothelial Alterations in the Human Lung Parenchyma

by Danielle Barbosa Vasconcelos, Luiz Fabio Magno Falcão, Lucas Coutinho Tuma da Ponte, Camilla Costa Silva, Livia Caricio Martins, Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes, Arnaldo Jorge Martins Filho, Edna Cristina Santos Franco, Maria Irma Seixas Duarte, Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos and Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma

Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112379 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

Yellow fever (YF) may cause lesions in different organs. There are no studies regarding the in situ immune response in the human lung and investigating immunopathological aspects in fatal cases can help to better understand the evolution of the infection. Lung tissue samples [...] Read more.

Yellow fever (YF) may cause lesions in different organs. There are no studies regarding the in situ immune response in the human lung and investigating immunopathological aspects in fatal cases can help to better understand the evolution of the infection. Lung tissue samples were collected from 10 fatal cases of human yellow fever and three flavivirus-negative controls who died of other causes and whose lung parenchymal architecture was preserved. In YFV-positive fatal cases, the main histopathological changes included the massive presence of diffuse alveolar inflammatory infiltrate, in addition to congestion and severe hemorrhage. The immunohistochemical analysis of tissues in the lung parenchyma showed significantly higher expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 in addition to cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TNF- α, IFN-γ and TGF-β compared to the negative control. The increase in immunoglobulins ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 results in strengthening of tissue transmigration signaling. E-selectin and P-selectin actively participate in this process of cell migration and formation of the inflammatory infiltrate. IFN-γ and TNF-α participate in the process of cell injury and viral clearance. The cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β, acting in synergism, participate in the process of tissue regeneration and breakdown. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 also act in the reduction of inflammation and tissue repair. Our study indicates that the activation of the endothelium aggravates the inflammatory response by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines that contribute to the rolling, recruitment, migration and eliciting of the inflammatory process in the lung parenchyma, contributing to the fatal outcome of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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10 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neotropical Sylvatic Mosquitoes and Aedes aegypti Are Not Competent to Transmit 17DD Attenuated Yellow Fever Virus from Vaccinated Viremic New World Non-Human Primates

by Rafaella Moraes de Miranda, Rosilainy Surubi Fernandes, André Tavares da Silva-Fernandes, Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito, Silvia Bahadian Moreira, Renata Carvalho Pereira, Ygara da Silva Mendes, Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima, Alcides Pissinatti, Marcos da Silva Freire, Jerônimo Augusto Fonseca Alencar and Ricardo Lourenco-de-Oliveira

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102231 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1847

Abstract

Beside humans, thousands of non-human primates (NHPs) died during the recent outbreak caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil. Vaccination of NHPs against YFV with the YF 17DD attenuated virus has emerged as a public health strategy, as it would reduce [...] Read more.

Beside humans, thousands of non-human primates (NHPs) died during the recent outbreak caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil. Vaccination of NHPs against YFV with the YF 17DD attenuated virus has emerged as a public health strategy, as it would reduce sylvatic transmission while also preserving endangered susceptible species. The hypothesis of establishing an uncontrolled transmission of this attenuated virus in nature was raised. We assessed vector competence of four sylvatic mosquito species, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Haemagogus janthinomys/capricornii, Sabethes albiprivus, and Sabethes identicus, as well as the urban vector Aedes aegypti for YF 17DD attenuated vaccine virus when fed directly on eleven viremic lion tamarins or artificially challenged with the same virus. No infection was detected in 689 mosquitoes engorged on viremic lion tamarins whose viremia ranged from 1.05 × 10³ to 6.61 × 10³ FFU/mL, nor in those artificially taking ≤ 1 × 10³ PFU/mL. Low viremia presented by YF 17DD-vaccinated New World NHPs combined with the low capacity and null dissemination ability in sylvatic and domestic mosquitoes of this attenuated virus suggest no risk of its transmission in nature. Thus, vaccination of captive and free-living NHPs against YFV is a safe public health strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

