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A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Vaccines and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 21140

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chuanhui Xu

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Guest Editor

Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
Interests: vaccine efficacy and safety in autoimmune diseases; cardiovascular risks and endothelial dysfunction in autoimmune disease

Dr. Roshan Thapa

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Guest Editor

General Internal Medicine, Medical college of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Interests: health quality & safety regarding the vaccines; health equity of vaccine distribution; global health; and medical education

Dr. Chenyu Sun

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Guest Editor

AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Interests: evidence based medicine; translational medical research; clinical studies of novel medication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Wenle Li

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Guest Editor

Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
Interests: clinical big data and artificial intelligence; machine learning; clinical predictive modeling

Dr. Baocheng Liu

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Guest Editor

Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
Interests: disease prevention and interventions for patients with chronic diseases, such as the effects of vaccines on people with underlying medical conditions, interactions between different vaccine and traditional Chinese medicine, molecular mechnisms of vaccines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the current COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines have made a significant contribution to the control of the pandemic, in addition to other non-pharmaceutical interventions. It is during this current pandemic that mRNA vaccines have started to be widely used. Our knowledge regarding vaccines has progressed rapidly in recent years. Other than COVID-19 vaccines, other vaccines have saved millions of lives, such as the HPV vaccine and HBV vaccine. In addition, researchers have also been investigating vaccines against cancers, and progress has been made in recent years. Therefore, it is of great importance to keep expanding our knowledge on vaccines to help fight against not only infectious diseases such as COVID-19 but also other types of diseases such as different cancers.

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue, ‘Vaccination and Global Health’.

This Special Issue aims to help researchers, scientists, healthcare workers, and other professionals to exchange their ideas, knowledge, and new findings of their studies in terms of vaccination, such as the latest developments of vaccination technology around the word, the rate of vaccination in different countries and areas, and the impact of vaccination on different communities and populations around the world. The scope of this Special Issue includes basic research, translational research, clinical studies, and evidence-based research that explore the mechanism of different vaccines, clinical use of vaccines, impact of vaccination on public health, and influences of vaccination on society and the economy.

In this Special Issue, case reports or case series, original research articles, reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and rapid communications are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

Vaccination against COVID-19;
Vaccination against monkey pox;
Vaccination against HBV;
Vaccination against HPV;
Vaccination against cancers;
Vaccination against other types of infectious diseases;
Mechanism of different vaccines;
Clinical impact of vaccines;
Adverse outcomes of vaccines;
Impacts of vaccines on public health;
Health inequity of vaccination in medically underserved areas and less developed countries.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Chuanhui Xu
Dr. Roshan Thapa
Dr. Chenyu Sun
Dr. Wenle Li
Dr. Baocheng Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

vaccine
vaccination
infectious disease
cancer

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness in Italy: A Focus on Resident Foreigners and Italians Using Data from PASSI and PASSI d’Argento Surveillance Systems

by Benedetta Contoli, Maria Elena Tosti, Federica Asta, Valentina Minardi, Giulia Marchetti, Virginia Casigliani, Salvatore Scarso, Silvia Declich and Maria Masocco

Vaccines 2024, 12(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020124 - 26 Jan 2024

Viewed by 765

Abstract

(1) The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated health disparities, both between foreign and autochthonous populations. Italy was one of the European countries that was the most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; however, only limited data are available on vaccine willingness. This study aims to assess the propensity of foreign and autochthonous populations residing in Italy to be vaccinated and the relative associated factors. (2) Data were collected and analysed from the two Italian surveillance systems, PASSI and PASSI d’Argento, in the period of August 2020–December 2021. The data include those of the Italian resident adult population over 18 years old. A multinomial logistic regression model, stratified by citizenship, was used to assess the associations of sociodemographic, health, and COVID-19 experience variables with vaccination attitudes. (3) This study encompassed 19,681 eligible subjects. Considering the willingness to be vaccinated, foreign residents were significantly less certain to get vaccinated (49.4% vs. 60.7% among Italians). Sociodemographic characteristics, economic difficulties, and trust in local health units emerged as factors that were significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. Having received the seasonal flu vaccine was identified as a predictor of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among foreign and Italian residents. (4) This study underscores the significance of tailoring interventions to address vaccine hesitancy based on the diverse characteristics of foreign and Italian residents. This research offers practical insights for public health strategies, highlighting the importance of tailored educational campaigns, improved communication, and nuanced interventions to enhance vaccine acceptance and uptake within both populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

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13 pages, 989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attitude and Acceptance towards COVID-19 Booster Doses among Literacy Advantaged Population in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Mehmood Ahmad, Adeel Sattar, Sadaf Aroosa, Arfa Majeed, Muhammad Adil Rasheed, Waqas Ahmad, Asif Iqbal, Muhammad Ovais Omer, Bilal Mahmood Beg and Rana Muhammad Zahid Mushtaq

Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071238 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1337

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected billions of lives and is expected to impose a significant burden on the economy worldwide. Vaccination is the only way to prevent the infection. However, convincing people to get themselves vaccinated is challenging in developing countries such as Pakistan. Therefore, a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted (n = 982 participants) all over Pakistan to evaluate the perception, knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of the general public towards the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, in general, and a booster dose of SARS-CoV-2, in particular. The highest number of participants were from the province of Punjab (84.5%), followed by Islamabad (3.8%), Sindh (3.7%), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2.7%), Baluchistan (2.6%), Gilgit Baltistan (1.4%), and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1.4%). A total of 915 participants were vaccinated against COVID-19, out of which 62.2% received one booster dose, followed by double booster doses (25.5%) and single vaccine shots (12.3%). The highest number of vaccinated participants were from Punjab (85.8%), followed by Islamabad (3.9%), Sindh (2.8%); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2.6%); Baluchistan (2.3%); Gilgit-Baltistan (1.3%); and Azad, Jammu, and Kashmir (1.2%). Among the vaccinated individuals, 71.4% were unemployed, 27.4% were employed (653), and 1.2% were retired from service. However, no significant association was observed among genders and educational levels in regard to acceptance of the booster vaccine. The outcomes of the study revealed that the increased acceptance of booster doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among the public was associated with the intent of personal and family protection. Moreover, individuals with low socioeconomic status and pregnant females showed the least acceptance towards the vaccine inoculation. The study also revealed a decline trend of accepting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

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17 pages, 3376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Behavior and Vaccine Hesitancy Using Twitter-Derived US Population Sentiment during the COVID-19 Pandemic to Predict Daily Vaccination Inoculations

by Talal Daghriri, Michael Proctor, Sarah Matthews and Abdullateef H. Bashiri

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030709 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

The sentiment analysis of social media for predicting behavior during a pandemic is seminal in nature. As an applied contribution, we present sentiment-based regression models for predicting the United States COVID-19 first dose, second dose, and booster daily inoculations from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022. The models merge independent variables representing fear of the virus and vaccine hesitancy. Large correlations exceeding 77% and 84% for the first-dose and booster-dose models inspire confidence in the merger of the independent variables. Death count as a traditional measure of fear is a lagging indicator of inoculations, while Twitter-positive and -negative tweets are strong predictors of inoculations. Thus, the use of sentiment analysis for predicting inoculations is strongly supported with administrative events being catalysts for tweets. Non-inclusion in the second-dose regression model of data occurring before the 1 June 2021 timeframe appear to limit the second-dose model results—only achieving a moderate correlation exceeding 53%. Limiting tweet collection to geolocated tweets does not encompass the entire US Twitter population. Nonetheless, results from Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) surveys appear to generally support the regression factors common to the first-dose and booster-dose regression models and their results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

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14 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthcare Provider’s Perceived Self-Efficacy in HPV Vaccination Hesitancy Counseling and HPV Vaccination Acceptance

by Ikponmwosa Osaghae, Charles Darkoh, Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi, Wenyaw Chan, Paige Padgett Wermuth, Mala Pande, Sonia A. Cunningham and Sanjay Shete

Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020300 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Background: HPV vaccine hesitancy is a key contributor to the sub-optimal HPV vaccination uptake in the United States. We aimed to determine the association between healthcare providers’ self-efficacy in HPV vaccination hesitancy counseling and HPV vaccination acceptance after initial and follow-up counseling sessions. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study of healthcare providers (HCPs) practicing in Texas. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the odds of HPV vaccination acceptance by vaccine-hesitant patients. Additionally, generalized estimating equations were used to compare HPV vaccination acceptance by hesitant patients after follow-up versus initial counseling sessions. Results: 1283 HCPs completed the survey with a mean (SD) age of 47.1 (11.3) years. HCPs who believed that they were very/completely confident in counseling HPV-vaccine-hesitant parents had higher odds of observing HPV vaccination acceptance very often/always after an initial counseling session (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.50; 95% CI: 2.25–5.44) and after follow-up counseling sessions (AOR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.66–4.00) compared to HCPs that perceived they were not at all/somewhat/moderately confident. The odds of HPV vaccination being accepted very often/always by vaccine-hesitant parents was 61% (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.32–1.95) higher after follow-up counseling sessions compared to an initial counseling session. The results were similar for the counseling of HPV-vaccine-hesitant adult patients. Conclusions: The confidence level of HCPs in counseling hesitant parents and adult patients impacts HPV vaccination acceptance. Importantly, acceptance was higher after follow-up counseling sessions than initial counseling sessions. HCPs should receive training in HPV vaccination counseling to enhance their confidence in counseling hesitant patients and should utilize every visit to counsel hesitant patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

