Research

12 pages, 3199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges for Precise Subtyping and Sequencing of a H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in Japan in the 2022–2023 Season Using Classical Serological and Molecular Methods

by James G. Komu, Hiep Dinh Nguyen, Yohei Takeda, Shinya Fukumoto, Kunitoshi Imai, Hitoshi Takemae, Tetsuya Mizutani and Haruko Ogawa

Viruses 2023, 15(11), 2274; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112274 - 18 Nov 2023

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Abstract

The continuous evolution of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is a major concern for accurate diagnosis. We encountered some challenges in subtyping and sequencing a recently isolated H5N1 HPAIV strain using classical diagnostic methods. Oropharyngeal, conjunctival, and cloacal swabs collected from [...] Read more.

The continuous evolution of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is a major concern for accurate diagnosis. We encountered some challenges in subtyping and sequencing a recently isolated H5N1 HPAIV strain using classical diagnostic methods. Oropharyngeal, conjunctival, and cloacal swabs collected from a dead white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla) were screened via real-time RT-PCR targeting the influenza A virus matrix (M) gene, followed by virus isolation. The hemagglutination inhibition test was applied in order to subtype and antigenically characterize the isolate using anti-A/duck/Hong Kong/820/80 (H5N3) reference serum or anti-H5N1 cross-clade monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Sequencing using previously reported universal primers was attempted in order to analyze the full-length hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Oropharyngeal and conjunctival samples were positive for the M gene, and high hemagglutination titers were detected in inoculated eggs. However, its hemagglutination activity was not inhibited by the reference serum or mAbs. The antiserum to a recently isolated H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strain inhibited our isolate but not older strains. A homologous sequence in the previously reported forward primer and HA2 region in our isolate led to partial HA gene amplification. Finally, next-generation sequencing confirmed the isolate as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV, with genetic similarity to H5N1 strains circulating in Japan since November 2021. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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16 pages, 4364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Ovo Vaccination with Recombinant Herpes Virus of the Turkey-Laryngotracheitis Vaccine Adjuvanted with CpG-Oligonucleotide Provides Protection against a Viral Challenge in Broiler Chickens

by Carissa Gaghan, Matthew Browning, Abdelhamid M. Fares, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem, Isabel M. Gimeno and Raveendra R. Kulkarni

Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102103 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1534

Abstract

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important disease in chickens. We previously showed that an in ovo adjuvantation of recombinant herpesvirus of the turkey-Laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccine with CpG-oligonucleotides (ODN) can boost vaccine-induced responses in one-day-old broiler chickens. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy [...] Read more.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important disease in chickens. We previously showed that an in ovo adjuvantation of recombinant herpesvirus of the turkey-Laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccine with CpG-oligonucleotides (ODN) can boost vaccine-induced responses in one-day-old broiler chickens. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of in ovo administered rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN vaccination against a wild-type ILT virus (ILTV) challenge at 28 days of age and assessed splenic immune gene expression as well as cellular responses. A chicken-embryo-origin (CEO)-ILT vaccine administered in water at 14 days of age was also used as a comparative control for the protection assessment. The results showed that the rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN or the CEO vaccinations provided significant protection against the ILTV challenge and that the level of protection induced by both the vaccines was statistically similar. The protected birds had a significantly upregulated expression of interferon (IFN)γ or interleukin (IL)-12 cytokine genes. Furthermore, the chickens vaccinated with the rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN or CEO vaccine had a significantly higher frequency of γδ T cells and activated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, compared to the unvaccinated-ILTV challenge control. Collectively, our findings suggest that CpG-ODN can be used as an effective adjuvant for rHVT-LT in ovo vaccination to induce protective immunity against ILT in broiler chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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12 pages, 1962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Avian Coronavirus Co-Circulate with Avian Paramyxovirus and Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Ducks in Siberia?

by Kirill Sharshov, Nikita Dubovitskiy, Anastasiya Derko, Arina Loginova, Ilya Kolotygin, Dmitry Zhirov, Ivan Sobolev, Olga Kurskaya, Alexander Alekseev, Alexey Druzyaka, Pavel Ktitorov, Olga Kulikova, Guimei He, Zhenghuan Wang, Yuhai Bi and Alexander Shestopalov

Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051121 - 07 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2168

Abstract

Avian coronaviruses (ACoV) have been shown to be highly prevalent in wild bird populations. More work on avian coronavirus detection and diversity estimation is needed for the breeding territories of migrating birds, where the high diversity and high prevalence of Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae [...] Read more.

