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18 pages, 6307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing PEDV Vaccination: Comparison between Inactivated and Flagellin N-Terminus-Adjuvanted Subunit Vaccines

by Asad Murtaza, Nguyen-Thanh Hoa, Do Dieu-Huong, Haroon Afzal, Muhammad Hamza Tariq, Li-Ting Cheng and Yao-Chi Chung

Vaccines 2024, 12(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020139 - 29 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Vaccinations can serve as an important preventive measure against the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus that currently threatens the swine industry. This study focuses on the development of a fusion protein vaccine, FliC₉₉-mCOE, which combines the N-terminus of flagellin [...] Read more.

Vaccinations can serve as an important preventive measure against the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus that currently threatens the swine industry. This study focuses on the development of a fusion protein vaccine, FliC₉₉-mCOE, which combines the N-terminus of flagellin (FliC₉₉) with a modified core neutralizing epitope (mCOE) of PEDV. In silico immunoinformatic analysis confirmed the construct’s non-toxic, non-allergenic, and highly antigenic nature. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated FliC₉₉-mCOE’s strong binding to the TLR-5 immunological receptor. Repeated exposure simulations and immunological simulations suggested enhanced cell-mediated immunity. Both FliC₉₉-mCOE and an inactivated PEDV vaccine were produced and tested in mice. The results from cell proliferation, ELISA, and neutralization assays indicated that FliC₉₉-mCOE effectively stimulated cellular immunity and neutralized PEDV. We conclude that the FliC₉₉-mCOE fusion protein may serve as a promising vaccine candidate against PEDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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12 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Vaccine Candidate Designed for Broad-Spectrum Protection against Type A Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Asia

by Sung Ho Shin, Seong Yun Hwang, Hyun-Mi Kim, Se Hee Shin, Mi-Kyeong Ko, Min Ja Lee, Su-Mi Kim and Jong-Hyeon Park

Vaccines 2024, 12(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010064 - 09 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently the most powerful protective and preventive measures used to control FMD. In this study, the chimeric vaccine strain containing antigenic epitopes from the FMD virus serotype A, which belongs to the ASIA topotype, was produced and evaluated. [...] Read more.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently the most powerful protective and preventive measures used to control FMD. In this study, the chimeric vaccine strain containing antigenic epitopes from the FMD virus serotype A, which belongs to the ASIA topotype, was produced and evaluated. The chimeric vaccine strains contain sea-97/G1 (VP4, VP2, VP3) and A22 Iraq (VP1) or G-VII (VP1) for use in FMD vaccines in Asia. The 50% protective dose was determined in mice. Vaccinated mice were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) seven days post-vaccination (dpv), and mice that received the vaccine candidates were protected against the three viruses. The protective capability of one of the vaccine candidates was evaluated in pigs. Vaccinated pigs were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) at 28 dpv, and pigs that received the vaccine candidate were protected against the three viruses. The results showed that this vaccine candidate, which was designed to provide protection against FMD in Asia, efficiently protected pigs against virus challenge and thus has potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine for various epidemic FMD viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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20 pages, 7455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Polycistronic Baculovirus Surface Display Vectors to Simultaneously Express Viral Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Analysis of Their Immunogenicity in Swine

by Chao-Yu Hsu, Yun Jang, Wei-Ru Huang, Chi-Young Wang, Hsiao-Wei Wen, Pei-Chien Tsai, Cheng-Yao Yang, Muhammad Munir and Hung-Jen Liu

Vaccines 2023, 11(11), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111666 - 31 Oct 2023

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Abstract

To simultaneously express and improve expression levels of multiple viral proteins of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), polycistronic baculovirus surface display vectors were constructed and characterized. We engineered polycistronic baculovirus surface display vectors, namely, pBacDual Display EGFP(BacDD)-2GP2-2GP4 and pBacDD-4GP5N34A/N51A (mtGP5), [...] Read more.

