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Viruses
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Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control
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Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 35875

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Luciana Barros de Arruda

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Interests: HIV; dengue virus; vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Fabrício S. Campos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Virology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Prédio UFRGS nº 21116 - Sala 523, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Interests: bovine herpesvirus; bubaline herpesvirus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Maite F.S. Vaslin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
Interests: molecular aspects of plant virus interaction; plant virology; molecular virology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Virus replication frequently results in an accumulation of mutations, reassortments and recombinations, contributing to their rapid adaptation to environmental changes, often raising the emergence of new virus variants or species. These features, in addition to globally distributed anthropogenic activities and human dispersal, have resulted in an increasing frequency of outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. The emergence and re-emergence of novel pathogens presume complex and changeable host-pathogen interaction and coevolution, challenging the public health and agricultural systems in regards to the development of cost-effective diagnostic methods, therapeutics and prevention strategies, besides maintaining an efficient epidemiological surveillance.

Conceding the relevance of the anticipation of future epidemics, with the confidence that this goal can only be achieved by accumulating knowledge through high-quality science and appropriate monitoring, we encourage our colleagues to submit articles to this Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022. We welcome original research and reviews related to virus surveillance and evolution, diagnosis, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, treatments and prevention and metagenomics studies. Relevant findings from human, animal, plant and invertebrate viruses are appreciated.

Dr. Luciana Barros de Arruda
Dr. Fabrício S. Campos
Dr. Maite F.S. Vaslin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • emerging virus
  • prevention
  • evolution
  • control
  • diagnosis
  • surveillance
  • metagenomics

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 198 KiB  
Editorial
Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses: A 2022 Editorial Update
by Maite Freitas Silva Vaslin, Luciana de Barros Arruda and Fabricio Souza Campos
Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2098; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102098 - 17 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1273
Abstract
The Special Issue “Emerging Viruses: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control” has been published annually by Viruses, since 2019, highlighting the increasing effort of the scientific community for the surveillance and further research of new emerging or re-emerging viruses [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

11 pages, 2059 KiB  
Communication
Novel Rodent Arterivirus Detected in the Brazilian Amazon
by Thito Y. Bezerra da Paz, Leonardo H. Almeida Hernández, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Fábio Silva da Silva, Bruno C. Veloso de Barros, Livia M. Neves Casseb, Ricardo J. de Paula Souza e Guimarães, Pedro F. da Costa Vasconcelos and Ana C. Ribeiro Cruz
Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051150 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1593
Abstract
As part of a continuous effort to investigate the viral communities associated with wild mammals at the human–animal interface in an Amazonian metropolitan region, this study describes the detection of a novel rodent-borne arterivirus. A sample containing pooled organs of Oecomys paricola was [...] Read more.
As part of a continuous effort to investigate the viral communities associated with wild mammals at the human–animal interface in an Amazonian metropolitan region, this study describes the detection of a novel rodent-borne arterivirus. A sample containing pooled organs of Oecomys paricola was submitted to RNA sequencing, and four sequences taxonomically assigned as related to the Arteriviridae family were recovered, corresponding to an almost complete genome of nearly 13 kb summed. In the phylogenetic analysis with the standard domains used for taxa demarcation in the family, the tentatively named Oecomys arterivirus 1 (OAV-1) was placed within the clade of rodent- and porcine-associated viruses, corresponding to the Variarterivirinae subfamily. The divergence analysis, based on the same amino acid alignment, corroborated the hypothesis that the virus may represent a new genus within the subfamily. These findings contribute to the expansion of the current knowledge about the diversity, host and geographical range of the viral family. Arterivirids are non-human pathogens and are usually species-specific, but the susceptibility of cell lines derived from different organisms should be conducted to confirm these statements for this proposed new genus in an initial attempt to assess its spillover potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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14 pages, 2987 KiB  
Article
Border Control for Infectious Respiratory Disease Pandemics: A Modelling Study for H1N1 and Four Strains of SARS-CoV-2
by Nigel Wei-Han Lim, Jue Tao Lim and Borame Lee Dickens
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040978 - 16 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Post-pandemic economic recovery relies on border control for safe cross-border movement. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigate whether effective strategies generalize across diseases and variants. For four SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A-H1N1, we simulated 21 strategy families of varying test types and frequencies, [...] Read more.