Avian coronaviruses (ACoV) have been shown to be highly prevalent in wild bird populations. More work on avian coronavirus detection and diversity estimation is needed for the breeding territories of migrating birds, where the high diversity and high prevalence of Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae have already been shown in wild birds. In order to detect ACoV RNA, we conducted PCR diagnostics of cloacal swab samples from birds, which we monitored during avian influenza A virus surveillance activities. Samples from two distant Asian regions of Russia (Sakhalin region and Novosibirsk region) were tested. Amplified fragments of the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) of positive samples were partially sequenced to determine the species of Coronaviridae represented. The study revealed a high presence of ACoV among wild birds in Russia. Moreover, there was a high presence of birds co-infected with avian coronavirus, avian influenza virus, and avian paramyxovirus. We found one case of triple co-infection in a Northern Pintail (Anas acuta). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of a Gammacoronavirus species. A Deltacoronavirus species was not detected, which supports the data regarding the low prevalence of deltacoronaviruses among surveyed bird species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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20 pages, 4479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment with Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Ligands 3 and 21 Prevents Fecal Contact Transmission of Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in Chickens

by Sugandha Raj, Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato, Mohammadali Alizadeh, Nitish Boodhoo, Eva Nagy, Samira Mubareka, Khalil Karimi, Shahriar Behboudi and Shayan Sharif

Viruses 2023, 15(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040977 - 16 Apr 2023

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Abstract

Transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) can occur in poultry by direct or indirect contact with infected individuals, aerosols, large droplets and fomites. The current study investigated the potential of H9N2 AIV transmission in chickens via a fecal route. Transmission was monitored [...] Read more.

Transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) can occur in poultry by direct or indirect contact with infected individuals, aerosols, large droplets and fomites. The current study investigated the potential of H9N2 AIV transmission in chickens via a fecal route. Transmission was monitored by exposing naïve chickens to fecal material from H9N2 AIV-infected chickens (model A) and experimentally spiked feces (model B). The control chickens received H9N2 AIV. Results revealed that H9N2 AIV could persist in feces for up to 60–84 h post-exposure (PE). The H9N2 AIV titers in feces were higher at a basic to neutral pH. A higher virus shedding was observed in the exposed chickens of model B compared to model A. We further addressed the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to limit transmission in the fecal model. Administration of CpG ODN 2007 or poly(I:C) alone or in combination led to an overall decrease in the virus shedding, with enhanced expression of type I and II interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs) in different segments of the small intestine. Overall, the study highlighted that the H9N2 AIV can survive in feces and transmit to healthy naïve chickens. Moreover, TLR ligands could be applied to transmission studies to enhance antiviral immunity and reduce H9N2 AIV shedding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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17 pages, 22512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of the Antiviral Potential of Phytocompounds against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus through Template-Based Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis

by Irfan Gul, Amreena Hassan, Ehtishamul Haq, Syed Mudasir Ahmad, Riaz Ahmad Shah, Nazir Ahmad Ganai, Naveed Anjum Chikan, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem and Nadeem Shabir

Viruses 2023, 15(4), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040847 - 26 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2228

Abstract

Vaccination is widely used to control Infectious Bronchitis in poultry; however, the limited cross-protection and safety issues associated with these vaccines can lead to vaccination failures. Keeping these limitations in mind, the current study explored the antiviral potential of phytocompounds against the Infectious [...] Read more.

