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Vaccines
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Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection
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Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2024 | Viewed by 12819

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marisa Arias

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF and FAO Reference Centre for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal CISA-INIA/CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
Interests: African swine fever disease and African swine fever virus
Dr. Carmina Gallardo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF and FAO Reference Centre for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal CISA-INIA/CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
Interests: African swine fever disease and African swine fever virus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

African swine fever (ASF) is currently the most threatening disease in domestic and wild pigs worldwide, for which no commercial vaccine is available. The presence of ASF on five continents, including large parts of Asia, makes ASF the worst livestock pandemic of this century. The causal agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large and highly complex virus that affects both domestic and wild pigs, such as European and African wild pigs, making it difficult to eradicate in endemic areas with the coexistence of circulating viruses of different virulence. The purpose of this Special Issue of Vaccines is to update knowledge and research on important aspects of the disease related to virus infection, disease dynamics, diagnostic tools, and control strategies. Particular emphasis will be placed on research focused on new vaccine candidates, including the elucidation of vaccine control strategies.

Dr. Marisa Arias
Dr. Carmina Gallardo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • African swine fever
  • ASF V transmission
  • ASFV infection dynamic
  • ASF diagnosis
  • ASF pathology
  • ASF control strategies
  • ASF alternative samples for diagnosis
  • ASF DIVA test
  • ASF vaccines

Published Papers (7 papers)