Post-pandemic economic recovery relies on border control for safe cross-border movement. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigate whether effective strategies generalize across diseases and variants. For four SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A-H1N1, we simulated 21 strategy families of varying test types and frequencies, quantifying expected transmission risk, relative to no control, by strategy family and quarantine length. We also determined minimum quarantine lengths to suppress relative risk below given thresholds. SARS-CoV-2 variants showed similar relative risk across strategy families and quarantine lengths, with at most 2 days’ between-variant difference in minimum quarantine lengths. ART-based and PCR-based strategies showed comparable effectiveness, with regular testing strategies requiring at most 9 days. For influenza A-H1N1, ART-based strategies were ineffective. Daily ART testing reduced relative risk only 9% faster than without regular testing. PCR-based strategies were moderately effective, with daily PCR (0-day delay) testing requiring 16 days for the second-most stringent threshold. Viruses with high typical viral loads and low transmission risk given low viral loads, such as SARS-CoV-2, are effectively controlled with moderate-sensitivity tests (ARTs) and modest quarantine periods. Viruses with low typical viral loads and substantial transmission risk at low viral loads, such as influenza A-H1N1, require high-sensitivity tests (PCR) and longer quarantine periods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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7 pages, 4123 KiB  
Communication
Detection of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Novel Recombinant Strain of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Causes High Mortality in Yaks
by Yan Li, Zhibo Zeng, Kewei Li, Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Shah Nawaz, Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar, Miao Hu, Wenqian Zhang, Zhao Zhang, Miao An, Jianwu Hu and Jiakui Li
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040880 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1452
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is capable of causing transboundary diseases characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, mucous membranes, and inner organs. The disease may cause emaciation with the enlargement of lymph nodes and sometimes death. It has had endemic importance in [...] Read more.
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is capable of causing transboundary diseases characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, mucous membranes, and inner organs. The disease may cause emaciation with the enlargement of lymph nodes and sometimes death. It has had endemic importance in various parts of Asia in recent years, causing substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. The current study reported a suspected LSDV infection (based on signs and symptoms) from a mixed farm of yak and cattle in Sichuan Province, China. The clinical samples were found positive for LSDV using qPCR and ELISA, while LSDV DNA was detected in Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles. The complete genome sequence of China/LSDV/SiC/2021 was determined by Next-generation sequencing. It was found that China/LSDV/SiC/2021 is highly homologous to the novel vaccine-related recombinant LSDV currently emerging in China and countries surrounding China. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the novel vaccine-associated recombinant LSDV formed a unique dendrograms topology between field and vaccine-associated strains. China/LSDV/SiC/2021 was found to be a novel recombinant strain, with at least 18 recombination events via field viruses identified in the genome sequence. These results suggest that recombinant LSDV can cause high mortality in yaks, and its transmission might be due to the Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, which acts as a mechanical vector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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15 pages, 1794 KiB  
Article
Using Multiplex Amplicon PCR Technology to Efficiently and Timely Generate Rift Valley Fever Virus Sequence Data for Genomic Surveillance
by John Juma, Samson L. Konongoi, Isidore Nsengimana, Reuben Mwangi, James Akoko, Richard Nyamota, Collins Muli, Paul O. Dobi, Edward Kiritu, Shebbar Osiany, Amos A. Onwong’a, Rachael W. Gachogo, Rosemary Sang, Alan Christoffels, Kristina Roesel, Bernard Bett and Samuel O. Oyola
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020477 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2728
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a febrile vector-borne disease endemic in Africa and continues to spread in new territories. It is a climate-sensitive disease mostly triggered by abnormal rainfall patterns. The disease is associated with high mortality and morbidity in both humans and [...] Read more.