Vaccination is widely used to control Infectious Bronchitis in poultry; however, the limited cross-protection and safety issues associated with these vaccines can lead to vaccination failures. Keeping these limitations in mind, the current study explored the antiviral potential of phytocompounds against the Infectious Bronchitis virus using in silico approaches. A total of 1300 phytocompounds derived from fourteen botanicals were screened for their potential ability to inhibit the main protease, papain-like protease or RNA-dependent RNA–polymerase of the virus. The study identified Methyl Rosmarinate, Cianidanol, Royleanone, and 6,7-Dehydroroyleanone as dual-target inhibitors against any two of the key proteins. At the same time, 7-alpha-Acetoxyroyleanone from Rosmarinus officinalis was found to be a multi-target protein inhibitor against all three proteins. The potential multi-target inhibitor was subjected to molecular dynamics simulations to assess the stability of the protein–ligand complexes along with the corresponding reference ligands. The findings specified stable interactions of 7-alpha-Acetoxyroyleanone with the protein targets. The results based on the in silico study indicate that the phytocompounds can potentially inhibit the essential proteins of the Infectious Bronchitis virus; however, in vitro and in vivo studies are required for validation. Nevertheless, this study is a significant step in exploring the use of botanicals in feed to control Infectious Bronchitis infections in poultry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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20 pages, 3767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Different Inbred Chicken Lines Highlights How a Hereditary Inflammatory State Affects Susceptibility to Avian Influenza Virus

by Karen J. Bryson, Samantha Sives, Hui-Min Lee, Dominika Borowska, Jacqueline Smith, Paul Digard and Lonneke Vervelde

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030591 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

Evidence suggests that susceptibility to avian influenza A virus in chickens is influenced by host genetics, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. A previous study demonstrated that inbred line 0 chickens are more resistant to low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) infection than line CB.12 [...] Read more.

Evidence suggests that susceptibility to avian influenza A virus in chickens is influenced by host genetics, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. A previous study demonstrated that inbred line 0 chickens are more resistant to low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) infection than line CB.12 birds based on viral shedding, but the resistance was not associated with higher AIV-specific IFNγ responses or antibody titres. In this study, we investigated the proportions and cytotoxic capacity of T-cell subpopulations in the spleen and the early immune responses in the respiratory tract, analysing the innate immune transcriptome of lung-derived macrophages following in vitro stimulation with LPAI H7N1 or the TLR7 agonist R848. The more susceptible C.B12 line had a higher proportion of CD8αβ⁺ γδ and CD4⁺CD8αα⁺ αVβ₁ T cells, and a significantly higher proportion of the CD8αβ⁺ γδ and CD8αβ⁺ αVβ₁ T cells expressed CD107a, a surrogate marker of degranulation. Lung macrophages isolated from line C.B12 birds expressed higher levels of the negative regulator genes TRIM29 and IL17REL, whereas macrophages from line 0 birds expressed higher levels of antiviral genes including IRF10 and IRG1. After stimulation with R848, the macrophages from line 0 birds mounted a higher response compared to line C.B12 cells. Together, the higher proportion of unconventional T cells, the higher level of cytotoxic cell degranulation ex vivo and post-stimulation and the lower levels of antiviral gene expression suggest a potential role of immunopathology in mediating susceptibility in C.B12 birds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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15 pages, 3194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Game Birds Can Act as Intermediaries of Virulent Genotype VII Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 between Wild Birds and Domestic Poultry

by Craig S. Ross, Paul Skinner, David Sutton, Jo Mayers, Alex Nunez, Sharon M. Brookes, Ashley C. Banyard and Ian H. Brown

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020536 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1421

Abstract

Newcastle Disease (ND), caused by virulent forms of Avian orthoavulavirus serotype-1 (AOAV-1) is an economically important avian disease worldwide. The past two incursions of ND into the United Kingdom occurred in game bird populations during 2005 and 2006. The nature of the game [...] Read more.

Newcastle Disease (ND), caused by virulent forms of Avian orthoavulavirus serotype-1 (AOAV-1) is an economically important avian disease worldwide. The past two incursions of ND into the United Kingdom occurred in game bird populations during 2005 and 2006. The nature of the game bird semi-feral rearing system, which can bring these birds into close contact with both wild birds and commercial or backyard poultry, has been hypothesized to act as a bridge between these two environments. As such, the risk that AOAV-1-infected game birds may pose to the UK poultry industry was investigated. Pheasants, partridges and chickens were experimentally infected with the virulent strain APMV-1/Chicken/Bulgaria/112/13, a genotype VII.2 virus associated with ND outbreaks in Eastern Europe. The study demonstrated that both chickens and pheasants are susceptible to infection with APMV-1/Chicken/Bulgaria/112/13, which results in high mortality and onward transmission. Partridges by contrast are susceptible to infection, but mortality was reduced, as was onward transmission. However, the data indicated that both pheasants and partridges may serve as intermediate hosts of AOAV-1 and may bridge the wild bird–domestic poultry interface enabling transmission into an economically damaging environment where morbidity and mortality may be high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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11 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Recombinant Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing Glycoprotein gB of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Protects Chickens against ILTV Challenge