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12 pages, 1991 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Detection of Antigen and Antibodies of African Swine Fever in a Novel Combo Lateral Flow Assay
by Cristina Aira, Gabriela González-García, Juan Martínez-Cano, Nuria de la Roja, Monica Giammarioli, Francesco Feliziani, Žanete Šteingolde, Jurate Buitkuviene, Petr Václavek, Dimitrije Glišić, Carmina Gallardo, Patricia Sastre, Marga García-Durán, Paloma Rueda and Alba Fresco-Taboada
Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030307 - 14 Mar 2024
Viewed by 837
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious disease of wild boar and domestic pigs notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health due to its high socio-economic impact. ASF is caused by the complex ASF virus (ASFV), and it can present different clinical [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious disease of wild boar and domestic pigs notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health due to its high socio-economic impact. ASF is caused by the complex ASF virus (ASFV), and it can present different clinical manifestations that can be confused with other diseases; for this reason, laboratory testing is necessary for the proper diagnosis of clinically suspected animals. Despite the efforts put into it over decades, no treatment or safe vaccine is globally available, and disease control is based on early diagnosis and the implementation of strict biosecurity measures. In this context, rapid tests have the potential to accelerate and facilitate the identification of infected animals by giving fast on-site results. In this work, we improved the available point-of-care assays for the diagnosis of the disease by the development of a more specific antigen test and a more sensitive antibody test. This antibody detection test allowed for the earlier detection of infected animals than two commercial indirect ELISAs (statistically significant). Moreover, we developed a combined dual rapid test, unifying, in the same cassette, an antigen detection strip and an antibody detection strip. In this study, we confirmed that this combo approach is a useful tool for implementing rapid tests in the field since it increases the percentage of positive samples detected, even when PCR turns negative, while maintaining a good specificity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
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18 pages, 2288 KiB  
Article
The Production of Recombinant African Swine Fever Virus Lv17/WB/Rie1 Strains and Their In Vitro and In Vivo Characterizations
by Stefano Petrini, Cecilia Righi, István Mészáros, Federica D’Errico, Vivien Tamás, Michela Pela, Ferenc Olasz, Carmina Gallardo, Jovita Fernandez-Pinero, Eszter Göltl, Tibor Magyar, Francesco Feliziani and Zoltán Zádori
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121860 - 17 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1417
Abstract
Lv17/WB/Rie1-Δ24 was produced via illegitimate recombination mediated by low-dilution serial passage in the Cos7 cell line and isolated on PAM cell culture. The virus contains a huge ~26.4 Kb deletion in the left end of its genome. Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD-ΔGL was generated via homologous recombination, [...] Read more.
Lv17/WB/Rie1-Δ24 was produced via illegitimate recombination mediated by low-dilution serial passage in the Cos7 cell line and isolated on PAM cell culture. The virus contains a huge ~26.4 Kb deletion in the left end of its genome. Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD-ΔGL was generated via homologous recombination, crossing two ASFV strains (Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD and Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔGL containing eGFP and mCherry markers) during PAM co-infection. The presence of unique parental markers in the Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD-ΔGL genome indicates at least two recombination events during the crossing, suggesting that homologous recombination is a relatively frequent event in the ASFV genome during replication in PAM. Pigs infected with Lv17/WB/Rie1-Δ24 and Lv17/WB/Rie1/ΔCD-ΔGL strains have shown mild clinical signs despite that ASFV could not be detected in their sera until a challenge infection with the Armenia/07 ASFV strain. The two viruses were not able to induce protective immunity in pigs against a virulent Armenia/07 challenge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
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13 pages, 2321 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Swine Antibody Responses following Vaccination with Live-Attenuated and Killed African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines
by Hung Q. Luong, Huong T. L. Lai, Lam Q. Truong, The N. Nguyen, Hanh D. Vu, Hoa T. Nguyen, Lan T. Nguyen, Trang H. Pham, D. Scott McVey and Hiep L. X. Vu
Vaccines 2023, 11(11), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111687 - 03 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1402
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is circulating in many swine-producing countries, causing significant economic losses. It is observed that pigs experimentally vaccinated with a live-attenuated virus (LAV) but not a killed virus (KV) vaccine develop solid homologous protective immunity. The objective of this [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is circulating in many swine-producing countries, causing significant economic losses. It is observed that pigs experimentally vaccinated with a live-attenuated virus (LAV) but not a killed virus (KV) vaccine develop solid homologous protective immunity. The objective of this study was to comparatively analyze antibody profiles between pigs vaccinated with an LAV vaccine and those vaccinated with a KV vaccine to identify potential markers of vaccine-induced protection. Thirty ASFV seronegative pigs were divided into three groups: Group 1 received a single dose of an experimental LAV, Group 2 received two doses of an experimental KV vaccine, and Group 3 was kept as a non-vaccinated (NV) control. At 42 days post-vaccination, all pigs were challenged with the parental virulent ASFV strain and monitored for 21 days. All pigs vaccinated with the LAV vaccine survived the challenge. In contrast, eight pigs from the KV group and seven pigs from the NV group died within 14 days post-challenge. Serum samples collected on 41 days post-vaccination were analyzed for their reactivity against a panel of 29 viral structural proteins. The sera of pigs from the LAV group exhibited a strong antibody reactivity against various viral structural proteins, while the sera of pigs in the KV group only displayed weak antibody reactivity against the inner envelope (p32, p54, p12). There was a negative correlation between the intensity of antibody reactivity against five ASFV antigens, namely p12, p14, p15, p32, and pD205R, and the viral DNA titers in the blood of animals after the challenge infection. Thus, antibody reactivities against these five antigens warrant further evaluation as potential indicators of vaccine-induced protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
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17 pages, 2852 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Haematological and Immunological Parameters of the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 Strain and Its Derived Mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L against ASFV Challenge Infection in Domestic Pigs
by Giulia Franzoni, Stefano Petrini, István Mészáros, Silvia Dei Giudici, Cecilia Righi, Ferenc Olasz, Susanna Zinellu, Vivien Tamás, Michela Pela, Carmina Gallardo, Zoltán Zádori, Annalisa Oggiano and Francesco Feliziani
Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071277 - 24 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1333
