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Viruses
Special Issues
Control of Viral Epidemics through Vaccination
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Control of Viral Epidemics through Vaccination

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 3024

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Abram L. Wagner

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Interests: vaccine hesitancy; global health; infectious disease epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vaccines against viral pathogens have been widely used for centuries. However, following the success of smallpox eradication, progress in the elimination and eradication of other pathogens—like measles and polio—has occurred at an incremental pace. Moreover, newly developed vaccines, like for HPV and COVID-19, face widespread resistance in diverse populations. These challenges speak to the need to push forward research on the possible extent and theoretical boundaries of the use of vaccines for current and future viral epidemics. The papers in this Special Issue can use diverse methods, including population-based quantitative surveys, mixed methods, and mathematical models, to consider the acceptability of current and future vaccines, how best to implement vaccination programs, and the implications of policies that work toward the control and elimination of these diseases.

Dr. Abram L. Wagner
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccines
  • virus dynamics
  • mathematical models
  • simulation models
  • epidemiology

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4000 KiB  
Article
The mRNA Vaccine Expressing Single and Fused Structural Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Induces Strong Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in BalB/C Mice
by Luoyi Zhou, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet, Jiangrong Zhang, Shitong Hou, Kaishen Yao, Qiuyi Zhao, Junfei Dai, Yongsheng Liu, Yaozhong Ding, Jie Zhang and Yuefeng Sun
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040544 - 30 Mar 2024
Viewed by 596
Abstract
PRRS is a viral disease that profoundly impacts the global swine industry, causing significant economic losses. The development of a novel and effective vaccine is crucial to halt the rapid transmission of this virus. There have been several vaccination attempts against PRRSV using [...] Read more.
PRRS is a viral disease that profoundly impacts the global swine industry, causing significant economic losses. The development of a novel and effective vaccine is crucial to halt the rapid transmission of this virus. There have been several vaccination attempts against PRRSV using both traditional and alternative vaccine design development approaches. Unfortunately, there is no currently available vaccine that can completely control this disease. Thus, our study aimed to develop an mRNA vaccine using the antigens expressed by single or fused PRRSV structural proteins. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of the immunogenic mRNA was determined by considering the antigenicity of structural proteins and the stability of spatial structure. Purified GP5 protein served as the detection antigen in the immunological evaluation. Furthermore, cellular mRNA expression was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. In a mice experiment, the Ab titer in serum and the activation of spleen lymphocytes triggered by the antigen were detected by ELISA and ICS, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that both mRNA vaccines can significantly stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses. More specifically, the GP5-mRNA exhibited an immunological response that was similar to that of the commercially available vaccine when administered in high doses. To conclude, our vaccine may show promising results against the wild-type virus in a natural host. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Viral Epidemics through Vaccination)
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Review

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12 pages, 272 KiB  
Review
Interventions to Vaccinate Zero-Dose Children: A Narrative Review and Synthesis
by Erin A. Ingle, Priyanka Shrestha, Aparna Seth, Mathias S. Lalika, Jacinta I. Azie and Rena C. Patel
Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102092 - 14 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1312
Abstract
Zero-dose children, or children who have not received any routine vaccination, are a priority population for global health policy makers as these children are at high risk of mortality from vaccine-preventable illnesses. We conducted a narrative review to identify potential interventions, both within [...] Read more.
Zero-dose children, or children who have not received any routine vaccination, are a priority population for global health policy makers as these children are at high risk of mortality from vaccine-preventable illnesses. We conducted a narrative review to identify potential interventions, both within and outside of the health sector, to reach zero-dose children. We reviewed the peer-reviewed and grey literature and identified 27 relevant resources. Additionally, we interviewed six key informants to enhance the synthesis of our findings. Data were organized into three priority settings: (1) urban slums, (2) remote or rural communities, and (3) conflict settings. We found that zero-dose children in the three priority settings face differing barriers to vaccination and, therefore, require context-specific interventions, such as leveraging slum health committees for urban slums or integrating with existing humanitarian response services for conflict settings. Three predominant themes emerged for grouping the various interventions: (1) community engagement, (2) health systems’ strengthening and integration, and (3) technological innovations. The barriers to reaching zero-dose children are multifaceted and nuanced to each setting, therefore, no one intervention is enough. Technological interventions especially must be coupled with community engagement and health systems’ strengthening efforts. Evaluations of the suggested interventions are needed to guide scale-up, as the evidence base around these interventions is relatively small. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Viral Epidemics through Vaccination)

Other

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7 pages, 657 KiB  
Brief Report
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 following Second Dose Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 in Danish Adolescents Aged 12–18 Years: A Real-World Nationwide Danish Cohort Study
by Nina Marie Birk, Anne Vinggaard Christensen, Ulrikka Nygaard, Henning Bundgaard, Susanne Dam Nielsen, Selina Kikkenborg Berg and Helle Wallach-Kildemoes
Viruses 2024, 16(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010056 - 29 Dec 2023
Viewed by 816
Abstract
In this real-world cohort study based on Danish nationwide registers, the cumulated proportion, relative risk (RR) of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, and vaccine effectiveness (VE) were investigated in adolescents aged 12–18 years following vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine compared to unvaccinated controls. Adolescents with [...] Read more.
In this real-world cohort study based on Danish nationwide registers, the cumulated proportion, relative risk (RR) of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, and vaccine effectiveness (VE) were investigated in adolescents aged 12–18 years following vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine compared to unvaccinated controls. Adolescents with and without vaccination with the first dose of BNT162b2 between 1 May and 30 September 2021 were included. Effect estimates include proportions with a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test among vaccinated and unvaccinated, RR, and VE at three different time points. During Delta-dominance, VE was first 97.6% (95% CI 96.3–98.4), then 96.2% (95% CI 95.4–96.9) in the age group 12–15 and 95.1% (95% CI 94.1–96.0) followed by 95.5% (95% CI 94.8–96.1) in the age group 16–18 years, respectively. During Omicron dominance, VE was 5.8% (95% CI 4.6–7.0) in ages 12–15 years and 9.2% (95% CI 7.7–10.6) in ages 16–18 years. Thus, BNT162b2-vaccine protection was limited during the Omicron era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Viral Epidemics through Vaccination)
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