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Special Issue "The Inflammasomes - Key Players in Antiviral Response"

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Dear Colleagues,

The inflammasomes are oligomeric signaling platforms that activate the proteolytic activity of caspases such as caspase-1, which trigger the maturation and secretion of cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18. The inflammatory caspases also cleave the pore-forming protein gasdermin D that assembles membrane pores to initiate a proinflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis. Multiple inflammasomes such as NLRP3 and AIM2 have been implicated in innate antiviral immunity. However, the role of inflammasomes in host protection may be dependent on complex virus–host interactions, and excessive inflammation may contribute to severe tissue damage that exacerbates pathogenesis. This Special Issue of Viruses welcomes both primary research articles and comprehensive reviews that shed light on the complex roles of inflammasomes in antiviral responses. Topics of special interest may include viral modulators of inflammasome activation and pyroptosis; roles of inflammasomes and pyroptosis in viral replication, infection, and pathogenesis; mechanism of proinflammatory cytokine storm; as well as implications of inflammasomes in the design and development of antivirals and vaccines.

Prof. Dr. Dong-Yan Jin
Prof. Dr. Tsan Sam Xiao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

inflammasome
cytokine
pyroptosis
infection
virus-host interactions
viral pathogenesis

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessArticle

NLRP3 Inflammasome Involved with Viral Replication in Cytopathic NADL BVDV Infection and IFI16 Inflammasome Connected with IL-1β Release in Non-Cytopathic NY-1 BVDV Infection in Bovine Macrophages

Claudia Gallegos-Rodarte

Omar Escobar-Chavarría

Meztli Miroslava Cantera-Bravo

Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva

and

Alejandro Benitez-Guzman

Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071494 - 30 Jun 2023

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Abstract

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that play a role in the processing of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The secretion of IL-1β in bovine macrophages infected with the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) cytopathic strain NADL (NADLcp-BVDV) is caspase 1-dependent. In the present study, we found that in macrophages infected with NADL, the NLRP3 inflammasome participated in the maturation of IL-1β as the level decreased from 4629.3 pg/mL to 897.0 pg/mL after treatment with cytokine release inhibitory drug 3 (CRID3). Furthermore, NLRP3 activation has implications regarding viral replication, as there was a decrease in the viral titer until 1 log of a supernatant of macrophages that were inhibited with CRID3 remained. In the case of the non-cytopathic BVDV strain NY-1 (NY-1 ncpBVDV), IL-1β secretion is not affected by NLRP3, but could be related to the IFI16 inflammasome; we found a colocalization of IFI16 with ASC using confocal microscopy in infected macrophages with the NY-1 ncp-BVDV biotype. To relate IFI16 activation to IL-1β release, we used ODN TTAGGG (A151), a competitive inhibitor of IFI16; the results show a decrease in its level from 248 pg/mL to 128.3 pg/mL. Additionally, we evaluated the caspase 1 activation downstream of IFI16 and found a decrease in the IL-1β from 252.9 pg/mL to 63.5 pg/mL when caspase 1 was inhibited with Y-VAD. Our results provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in the viral replication, inflammation and pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Inflammasomes - Key Players in Antiviral Response)

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Targeting Inflammasome Activation in Viral Infection: A Therapeutic Solution?

and

Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071451 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1010

Abstract

Inflammasome activation is exclusively involved in sensing activation of innate immunity and inflammatory response during viral infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the manipulation of inflammasome assembly or its interaction with viral proteins are critical factors in viral pathogenesis. Results from pilot clinical trials show encouraging results of NLRP3 inflammasome suppression in reducing mortality and morbidity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this article, we summarize the up-to-date understanding of inflammasomes, including NLRP3, AIM2, NLRP1, NLRP6, and NLRC4 in various viral infections, with particular focus on RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, IAV, and Zika virus and DNA viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1. We also discuss the current achievement of the mechanisms involved in viral infection-induced inflammatory response, host defense, and possible therapeutic solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Inflammasomes - Key Players in Antiviral Response)

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Open AccessReview

Roles and Mechanisms of NLRP3 in Influenza Viral Infection

Junling Niu

and

Guangxun Meng

Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061339 - 08 Jun 2023

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Abstract

Pathogenic viral infection represents a major challenge to human health. Due to the vast mucosal surface of respiratory tract exposed to the environment, host defense against influenza viruses has perpetually been a considerable challenge. Inflammasomes serve as vital components of the host innate immune system and play a crucial role in responding to viral infections. To cope with influenza viral infection, the host employs inflammasomes and symbiotic microbiota to confer effective protection at the mucosal surface in the lungs. This review article aims to summarize the current findings on the function of NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) in host response to influenza viral infection involving various mechanisms including the gut–lung crosstalk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Inflammasomes - Key Players in Antiviral Response)

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Special Issue "The Inflammasomes - Key Players in Antiviral Response"

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