To simultaneously express and improve expression levels of multiple viral proteins of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), polycistronic baculovirus surface display vectors were constructed and characterized. We engineered polycistronic baculovirus surface display vectors, namely, pBacDual Display EGFP(BacDD)-2GP2-2GP4 and pBacDD-4GP5N34A/N51A (mtGP5), which simultaneously express and display the ectodomain of His-tagged GP2-gp64TM-CTD, His-tagged GP4-gp64TM-CTD, and His-tagged mtGP5-gp64TM-CTD fusion proteins of PRRSV on cell membrane of Sf-9 cells. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were administered intramuscularly in 2 doses at 21 and 35 days of age with genetic recombinant baculoviruses-infected cells. Our results revealed a high level of ELISA-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, IL-4, and IFN-γ in SPF pigs immunized with the developed PRRSV subunit vaccine. To further assess the co-expression efficiency of different gene combinations, pBacDD-GP2-GP3-2GP4 and pBacDD-2mtGP5-2M constructs were designed for the co-expression of the ectodomain of His-tagged GP2-gp64TM-CTD, His-tagged GP3-gp64TM-CTD, and His-tagged GP4-gp64TM-CTD proteins as well as the ectodomain of His-tagged mtGP5-gp64TM-CTD and His-tagged M-gp64TM-CTD fusion proteins of PRRSV. To develop an ELISA assay for detecting antibodies against PRRSV proteins, the sequences encoding the ectodomain of the GP2, GP3, GP4, mtGP5, and M of PRRSV were amplified and subcloned into the pET32a vector and expressed in E. coli. In this work, the optimum conditions for expressing PRRSV proteins were evaluated, and the results suggested that 4 × 10⁵ of Sf-9 cells supplemented with 7% fetal bovine serum and infected with the recombinant baculoviruses at an MOI of 20 for three days showed a higher expression levels of the protein. Taken together, the polycistronic baculovirus surface display system is a useful tool to increase expression levels of viral proteins and to simultaneously express multiple viral proteins of PRRSV for the preparation of subunit vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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17 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Adjuvanting Calcium-Phosphate-Coated Microcrystal-Based Vaccines Induce Pyroptosis in Human and Livestock Immune Cells

by Yolanda Corripio-Miyar, Clair Lyle MacLeod, Iris Mair, Richard J. Mellanby, Barry D. Moore and Tom N. McNeilly

Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071229 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1239

Abstract

Successful vaccines require adjuvants able to activate the innate immune system, eliciting antigen-specific immune responses and B-cell-mediated antibody production. However, unwanted secondary effects and the lack of effectiveness of traditional adjuvants has prompted investigation into novel adjuvants in recent years. Protein-coated microcrystals modified [...] Read more.

Successful vaccines require adjuvants able to activate the innate immune system, eliciting antigen-specific immune responses and B-cell-mediated antibody production. However, unwanted secondary effects and the lack of effectiveness of traditional adjuvants has prompted investigation into novel adjuvants in recent years. Protein-coated microcrystals modified with calcium phosphate (CaP-PCMCs) in which vaccine antigens are co-immobilised within amino acid crystals represent one of these promising self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery systems. CaP-PCMCs has been shown to enhance antigen-specific IgG responses in mouse models; however, the exact mechanism of action of these microcrystals is currently unclear. Here, we set out to investigate this mechanism by studying the interaction between CaP-PCMCs and mammalian immune cells in an in vitro system. Incubation of cells with CaP-PCMCs induced rapid pyroptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells from cattle, sheep and humans, which was accompanied by the release of interleukin-1β and the activation of Caspase-1. We show that this pyroptotic event was cell–CaP-PCMCs contact dependent, and neither soluble calcium nor microcrystals without CaP (soluble PCMCs) induced pyroptosis. Our results corroborate CaP-PCMCs as a promising delivery system for vaccine antigens, showing great potential for subunit vaccines where the enhancement or find tuning of adaptive immunity is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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12 pages, 1216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment and Application of Indirect ELISAs for Detecting Antibodies against Goose Astrovirus Genotype 1 and 2

by Mengran Zhang, Xinyu Wei, Jing Qian, Zhengyu Yu, Xin Liu, Yan Luo, Haitao Zhang, Youfang Gu and Yin Li

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030664 - 15 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1361

Abstract

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) was classified into GAstV-1 and GAstV-2, and both caused gosling viral gout. Recently, there has been no effective commercial vaccine to control the infection. It is important to establish serological methods to distinguish between the two genotypes. In this study, [...] Read more.