by Zhe Zeng, Yan He, Zichen Wang, Lun Yao, Li Li, Yu Shang, Hongcai Wang, Rongrong Zhang, Huabin Shao, Qingping Luo and Guoyuan Wen

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020500 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1544

Abstract

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important avian diseases that have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene delivery. In the [...] Read more.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important avian diseases that have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene delivery. In the present study, we generated a thermostable recombinant NDV (rNDV) expressing the glycoprotein gB (gB) of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ITLV) based on the full-length cDNA clone of the thermostable TS09-C strain. This thermostable rNDV, named rTS-gB, displayed similar thermostability, growth kinetics, and pathogenicity compared with the parental TS09-C virus. The immunization data showed that rTS-gB induced effective ILTV- and NDV-specific antibody responses and conferred immunization protection against ILTV challenge in chickens. The efficacy of rTS-gB in alleviating clinical signs was similar to that of the commercial attenuated ILTV K317 strain. Furthermore, rTS-gB could significantly reduce viral shedding in cloacal and tracheal samples. Our study suggested that the rNDV strain rTS-gB is a thermostable, safe, and highly efficient vaccine candidate against ILT and ND. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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24 pages, 6536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activated Chicken Gamma Delta T Cells Are Involved in Protective Immunity against Marek’s Disease

by Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato, Bahram Shojadoost, Nitish Boodhoo, Sugandha Raj, Mohammadali Alizadeh, Fatemeh Fazel, Charlotte Fletcher, Jiayu Zheng, Bhavya Gupta, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem, Brandon L. Plattner, Shahriar Behboudi and Shayan Sharif

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020285 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2088

Abstract

Gamma delta (γδ) T cells play a significant role in the prevention of viral infection and tumor surveillance in mammals. Although the involvement of γδ T cells in Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection has been suggested, their detailed contribution to immunity against MDV [...] Read more.

Gamma delta (γδ) T cells play a significant role in the prevention of viral infection and tumor surveillance in mammals. Although the involvement of γδ T cells in Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection has been suggested, their detailed contribution to immunity against MDV or the progression of Marek’s disease (MD) remains unknown. In the current study, T cell receptor (TCR)γδ-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were infused into recipient chickens and their effects were examined in the context of tumor formation by MDV and immunity against MDV. We demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of TCRγδ-activated PBMCs reduced virus replication in the lungs and tumor incidence in MDV-challenged chickens. Infusion of TCRγδ-activated PBMCs induced IFN-γ-producing γδ T cells at 10 days post-infection (dpi), and degranulation activity in circulating γδ T cell and CD8α⁺ γδ T cells at 10 and 21 dpi in MDV-challenged chickens. Additionally, the upregulation of IFN-γ and granzyme A gene expression at 10 dpi was significant in the spleen of the TCRγδ-activated PBMCs-infused and MDV-challenged group compared to the control group. Taken together, our results revealed that TCRγδ stimulation promotes the effector function of chicken γδ T cells, and these effector γδ T cells may be involved in protection against MD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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23 pages, 9526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens

by Sugandha Raj, Mohammadali Alizadeh, Bahram Shoojadoost, Douglas Hodgins, Éva Nagy, Samira Mubareka, Khalil Karimi, Shahriar Behboudi and Shayan Sharif

Viruses 2023, 15(1), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010238 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1956

Abstract

Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for reducing the transmission of these viruses. The present study investigated the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands [...] Read more.

Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for reducing the transmission of these viruses. The present study investigated the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (CpG ODN 2007 and poly(I:C)) to reduce H9N2 AIV transmission from TLR-treated seeder (trial 1) or inoculated chickens (trial 2) to naive chickens. The results from trial 1 revealed that a low dose of CpG ODN 2007 led to the highest reduction in oral shedding, and a high dose of poly(I:C) was effective at reducing oral and cloacal shedding. Regarding transmission, the recipient chickens exposed to CpG ODN 2007 low-dose-treated seeder chickens showed a maximum reduction in shedding with the lowest number of AIV+ chickens. The results from trial 2 revealed a maximum reduction in oral and cloacal shedding in the poly(I:C) high-dose-treated chickens (recipients), followed by the low-dose CpG ODN 2007 group. In these two groups, the expression of type I interferons (IFNs), protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), viperin, and (interleukin) IL-1β, IL-8, and 1L-18 was upregulated in the spleen, cecal tonsils and lungs. Hence, TLR ligands can reduce AIV transmission in chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

11 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trends and Challenges in the Surveillance and Control of Avian Metapneumovirus

by Gleidson Biasi Carvalho Salles, Giulia Von Tönnemann Pilati, Eduardo Correa Muniz, Antonio Junior de Lima Neto, Josias Rodrigo Vogt, Mariane Dahmer, Beatriz Pereira Savi, Dayane Azevedo Padilha and Gislaine Fongaro

Viruses 2023, 15(9), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091960 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1223

Abstract

Among the respiratory pathogens of birds, the Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the most relevant, as it is responsible for causing infections of the upper respiratory tract and may induce respiratory syndromes. aMPV is capable of affecting the reproductive system of birds, [...] Read more.

Among the respiratory pathogens of birds, the Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the most relevant, as it is responsible for causing infections of the upper respiratory tract and may induce respiratory syndromes. aMPV is capable of affecting the reproductive system of birds, directly impacting shell quality and decreasing egg production. Consequently, this infection can cause disorders related to animal welfare and zootechnical losses. The first cases of respiratory syndromes caused by aMPV were described in the 1970s, and today six subtypes (A, B, C, D, and two more new subtypes) have been identified and are widespread in all chicken and turkey-producing countries in the world, causing enormous economic losses for the poultry industry. Conventionally, immunological techniques are used to demonstrate aMPV infection in poultry, however, the identification of aMPV through molecular techniques helped in establishing the traceability of the virus. This review compiles data on the main aMPV subtypes present in different countries; aMPV and bacteria co-infection; vaccination against aMPV and viral selective pressure, highlighting the strategies used to prevent and control respiratory disease; and addresses tools for viral diagnosis and virus genome studies aiming at improving and streamlining pathogen detection and corroborating the development of new vaccines that can effectively protect herds, preventing viral escapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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11 pages, 14991 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Detection of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Four Raptors and Two Geese in Japan in the Fall of 2022

by Kei Nabeshima, Yoshihiro Takadate, Kosuke Soda, Takahiro Hiono, Norikazu Isoda, Yoshihiro Sakoda, Junki Mine, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Manabu Onuma and Yuko Uchida

Viruses 2023, 15(9), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091865 - 01 Sep 2023

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Abstract

In the fall of 2022, high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were detected from raptors and geese in Japan, a month earlier than in past years, indicating a shift in detection patterns. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on H5N1 HPAIVs [...] Read more.

In the fall of 2022, high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were detected from raptors and geese in Japan, a month earlier than in past years, indicating a shift in detection patterns. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on H5N1 HPAIVs detected from six wild birds during the 2022/2023 season to determine their genetic origins. Our findings revealed that these HPAIVs belong to the G2 group within clade 2.3.4.4b, with all isolates classified into three subgroups: G2b, G2d, and G2c. The genetic background of the G2b virus (a peregrine falcon-derived strain) and G2d viruses (two raptors and two geese-derived strains) were the same as those detected in Japan in the 2021/2022 season. Since no HPAI cases were reported in Japan during the summer of 2022, it is probable that migratory birds reintroduced the G2b and G2d viruses. Conversely, the G2c virus (a raptor-derived strain) was first recognized in Japan in the fall of 2022. This strain might share a common ancestor with HPAIVs from Asia and West Siberia observed in the 2021/2022 season. The early migration of waterfowl to Japan in the fall of 2022 could have facilitated the early invasion of HPAIVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, Volume III)

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