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a haemorrhagic disease that threatens the global pig industry. There is an urgency to develop a safe and efficient vaccine, but the knowledge of the immune–pathogenetic mechanisms behind ASFV infection is still very [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a haemorrhagic disease that threatens the global pig industry. There is an urgency to develop a safe and efficient vaccine, but the knowledge of the immune–pathogenetic mechanisms behind ASFV infection is still very limited. In this paper, we evaluated the haematological and immunological parameters of domestic pigs vaccinated with the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 strain or its derived mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L and then challenged with virulent Armenia/07 ASFV. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), 13 key cytokines and 11 haematological parameters were evaluated throughout the study. Lv17/WB/Rie1 triggered an inflammatory response, with increased levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induced lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and a decline in red blood cell (RBC) parameters, although this was transitory. Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L triggered only transitory thrombocytopenia and a mild inflammatory reaction, with no increase in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but it raised IL-1Ra levels. Both strains counteracted several adverse reactions elicited by virulent challenge, like thrombocytopenia, a decline in RBC parameters, and inflammation. Within this paper, we provided a deep portrayal of the impact of diverse ASFV strains on the domestic pig’s immune system. A better understanding of these immune–pathological mechanisms would help to design suitable vaccines against this disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
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15 pages, 2747 KiB  
Article
Epidemiological Characterization of African Swine Fever Dynamics in Ukraine, 2012–2023
by Maksym Bezymennyi, Oleksandr Tarasov, Ganna V. Kyivska, Nataliia A. Mezhenska, Svitlana Mandyhra, Ganna Kovalenko, Mykola Sushko, Nataliia Hudz, Serhii V. Skorokhod, Roman Datsenko, Larysa Muzykina, Elaina Milton, Maryna A. Sapachova, Serhii Nychyk, Ihor Halka, Maciej Frant, Falk Huettmann, Devin M. Drown, Anton Gerilovych, Andrii A. Mezhenskyi, Eric Bortz and Christian E. Langeadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071145 - 25 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1645
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease, endemic to Africa, that causes high mortality when introduced into domestic pig populations. Since the emergence of p72-genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Georgia in 2007, an ASF epidemic has been spreading across [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease, endemic to Africa, that causes high mortality when introduced into domestic pig populations. Since the emergence of p72-genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Georgia in 2007, an ASF epidemic has been spreading across Europe and many countries in Asia. The epidemic first reached Ukraine in 2012. To better understand the dynamics of spread of ASF in Ukraine, we analyzed spatial and temporal outbreak data reported in Ukraine between 2012 and mid-2023. The highest numbers of outbreaks were reported in 2017 (N = 163) and 2018 (N = 145), with overall peak numbers of ASF outbreaks reported in August (domestic pigs) and January (wild boars). While cases were reported from most of Ukraine, we found a directional spread from the eastern and northern borders towards the western and southern regions of Ukraine. Many of the early outbreaks (before 2016) were adjacent to the border, which is again true for more recent outbreaks in wild boar, but not for recent outbreaks in domestic pigs. Outbreaks prior to 2016 also occurred predominantly in areas with a below average domestic pig density. This new analysis suggests that wild boars may have played an important role in the introduction and early spread of ASF in Ukraine. However, in later years, the dynamic suggests human activity as the predominant driver of spread and a separation of ASF epizootics between domestic pigs and in wild boars. The decline in outbreaks since 2019 suggests that the implemented mitigation strategies are effective, even though long-term control or eradication remain challenging and will require continued intensive surveillance of ASF outbreak patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
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16 pages, 1590 KiB  
Article
Involvement of the MGF 110-11L Gene in the African Swine Fever Replication and Virulence
by Vivien Tamás, Cecilia Righi, István Mészáros, Federica D’Errico, Ferenc Olasz, Cristina Casciari, Zoltán Zádori, Tibor Magyar, Stefano Petrini and Francesco Feliziani
Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040846 - 14 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1483
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease that causes extensive economic and animal welfare losses in the Eurasian pig (Sus scrofa) population. To date, no effective and safe vaccines have been marketed against ASF. A starting point [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease that causes extensive economic and animal welfare losses in the Eurasian pig (Sus scrofa) population. To date, no effective and safe vaccines have been marketed against ASF. A starting point for vaccine development is using naturally occurring attenuated strains as a vaccine base. Here, we aimed to remove the multigene family (MGF) 110 gene of unknown function from the Lv17/WB/Rie1 genome to improve the usability of the virus as a live-attenuated vaccine, reducing unwanted side effects. The MGF 110-11L gene was deleted using the CRISPR/Cas9 method, and the safety and efficacy of the virus were tested in pigs after isolation. The vaccine candidates administered at high doses showed reduced pathogenicity compared to the parental strain and induced immunity in vaccinated animals, although several mild clinical signs were observed. Although Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L cannot be used as a vaccine in its current form, it was encouraging that the undesirable side effects of Lv17/WB/Rie1 at high doses can be reduced by additional mutations without a significant reduction in its protective capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
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8 pages, 583 KiB  
Opinion
Summary of the Current Status of African Swine Fever Vaccine Development in China
by Naijun Han, Hailong Qu, Tiangang Xu, Yongxin Hu, Yongqiang Zhang and Shengqiang Ge
Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040762 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3876
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal and contagious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. There is still no credible commercially available vaccine. The only existing one, issued in Vietnam, is actually used in limited quantities in limited areas, for large-scale [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal and contagious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. There is still no credible commercially available vaccine. The only existing one, issued in Vietnam, is actually used in limited quantities in limited areas, for large-scale clinical evaluation. ASF virus is a large complex virus, not inducing full neutralizing antibodies, with multiple genotypes and a lack of comprehensive research on virus infection and immunity. Since it was first reported in China in August 2018, ASF has spread rapidly across the country. To prevent, control, further purify and eradicate ASF, joint scientific and technological research on ASF vaccines has been carried out in China. In the past 4 years (2018–2022), several groups in China have been funded for the research and development of various types of ASF vaccines, achieving marked progress and reaching certain milestones. Here, we have provided a comprehensive and systematic summary of all of the relevant data regarding the current status of the development of ASF vaccines in China to provide a reference for further progress worldwide. At present, the further clinical application of the ASF vaccine still needs a lot of tests and research accumulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
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