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a febrile vector-borne disease endemic in Africa and continues to spread in new territories. It is a climate-sensitive disease mostly triggered by abnormal rainfall patterns. The disease is associated with high mortality and morbidity in both humans and livestock. RVF is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the genus Phlebovirus in the family Phenuiviridae. It is a tripartite RNA virus with three genomic segments: small (S), medium (M) and large (L). Pathogen genomic sequencing is becoming a routine procedure and a powerful tool for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of infectious organisms, including viruses. Inspired by the utility of amplicon-based sequencing demonstrated in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Ebola, Zika and West Nile viruses, we report an RVFV sample preparation based on amplicon multiplex polymerase chain reaction (amPCR) for template enrichment and reduction of background host contamination. The technology can be implemented rapidly to characterize and genotype RVFV during outbreaks in a near-real-time manner. To achieve this, we designed 74 multiplex primer sets covering the entire RVFV genome to specifically amplify the nucleic acid of RVFV in clinical samples from an animal tissue. Using this approach, we demonstrate achieving complete RVFV genome coverage even from samples containing a relatively low viral load. We report the first primer scheme approach of generating multiplex primer sets for a tripartite virus which can be replicated for other segmented viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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10 pages, 2260 KiB  
Article
Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8 in Tunisia, 2021
by Soufien Sghaier, Corinne Sailleau, Maurilia Marcacci, Sarah Thabet, Valentina Curini, Thameur Ben Hassine, Liana Teodori, Ottavio Portanti, Salah Hammami, Lucija Jurisic, Massimo Spedicato, Lydie Postic, Ines Gazani, Raja Ben Osman, Stephan Zientara, Emmanuel Bréard, Paolo Calistri, Jürgen A. Richt, Edward C. Holmes, Giovanni Savini, Francesca Di Giallonardo and Alessio Lorussoadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010016 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2486
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a Culicoides-borne viral disease caused by the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) associated with clinical manifestations in domestic and wild ruminants, primarily white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (Bos taurus). In late September [...] Read more.
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a Culicoides-borne viral disease caused by the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) associated with clinical manifestations in domestic and wild ruminants, primarily white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (Bos taurus). In late September 2021, EHDV was reported in cattle farms in central/western Tunisia. It rapidly spread throughout the country with more than 200 confirmed outbreaks. We applied a combination of classical and molecular techniques to characterize the causative virus as a member of the serotype EHDV-8. This is the first evidence of EHDV- 8 circulation since 1982 when the prototype EHDV-8 strain was isolated in Australia. This work highlights the urgent need for vaccines for a range of EHDV serotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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10 pages, 1839 KiB  
Communication
Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Poultry in Botswana
by Samantha L. Letsholo, Joe James, Stephanie M. Meyer, Alexander M. P. Byrne, Scott M. Reid, Tirumala B. K. Settypalli, Sneha Datta, Letlhogile Oarabile, Obakeng Kemolatlhe, Kgakgamatso T. Pebe, Bruce R. Mafonko, Tebogo J. Kgotlele, Kago Kumile, Boitumelo Modise, Carter Thanda, John F. C. Nyange, Chandapiwa Marobela-Raborokgwe, Giovanni Cattoli, Charles E. Lamien, Ian H. Brown, William G. Dundon and Ashley C. Banyardadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2601; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122601 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
Numerous outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) were reported during 2020–2021. In Africa, H5Nx has been detected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa in both wild birds and poultry. Botswana reported its first outbreak of HPAI to the [...] Read more.
Numerous outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) were reported during 2020–2021. In Africa, H5Nx has been detected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa in both wild birds and poultry. Botswana reported its first outbreak of HPAI to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 2021. An H5N1 virus was detected in a fish eagle, doves, and chickens. Full genome sequence analysis revealed that the virus belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity within haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins (NA) for viruses identified across a geographically broad range of locations. The detection of H5N1 in Botswana has important implications for disease management, wild bird conservation, tourism, public health, economic empowerment of vulnerable communities and food security in the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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16 pages, 1203 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Biosafety and Diagnostic Utility of Biosample Collection Cards
by Hanna Keck, Michael Eschbaumer, Martin Beer and Bernd Hoffmann
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112392 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1465
Abstract
Six different biosample collection cards, often collectively referred to as FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards, were compared for their ability to inactivate viruses and stabilize viral nucleic acid for molecular testing. The cards were tested with bluetongue virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), small [...] Read more.