14 pages, 2419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arboviruses in Free-Ranging Birds and Hematophagous Arthropods (Diptera, Nematocera) from Forest Remnants and Urbanized Areas of an Environmental Protection Area in the Amazon Biome

by Bruna Alves Ramos, Liliane Leal Das Chagas, Franko de Arruda e Silva, Eder Barros dos Santos, Jannifer Oliveira Chiang, Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto, Durval Bertram Rodrigues Vieira, José Wilson Rosa Junior, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva, Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas, Maissa Maia Santos, Jamilla Augusta de Sousa Pantoja, Ercília de Jesus Gonçalves, Landeson Junior Leopoldino Barros, Sandro Patroca Silva, Carine Fortes Aragão, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro Cruz, Lívia Medeiros Neves Casseb, Lizandra Caroline dos Santos Souto, Joana D’Arc Pereira Mascarenhas, Erilene Cristina Da Silva Furtado, Raimundo Nelson Souza Da Silva, Alexandre do Rosário Casseb and Lívia Carício Martins Show full author list Hide full author list

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102101 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

The rapid and disorderly urbanization in the Amazon has resulted in the insertion of forest fragments into cities, causing the circulation of arboviruses, which can involve hematophagous arthropods and free-ranging birds in the transmission cycles in urban environments. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

The rapid and disorderly urbanization in the Amazon has resulted in the insertion of forest fragments into cities, causing the circulation of arboviruses, which can involve hematophagous arthropods and free-ranging birds in the transmission cycles in urban environments. This study aimed to evaluate the circulation of arboviruses in free-ranging birds and hematophagous arthropods captured in an Environmental Protection Area in the Belem metropolitan area, Brazil. Birds were captured using mist nets, and hematophagous arthropods were collected using a human protected attraction technique and light traps. The birds’ sera were subjected to a hemagglutination inhibition test to detect antibodies against 29 arbovirus antigens. Arthropod macerates were inoculated into C6/36 and VERO cell cultures to attempt viral isolation and were tested using indirect immunofluorescence, subsequent genetic sequencing and submitted for phylogenetic analysis. Four bird sera were positive for arbovirus, and one batch of Psorophora ferox was positive for Flavivirus on viral isolation and indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, the Ilheus virus was detected in the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The presence of antibodies in sera from free-ranging birds and the isolation of Ilheus virus in Psorophora ferox indicate the circulation of arboviruses in forest remnants in the urban center of Belem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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10 pages, 1651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emergence of New Immunopathogenic Factors in Human Yellow Fever: Polarisation of the M1/M2 Macrophage Response in the Renal Parenchyma

by Juliana Marinho Melo, Luiz Fabio Magno Falcão, Lucas Coutinho Tuma da Ponte, Camilla Costa Silva, Livia Caricio Martins, Jannifer Oliveira Chiang, Arnaldo Jorge Martins Filho, Edna Cristina Santos Franco, Maria Irma Seixas Duarte, Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos and Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma

Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081725 - 04 Aug 2022

Viewed by 2156

Abstract

Macrophages in the kidney play a pathogenic role in inflammation and fibrosis. Our study aimed to understand the polarisation of the M1 and M2 phenotypic profiles of macrophages in injured kidney tissue retrieved from fatal cases of yellow fever virus (YFV). A total [...] Read more.

Macrophages in the kidney play a pathogenic role in inflammation and fibrosis. Our study aimed to understand the polarisation of the M1 and M2 phenotypic profiles of macrophages in injured kidney tissue retrieved from fatal cases of yellow fever virus (YFV). A total of 11 renal tissue biopsies obtained from patients who died of yellow fever (YF) were analysed. To detect antibodies that promote the classical and alternative pathways of macrophage activation, immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect CD163, CD68, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase 1, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-13, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. There was a difference in the marker expression between fatal cases of YFV and control samples, with increased expression in the cortical region of the renal parenchyma. The immunoexpression of CD68 and CD163 receptors suggests the presence of activated macrophages migrating to infectious foci. The rise in IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 indicated their potential role in the inactivation of the inflammatory macrophage response and phenotypic modulation of M2 macrophages. The altered expression of IFN-γ and IFN-β demonstrates the importance of the innate immune response in combating microorganisms. Our findings indicate that the polarisation of M1 and M2 macrophages plays a vital role in the renal immune response to YFV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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10 pages, 5534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Involved in the Apoptotic Cell Death Mechanism in Yellow Fever Hepatitis

