Non-A Influenza 3.0

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 8989

Special Issue Editor

Department of Biology & Microbiology, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
Interests: influenza D and comparative influenza biology; virus assembly and maturation; antiviral therapeutics and vaccine; veterinary virology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Influenza viruses are a group of respiratory pathogens that have been classified into four types in the family Orthomyxoviridae: A, B, C, and D. Among them, influenza A and B viruses can cause moderate to severe illness in humans, with influenza A having the potential to trigger an influenza pandemic. Influenza C virus generally causes mild reparatory disease in humans, but its infection can be severe with complications including lower respiratory infection in children, especially those under two years. The recently discovered influenza D primarily affects agricultural animals, with bovines as a reservoir. Of greater public health importance, serological evidence of influenza D virus infection in humans has been recently demonstrated. Within global influenza research, influenza A has been primarily investigated due to its pandemic potential. In contrast, other types of influenza viruses, including influenza B with humans as a primary reservoir, have received considerably less attention. This Special Issue will feature the most recent research and findings on non-A influenza viruses, including epidemiology, evolution, cross-species transmission, molecular biology, antigenic lineage, virus–host interactions, antivirals and vaccine development.

Prof. Dr. Feng Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • orthomyxoviruses
  • influenza B
  • influenza C
  • influenza D
  • epidemiology
  • evolution
  • transmission
  • molecular biology
  • antigenic lineage
  • reverse genetics
  • virus–host interactions
  • antivirals

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 26942 KiB  
Article
Generation and Characterization of an Influenza D Reporter Virus
by Lukas Probst, Laura Laloli, Manon Flore Licheri, Matthias Licheri, Mitra Gultom, Melle Holwerda, Philip V’kovski and Ronald Dijkman
Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122444 - 16 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1075
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) can infect various livestock animals, such as cattle, swine, and small ruminants, and was shown to have zoonotic potential. Therefore, it is important to identify viral factors involved in the broad host tropism and identify potential antiviral compounds that [...] Read more.
Influenza D virus (IDV) can infect various livestock animals, such as cattle, swine, and small ruminants, and was shown to have zoonotic potential. Therefore, it is important to identify viral factors involved in the broad host tropism and identify potential antiviral compounds that can inhibit IDV infection. Recombinant reporter viruses provide powerful tools for studying viral infections and antiviral drug discovery. Here we present the generation of a fluorescent reporter IDV using our previously established reverse genetic system for IDV. The mNeonGreen (mNG) fluorescent reporter gene was incorporated into the IDV non-structural gene segment as a fusion protein with the viral NS1 or NS2 proteins, or as a separate protein flanked by two autoproteolytic cleavage sites. We demonstrate that only recombinant reporter viruses expressing mNG as an additional separate protein or as an N-terminal fusion protein with NS1 could be rescued, albeit attenuated, compared to the parental reverse genetic clone. Serial passaging experiments demonstrated that the mNG gene is stably integrated for up to three passages, after which internal deletions accumulate. We conducted a proof-of-principle antiviral screening with the established fluorescent reporter viruses and identified two compounds influencing IDV infection. These results demonstrate that the newly established recombinant IDV reporter virus can be applied for antiviral drug discovery and monitoring viral replication, adding a new molecular tool for investigating IDV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-A Influenza 3.0)
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10 pages, 570 KiB  
Communication
Antiviral Susceptibilities of Distinct Lineages of Influenza C and D Viruses
by Emi Takashita, Shin Murakami, Yoko Matsuzaki, Seiichiro Fujisaki, Hiroko Morita, Shiho Nagata, Misa Katayama, Katsumi Mizuta, Hidekazu Nishimura, Shinji Watanabe, Taisuke Horimoto and Hideki Hasegawa
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010244 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1620
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses are of great concern. To minimize the public health risk, it is important to monitor antiviral susceptibilities of influenza viruses. Analyses of the antiviral susceptibilities of influenza A and B viruses have been conducted globally; [...] Read more.
The emergence and spread of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses are of great concern. To minimize the public health risk, it is important to monitor antiviral susceptibilities of influenza viruses. Analyses of the antiviral susceptibilities of influenza A and B viruses have been conducted globally; however, those of influenza C and D viruses are limited. Here, we determined the susceptibilities of influenza C viruses representing all six lineages (C/Taylor, C/Yamagata, C/Sao Paulo, C/Aichi, C/Kanagawa, and C/Mississippi) and influenza D viruses representing four lineages (D/OK, D/660, D/Yama2016, and D/Yama2019) to RNA polymerase inhibitors (baloxavir and favipiravir) by using a focus reduction assay. All viruses tested were susceptible to both drugs. We then performed a genetic analysis to check for amino acid substitutions associated with baloxavir and favipiravir resistance and found that none of the viruses tested possessed these substitutions. Use of the focus reduction assay with the genotypic assay has proven valuable for monitoring the antiviral susceptibilities of influenza C and D viruses as well as influenza A and B viruses. Antiviral susceptibility monitoring of all influenza virus types should continue in order to assess the public health risks posed by these viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-A Influenza 3.0)
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Review

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18 pages, 829 KiB  
Review
Influenza D Virus: A Review and Update of Its Role in Bovine Respiratory Syndrome
by Miguel Ruiz, Andrea Puig, Marta Bassols, Lorenzo Fraile and Ramon Armengol
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2717; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122717 - 05 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5795
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria ( [...] Read more.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae, first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the main reservoir. IDV has been demonstrated to play a role in BRD, with proven ability to cause respiratory disease, a high transmission rate, and potentiate the effects of other pathogens. The transmission mechanisms of this virus are by direct contact and by aerosol route over short distances. IDV causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract of calves and can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and cause pneumonia. There is currently no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for IDV. It should be noted that IDV has zoonotic potential and could be a major public health concern if there is a drastic change in its pathogenicity to humans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding IDV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-A Influenza 3.0)
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