Six different biosample collection cards, often collectively referred to as FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards, were compared for their ability to inactivate viruses and stabilize viral nucleic acid for molecular testing. The cards were tested with bluetongue virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), small ruminant morbillivirus (peste des petits ruminants virus), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), encompassing non-enveloped and enveloped representatives of viruses with double-stranded and single-stranded RNA genomes, as well as an enveloped DNA virus. The cards were loaded with virus-containing cell culture supernatant and tested after one day, one week, and one month. The inactivation of the RNA viruses was successful for the majority of the cards and filters. Most of them completely inactivated the viruses within one day or one week at the latest, but the inactivation of LSDV presented a greater challenge. Three of the six cards inactivated LSDV within one day, but the others did not achieve this even after an incubation period of 30 days. Differences between the cards were also evident in the stabilization of nucleic acid. The amount of detectable viral genome on the cards remained approximately constant for all viruses and cards over an incubation period of one month. With some cards, however, a bigger loss of detectable nucleic acid compared with a directly extracted sample was observed. Using FMDV, it was confirmed that the material applied to the cards was sufficiently conserved to allow detailed molecular characterization by sequencing. Furthermore, it was possible to successfully recover infectious FMDV by chemical transfection from some cards, confirming the preservation of full-length RNAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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11 pages, 729 KiB  
Article
Genomic Epidemiology Reveals the Circulation of the Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Lineage in Tocantins State, North Brazil
by Ueric José Borges de Souza, Raíssa Nunes dos Santos, Marta Giovanetti, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Jucimária Dantas Galvão, Franciano Dias Pereira Cardoso, Feliph Cássio Sobrinho Brito, Ana Cláudia Franco, Paulo Michel Roehe, Bergmann Morais Ribeiro, Fernando Rosado Spilki and Fabrício Souza Campos
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2311; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102311 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2209
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus of the family Togaviridae transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. In Brazil, imported cases have been reported since June 2014 through two independent introductions, one caused by Asian Lineage in Oiapoque, Amapá state, North [...] Read more.
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus of the family Togaviridae transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. In Brazil, imported cases have been reported since June 2014 through two independent introductions, one caused by Asian Lineage in Oiapoque, Amapá state, North Region, and another caused by East/Central/South African (ECSA) in Feira de Santana, Bahia state, Northeast Region. Moreover, there is still limited information about the genomic epidemiology of the CHIKV from surveillance studies. The Tocantins state, located in Northern Brazil, reported an increase in the number of CHIKV cases at the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022. Thus, to better understand the dispersion dynamics of this viral pathogen in the state, we generated 27 near-complete CHIKV genome sequences from four cities, obtained from clinical samples. Our results showed that the newly CHIKV genomes from Tocantins belonged to the ECSA lineage. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that Tocantins’ strains formed a single well-supported clade, which appear to be closely related to isolates from the Rio Grande do Norte state (Northeast Brazil) and the Rio de Janeiro state (Southeast Brazil), that experienced an explosive ECSA epidemic between 2016–2019. Mutation analyses showed eleven frequent non-synonymous mutations in the structural and non-structural proteins, indicating the autochthonous transmission of the CHIKV in the state. None of the genomes recovered within the Tocantins samples carry the A226V mutation in the E1 protein associated with increased transmission in A. albopictus. The study presented here highlights the importance of continued genomic surveillance to provide information not only on recording mutations along the viral genome but as a molecular surveillance tool to trace virus spread within the country, to predict events of likely occurrence of new infections, and, as such, contribute to an improved public health service. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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11 pages, 3410 KiB  
Communication
First Genomic Evidence of a Henipa-like Virus in Brazil
by Leonardo H. Almeida Hernández, Thito Y. Bezerra da Paz, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Fábio S. da Silva, Bruno C. Veloso de Barros, Bruno T. Diniz Nunes, Lívia M. Neves Casseb, Daniele B. Almeida Medeiros, Pedro F. da Costa Vasconcelos and Ana C. Ribeiro Cruz
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2167; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102167 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4109
Abstract
The viral genus Henipavirus includes two highly virulent zoonotic viruses of serious public health concern. Hendra henipavirus and Nipah henipavirus outbreaks are restricted to Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. The Henipavirus genus comprises mostly bat-borne viruses, but exceptions have already been described as [...] Read more.