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) was classified into GAstV-1 and GAstV-2, and both caused gosling viral gout. Recently, there has been no effective commercial vaccine to control the infection. It is important to establish serological methods to distinguish between the two genotypes. In this study, we reported the development and application of two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using the GAstV-1 virus and a recombinant GAstV-2 capsid protein as specific antigens to detect antibodies against GAstV-1 and GAstV-2, respectively. The optimal coating antigen concentration of indirect GAstV-1-ELISA and GAstV-2-Cap-ELISA was 1.2 µg/well and 125 ng/well, respectively. In addition, the antigen coating temperature and time, sera dilution and reaction time, and the dilution and reaction time of HRP-conjugated secondary antibody were optimized. The cut-off values were 0.315 and 0.305, and the analytical sensitivity was 1:6400 and 1:3200 for indirect GAstV-1-ELISA and GAstV-2-Cap-ELISA, respectively. The assays were able to differentiate specific sera against GAstVs, TUMV, GPV, and H9N2-AIV. The intra- and inter-plate variabilities of indirect ELISAs were less than 10%. The coincidence rate of positive sera was higher than 90%. The indirect ELISAs were further applied to test 595 goose serum samples. The results showed that the detection rates were 33.3% and 71.4% in GAstV-1-ELISA and GAstV-2-Cap-ELISA, respectively, and the co-detection rate was 31.1%, which indicates that the seroprevalence rate of GAstv-2 was higher than that of GastV-1, and the co-infection existed between GAstV-1 and GAstV-2. In summary, the developed GAstV-1-ELISA and GAstV-2-Cap-ELISA have high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility and can be used in the clinical detection of the antibody against GAstV-1 and GAstV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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14 pages, 2309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establish a Pregnant Sow–Neonate Model to Assess Maternal Immunity of a Candidate Influenza Vaccine

by Fangfeng Yuan, Teresa Schieber, Tara L. Stein, Rachel M. Sestak, Callie J. Olson, Chi Chen, Victor C. Huber, Kelly Lechtenberg, Jodi McGill and Ying Fang

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030646 - 14 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1462

Abstract

While it is well appreciated that maternal immunity can provide neonatal protection, the contribution of maternal vaccination toward generating such immunity is not well characterized. In our previous work, we created a candidate influenza vaccine using our chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) construct, HA-129. The [...] Read more.

While it is well appreciated that maternal immunity can provide neonatal protection, the contribution of maternal vaccination toward generating such immunity is not well characterized. In our previous work, we created a candidate influenza vaccine using our chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) construct, HA-129. The HA-129 was expressed as part of a whole-virus vaccine that was built on the A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98-H3N2 backbone to generate the recombinant virus TX98-129. The TX98-129 candidate vaccine has the ability to induce broadly protective immune responses against genetically diversified influenza viruses in both mice and nursery pigs. In the current study, we established a pregnant sow–neonate model to evaluate the maternal immunity induced by this candidate vaccine to protect pregnant sows and their neonatal piglets against influenza virus infection. In pregnant sows, the results consistently show that TX98-129 induced a robust immune response against the TX98-129 virus and the parental viruses that were used to construct HA-129. After challenge with a field strain of influenza A virus, a significant increase in antibody titers was observed in vaccinated sows at both 5 and 22 days post challenge (dpc). The challenge virus was detected at a low level in the nasal swab of only one vaccinated sow at 5 dpc. Evaluation of cytokine responses in blood and lung tissue showed that levels of IFN-α and IL-1β were increased in the lung of vaccinated sows at 5 dpc, when compared to unvaccinated pigs. Further analysis of the T-cell subpopulation in PBMCs showed a higher ratio of IFN-γ-secreting CD4⁺CD8⁺ and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells in vaccinated sows at 22 dpc after stimulation with either challenge virus or vaccine virus. Finally, we used a neonatal challenge model to demonstrate that vaccine-induced maternal immunity can be passively transferred to newborn piglets. This was observed in the form of both increased antibody titers and deceased viral loads in neonates born from immunized sows. In summary, this study provides a swine model system to evaluate the impact of vaccination on maternal immunity and fetal/neonatal development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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11 pages, 2320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simple and Cost-Efficient Platform for a Novel Porcine Circovirus Type 2d (PCV2d) Vaccine Manufacturing

by Sarawuth Noppiboon, Neeracha Lapanusorn, Pisit Ekkpongpaisit, Sarah Slack, Stefanie Frank and Lalintip Hocharoen

Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010169 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) is becoming the predominant PCV genotype and considerably affects the global pig industry. Nevertheless, currently, no commercial PCV2d vaccine is available. Preventing and controlling the disease caused by PCV2d is therefore based on other genotype-based vaccines. However, their [...] Read more.

Porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) is becoming the predominant PCV genotype and considerably affects the global pig industry. Nevertheless, currently, no commercial PCV2d vaccine is available. Preventing and controlling the disease caused by PCV2d is therefore based on other genotype-based vaccines. However, their production platforms are laborious, limited in expression level, and relatively expensive for veterinary applications. To address these challenges, we have developed a simple and cost-efficient platform for a novel PCV2d vaccine production process, using fed-batch E. coli fermentation followed by cell disruption and filtration, and a single purification step via cation exchange chromatography. The process was developed at bench scale and then pilot scale, where the PCV2d subunit protein yield was approximately 0.93 g/L fermentation volume in a short production time. Moreover, we have successfully implemented this production process at two different sites, in Southeast Asia and Europe. This demonstrates transferability and the high potential for successful industrial production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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14 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunostimulating Effect of Inactivated Parapoxvirus Ovis on the Serological Response to Equine Influenza Booster Vaccination

by Flora Carnet, Romain Paillot, Christine Fortier, Erika S. Hue, Laurie Briot, Frédéric de Geoffroy, Pierre-Olivier Vidalain and Stéphane Pronost

Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122139 - 14 Dec 2022

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Abstract

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is responsible for recurring outbreaks that are detrimental to the equine industry. Vaccination is key for prevention, but the effectiveness and duration of protection provided by existing vaccines is often insufficient. In order to improve vaccine efficacy, we evaluated [...] Read more.

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is responsible for recurring outbreaks that are detrimental to the equine industry. Vaccination is key for prevention, but the effectiveness and duration of protection provided by existing vaccines is often insufficient. In order to improve vaccine efficacy, we evaluated the benefit of immune stimulation with inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) on the antibody response induced by a vaccine boost against EIV. A whole inactivated ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted equine influenza vaccine was administered alone (n = 10) or combined with iPPVO injections at D0, D2 and D4 post vaccination (n = 10) to adult horses that required a vaccine boost 6 months after the last immunization, as now recommended by the WOAH. Antibody levels were measured with the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay at 1, 3 and 6 months post-vaccination. Results revealed that horses that received iPPVO had higher antibody levels than the control group injected with the EI vaccine alone. Although the vaccine used contains only a clade 1 and European lineage strain, the increase in protective antibodies was also observed against a clade 2 strain. Thus, immune stimulation with iPPVO, a substance already marketed as an immunostimulant, could be used to improve vaccination protocols in horses and potentially other species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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13 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An IgY Effectively Prevents Goslings from Virulent GAstV Infection

by Mengran Zhang, Lijiao Zhang, Jing Yang, Dongmin Zhao, Kaikai Han, Xinmei Huang, Qingtao Liu, Yichen Xiao, Youfang Gu and Yin Li

Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122090 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1394

Abstract

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) leads to viscera and joints urate deposition in 1- to 20-day-old goslings, with a mortality rate of up to 50%, posing a severe threat to entire colonies; however, there is no efficient prevention and control method for GAstV infection. This [...] Read more.