by Jeferson da Costa Lopes, Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão, Arnaldo Jorge Martins Filho, Marcos Luiz Gaia Carvalho, Caio Cesar Henriques Mendes, Fábio Alves Olímpio, Vanessa do Socorro Cabral Miranda, Lais Carneiro dos Santos, Jannifer Oliveira Chiang, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro Cruz, Vanessa Costa Alves Galúcio, Raimunda do Socorro da Silva Azevedo, Lívia Caricio Martins, Maria Irma Seixas Duarte, Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos and Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma

Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061204 - 01 Jun 2022

Viewed by 2711

Abstract

Yellow fever (YF), a non-contagious infectious disease, is endemic or enzootic to the tropical regions of the Americas and Africa. Periodic outbreaks or epidemics have a significant impact on public health. Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterised by distinct morphological changes [...] Read more.

Yellow fever (YF), a non-contagious infectious disease, is endemic or enzootic to the tropical regions of the Americas and Africa. Periodic outbreaks or epidemics have a significant impact on public health. Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterised by distinct morphological changes and energy-dependent biochemical pathways. In this study, we performed immunohistochemistry analysis to identify and quantify proteases and protein targets involved in the cascade that triggers apoptosis in YF virus (YFV)-infected human hepatocytes. Liver tissue samples were collected from 26 individuals, among whom 21 were diagnosed as YF-positive, and five were flavivirus-negative and died due to other causes. The histopathological alterations in YFV-positive cases were characterised by the presence of apoptotic bodies, steatosis, cellular swelling, and extensive necrosis and haemorrhage in the hepatic lobules. Additionally, we observed an abundance of inflammatory infiltrates in the portal tract. The expression of various apoptotic markers in the hepatic parenchyma, including CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8, BAX, FAS, FASL, GRANZYME B, and SURVIVIN, differed between YFV-positive cases and controls. Collectively, this study confirmed the complexity of YFV infection-induced apoptosis in situ. However, our data suggest that apoptosis in liver parenchyma lesions may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of fatal YF in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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Review

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19 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessReview

California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review

by Jumari Snyman, Louwrens P. Snyman, Kayla J. Buhler, Carol-Anne Villeneuve, Patrick A. Leighton, Emily J. Jenkins and Anil Kumar

Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061242 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

The Arctic is warming at four times the global rate, changing the diversity, activity and distribution of vectors and associated pathogens. While the Arctic is not often considered a hotbed of vector-borne diseases, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and Snowshoe Hare virus (SSHV) are [...] Read more.

The Arctic is warming at four times the global rate, changing the diversity, activity and distribution of vectors and associated pathogens. While the Arctic is not often considered a hotbed of vector-borne diseases, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and Snowshoe Hare virus (SSHV) are mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses of the California serogroup endemic to the Canadian North. The viruses are maintained by transovarial transmission in vectors and circulate among vertebrate hosts, both of which are not well characterized in Arctic regions. While most human infections are subclinical or mild, serious cases occur, and both JCV and SSHV have recently been identified as leading causes of arbovirus-associated neurological diseases in North America. Consequently, both viruses are currently recognised as neglected and emerging viruses of public health concern. This review aims to summarise previous findings in the region regarding the enzootic transmission cycle of both viruses. We identify key gaps and approaches needed to critically evaluate, detect, and model the effects of climate change on these uniquely northern viruses. Based on limited data, we predict that (1) these northern adapted viruses will increase their range northwards, but not lose range at their southern limits, (2) undergo more rapid amplification and amplified transmission in endemic regions for longer vector-biting seasons, (3) take advantage of northward shifts of hosts and vectors, and (4) increase bite rates following an increase in the availability of breeding sites, along with phenological synchrony between the reproduction cycle of theorized reservoirs (such as caribou calving) and mosquito emergence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviral Lifecycle)

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