The viral genus Henipavirus includes two highly virulent zoonotic viruses of serious public health concern. Hendra henipavirus and Nipah henipavirus outbreaks are restricted to Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. The Henipavirus genus comprises mostly bat-borne viruses, but exceptions have already been described as novel viruses with rodents and shrews as reservoir animals. In the Americas, scarce evidence supports the circulation of these viruses. In this communication, we report a novel henipa-like virus from opossums (Marmosa demerarae) from a forest fragment area in the Peixe-Boi municipality, Brazil, after which the virus was named the Peixe-Boi virus (PBV). The application of next-generation sequencing and metagenomic approach led us to discover the original evidence of a henipa-like virus genome in Brazil and South America and the original description of a henipa-like virus in marsupial species. These findings emphasize the importance of further studies to characterize PBV and clarify its ecology, impact on public health, and its relationship with didelphid marsupials and henipaviruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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12 pages, 2024 KiB  
Article
Insight into the Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Novel Goose Astrovirus-Associated Gout in Goslings in Southern China
by Xinliang Fu, Zhanpeng Hou, Wenjun Liu, Nan Cao, Yu Liang, Bingxin Li, Danli Jiang, Wanyan Li, Danning Xu, Yunbo Tian and Yunmao Huang
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061306 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1859
Abstract
A novel gout disease, characterized by visceral urate deposition with high-mortality, with outbreaks in goslings in China since 2016 was caused by a novel goose astrovirus (GoAstV) and resulted in serious economic loss. However, the epidemiology and variation of the GoAstV in goslings [...] Read more.
A novel gout disease, characterized by visceral urate deposition with high-mortality, with outbreaks in goslings in China since 2016 was caused by a novel goose astrovirus (GoAstV) and resulted in serious economic loss. However, the epidemiology and variation of the GoAstV in goslings in southern China and its evolutionary history as well as the classification of the GoAstV are unclear. In the present study, systematic molecular epidemiology, and phylogenetic analyses of the GoAstV were conducted to address these issues. Our results showed that the GoAstV is widespread in goslings in southern China, and the genomes of six GoAstV strains were obtained. Two amino acid mutations (Y36H and E456D) were identified in capsid proteins in this study, which is the dominant antigen for the GoAstV. In addition, the GoAstV could be divided into two distinct clades, GoAstV-1 and GoAstV-2, and GoAstV-2 is responsible for gout outbreaks in goslings and could be classified into Avastrovirus 3 (AAstV-3), while GoAstV-1 belongs to Avastrovirus 1 (AAstV-1). Moreover, the emergence of GoAstV-2 in geese was estimated to have occurred in January 2010, approximately 12 years ago, while GoAstV-1 emerged earlier than GoAstV-2 and was estimated to have emerged in April 1985 based on Bayesian analysis. The mean evolutionary rate for the GoAstV was also calculated to be approximately 1.42 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the epidemiology of the GoAstV in goslings in southern China and is helpful for understanding the origin and evolutionary history as well as the classification of the GoAstV in geese. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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9 pages, 4307 KiB  
Article
Discovery of a Novel Coronavirus in Swedish Bank Voles (Myodes glareolus)
by Anishia Wasberg, Jayna Raghwani, Jinlin Li, John H.-O. Pettersson, Johanna F. Lindahl, Åke Lundkvist and Jiaxin Ling
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061205 - 01 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9978
Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with bats as original reservoirs, has once again highlighted the importance of exploring the interface of wildlife diseases and human health. In this study, we identified a novel Betacoronavirus from [...] Read more.
The unprecedented pandemic COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with bats as original reservoirs, has once again highlighted the importance of exploring the interface of wildlife diseases and human health. In this study, we identified a novel Betacoronavirus from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Grimsö, Sweden, and this virus is designated as Grimso virus. Repeated detection over three years and an overall prevalence of 3.4% suggest that the virus commonly occurs in bank voles. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Grimso virus belongs to a highly divergent Embecovirus lineage predominantly associated with bank voles. Given that bank voles are one of the most common rodent species in Sweden and Europe, our findings indicate that Grimso virus might be circulating widely in bank voles and further point out the importance of sentinel surveillance of coronaviruses in wild small mammalian animals, especially in wild rodents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses 2022: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control)
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