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) leads to viscera and joints urate deposition in 1- to 20-day-old goslings, with a mortality rate of up to 50%, posing a severe threat to entire colonies; however, there is no efficient prevention and control method for GAstV infection. This study describes a prophylactic anti-GAstV strategy based on the specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) from egg yolk. The specific IgY was produced by 22-week-old laying hens intramuscularly immunized with the inactivated GAstV three consecutive times, with 2-week intervals. The egg yolk was collected weekly after the immunization and the anti-GAstV IgY titer was monitored using an agar gel immune diffusion assay (AGID). The results revealed that the AGID titer began to increase on day 7, reached a peak on day 49, and remained at a high level until day 77 after the first immunization. The specific IgY was prepared from the combinations of egg yolk from day 49 to day 77 through PEG-6000 precipitation. Animal experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of prevention and treatment. The result of the minimum prophylactic dose of the IgY showed that the protection rate was 90.9% when 2.5 mg was administrated. Results of the prevention and the treatment experiments showed prevention and cure rates of over 80% when yolk antibody was administered in the early stages of the GAstV infection. These results suggested that the specific IgY obtained from immunized hens with the inactivated GAstV could be a novel strategy for preventing and treating GAstV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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15 pages, 3911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoformulations with Leishmania braziliensis Antigens Triggered Controlled Parasite Burden in Vaccinated Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) against Visceral Leishmaniasis

by Jennifer Ottino, Jaqueline Costa Leite, Otoni Alves Melo-Júnior, Marco Antonio Cabrera González, Tatiane Furtado de Carvalho, Giani Martins Garcia, Maurício Azevedo Batista, Patrícia Silveira, Mariana Santos Cardoso, Lilian Lacerda Bueno, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara, Renato Lima Santos, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Paes, Denise Silveira-Lemos, Olindo Assis Martins-Filho, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli, Walderez Ornelas Dutra, Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira and Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti

Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111848 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1669

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a widespread vector-borne disease in Brazil, with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum as the primary etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Dogs are considered the main reservoir of this parasite, whose treatment in Brazil is restricted to the use of veterinary [...] Read more.

Leishmaniasis is a widespread vector-borne disease in Brazil, with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum as the primary etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Dogs are considered the main reservoir of this parasite, whose treatment in Brazil is restricted to the use of veterinary medicines, which do not promote a parasitological cure. Therefore, efficient vaccine development is the best approach to Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) control. With this in mind, this study used hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as an experimental model in an anti-Leishmania preclinical vaccine trial to evaluate the safety, antigenicity, humoral response, and effects on tissue parasite load. Two novel formulations of nanoparticles made from poly(D, L-lactic) acid (PLA) polymer loading Leishmania braziliensis crude antigen (LB) exhibiting two different particle sizes were utilized: LBPSmG (570 nm) and LBPSmP (388 nm). The results showed that the nanoparticles were safe and harmless to hamsters and were antigenic with the induction in LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmG groups of total anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies 30 days after challenge, which persists 200 days in LBSap and LBPSmP. At the same time, a less pronounced hepatosplenomegaly in LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmP was found when compared to control groups, as well as a less pronounced inflammatory infiltrate and granuloma formation in the spleen. Furthermore, significant reductions of 84%, 81%, and 90% were observed in spleen parasite burden accessed by qPCR in the LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmP groups, respectively. In this way, LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmP formulations showed better results in vaccinated and L. infantum-challenged animals in further reducing parasitic load in the spleen and attenuating lesions in liver and splenic tissues. This results in safe, harmless nanoformulation vaccines with significant immunogenic and infection control potential. In addition, animals vaccinated with LBPSmP had an overall reduction in parasite burden in the spleen, indicating that a smaller nanoparticle could be more efficient in targeting antigen-presenting cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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11 pages, 2563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus with Four Knocked Out Genes Was Attenuated In Vivo and Protects Cattle from Infection

by Olga Chervyakova, Aisha Issabek, Kulyaisan Sultankulova, Arailym Bopi, Nurlan Kozhabergenov, Zamira Omarova, Ali Tulendibayev, Nurdos Aubakir and Mukhit Orynbayev

Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101705 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2353

Abstract

Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines is a key element in the prevention of lumpy skin disease. The mechanism of virus attenuation by long-term passaging in sensitive systems remains unclear. Targeted inactivation of virulence genes is the most promising way to obtain attenuated viruses. [...] Read more.

Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines is a key element in the prevention of lumpy skin disease. The mechanism of virus attenuation by long-term passaging in sensitive systems remains unclear. Targeted inactivation of virulence genes is the most promising way to obtain attenuated viruses. Four virulence genes in the genome of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) Dermatitis nodulares/2016/Atyrau/KZ were sequentially knocked out by homologous recombination under conditions of temporary dominant selection. The recombinant LSDV Atyrau-5BJN(IL18) with a knockout of the LSDV005, LSDV008, LSDV066 and LSDV142 genes remained genetically stable for ten passages and efficiently replicated in cells of lamb testicles, saiga kidney and bovine kidney. In vivo experiments with cattle have shown that injection of the LSDV Atyrau-5BJN(IL18) at a high dose does not cause disease in animals or other deviations from the physiological norm. Immunization of cattle with the LSDV Atyrau-5BJN(IL18) induced the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies in titers of 4–5 log2. The challenge did not cause disease in immunized animals. The knockout of four virulence genes resulted in attenuation of the virulent LSDV without loss of immunogenicity. The recombinant LSDV Atyrau-5BJN(IL18) is safe for clinical use, immunogenic and protects animals from infection with the virulent LSDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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13 pages, 1780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Immune Response Afforded by Combined Immunization with Orf Virus DNA and Subunit Vaccine in Mice

by Yan Wang, Kui Zhao, Deguang Song, Le Du, Xinyue Wang, Feng Gao, Huijun Lu and Jiyu Guan

Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091499 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1876

Abstract

Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf is prevalent all over the world and, not only affects the healthy development of sheep husbandry, but also threatens human health. However, there are no safe and effective [...] Read more.

Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf is prevalent all over the world and, not only affects the healthy development of sheep husbandry, but also threatens human health. However, there are no safe and effective vaccines or drugs for the prevention and treatment of Orf at present. In this study, we constructed a DNA plasmid expressing ORFV B2L and F1L genes as a DNA vaccine candidate, with purified B2L full-length protein and F1L truncated protein as subunit vaccine candidates. BALB/c mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, as well as DNA prime-protein boost strategies. The results showed that compared with the DNA vaccine and subunit vaccine alone, the DNA prime-protein boost immunization group had a higher level of specific antibodies, stronger lymphocyte proliferation, and higher expression of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, which are considered to cause a Th1/Th2 mixed cytokine response. Our results demonstrated that the DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses, which have potential advantages in preventing ORFV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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18 pages, 811 KiB

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New Approaches to the Prevention of Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Review of Recent Patents of Potential Candidates for a Chimeric Protein Vaccine

by Diana Souza de Oliveira, Maykelin Fuentes Zaldívar, Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves, Lucilene Aparecida Resende, Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano, Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira, Ingrid dos Santos Soares Conrado, Mariana Amália Figueiredo Costa, Daniel Ferreira Lair, Diego Fernandes Vilas-Boas, Eiji Nakasone Nakasone, Ingrid de Sousa Ameno, Wanessa Moreira Goes, Denise Silveira-Lemos, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem, Walderez Ornelas Dutra and Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti

Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030271 - 05 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1321

Abstract

The development of prophylactic vaccines is important in preventing and controlling diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in addition to being an economic measure for public health. Despite the efforts to develop a vaccine against human VL caused by Leishmania infantum, none [...] Read more.

The development of prophylactic vaccines is important in preventing and controlling diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in addition to being an economic measure for public health. Despite the efforts to develop a vaccine against human VL caused by Leishmania infantum, none is available, and the focus has shifted to developing vaccines against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Currently, commercially available vaccines are targeted at CVL but are not effective. Different strategies have been applied in developing and improving vaccines, such as using chimeric proteins to expand vaccine coverage. The search for patents can be a way of tracking vaccines that have the potential to be marketed. In this context, the present work presents a summary of immunological aspects relevant to VL vaccine development with a focus on the composition of chimeric protein vaccines for CVL deposited in patent banks as an important approach for biotechnological development. The resulting data could facilitate the screening and selection of antigens to compose vaccine candidates with high performance against VL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals Vaccines)

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