13 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Factors of Measles Vaccination Coverage in Niamey, Niger: A Multilevel Analysis

by Mika Kondo Kunieda, Mahamane Laouali Manzo, S. V. Subramanian and Masamine Jimba

Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091513 - 10 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1530

Abstract

Vaccination is a proven equitable intervention if people take advantage of the opportunity to get vaccinated. Niger is a low-income country in West Africa, with a 76% measles 1 vaccination coverage rate in 2016. This study was conducted to identify individual- and neighborhood-level factors that could improve measles 1 vaccination coverage in Niamey, the capital. In October 2016, 460 mothers with children aged 12–23 months were surveyed. The outcome was to determine whether the mother’s child had been vaccinated against measles 1 or not. For individual-level variables of measles 1 vaccination status, the following were included: mother’s age group, mother tongue, maternal education level, husband’s job, where the mother gave birth (at home or at a health center) and whether the mother discussed vaccination with friends. Neighborhood-level factors were access time to the health center, household access to electricity, and a grand-mean-centered wealth score. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed. At the individual-level, primary and secondary-educated mothers were more likely to vaccinate their children against measles 1 (aOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.11–3.51). At the neighborhood-level, no factors were identified. Therefore, a strengthened focus on equity-based, individual factors is recommended, including individual motivation, prompts and ability to access vaccination services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

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Review

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12 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Immunomodulatory Therapy on COVID-19 Vaccine Response in Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases

by Ruth Xian Lynn Yap, Yi Wye Lai, Chang Wei, Joel Jia Wei Ng, Dan Xu, Shuo Feng, Rong Mu, Bernard Yu-Hor Thong and Chuanhui Xu

Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030274 - 06 Mar 2024

Viewed by 956

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is essential for patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with serious COVID-19 infection. With endemicity, waning of vaccine- and infection-acquired immunity, and development of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the need for additional doses of vaccines against serious illness in high-risk immunocompromised persons remains imperative. This review examines how immunomodulatory therapies affect vaccine-induced immune response in patients with AIIRD. Glucocorticoids, methotrexate, azathioprine, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, and abatacept have been shown to variably attenuate both humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccination. Janus kinase inhibitors reduce humoral immune response. In contrast, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, belimumab, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12/23, IL-6, and IL-1 inhibitors appear favorable, with mild or no impact on vaccine response. Although rituximab is known to profoundly diminish humoral immune response, cellular immunity is relatively preserved. Administering a third and subsequent vaccine dose or temporally coordinating the dosing of immunomodulatory drugs may improve vaccine effectiveness. Further research is needed to personalise vaccination strategies for AIIRD patients, considering their specific immunomodulatory treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

13 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessReview

Improving Equity in Urban Immunization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Document Review

by Rachel Victoria Belt, Shakil Abdullah, Sandra Mounier-Jack, Samir V. Sodha, Niklas Danielson, Ibrahim Dadari, Folake Olayinka, Arindam Ray and Tim Crocker-Buque

Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071200 - 04 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2264

Abstract

Introduction: As the world continues to urbanize, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, understanding the barriers and effective interventions to improve urban immunization equity is critical to achieving both Immunization Agenda 2030 targets and the Sustainable Development Goals. Approximately 25 million children missed one or more doses of the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP3) vaccine in 2021 and it is estimated that close to 30% of the world’s children missing the first dose of DTP, known as zero-dose, live in urban and peri-urban settings. Methods: The aim of this research is to improve understanding of urban immunization equity through a qualitative review of mixed method studies, urban immunization strategies and funding proposals across more than 70 urban areas developed between 2016 and 2020, supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. These research studies and strategies created a body of evidence regarding the barriers to vaccination in urban settings and potential interventions relevant to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with a focus on the vaccination of urban poor, populations of concern and residents of informal settlements. Through the document review we identified common challenges to achieving equitable coverage in urban areas and mapped proposed interventions. Results: We identified 70 documents as part of the review and categorized results across (1) social determinants of health, (2) immunization service-delivery barriers and (3) quality of services. Barriers and solutions identified in the documents were categorized in these thematic areas, drawing information from results in more than 21 countries. Conclusion: Populations of concern such as migrants, refugees, residents of informal settlements and the urban poor face barriers to accessing care which include poor availability and quality of service. Example solutions proposed to these challenges include tailored delivery strategies, improved use of digital data collection and child-friendly services. More research is required on the efficacy of the proposed interventions identified and on gender-specific dynamics in urban poor areas affecting equitable immunization coverage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

13 pages, 851 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review on Sociodemographic, Financial and Psychological Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy among Adult Population

by Shruti Ayyalasomayajula, Aditi Dhawan, Mohammed Salim Karattuthodi, Shabeer Ali Thorakkattil, Suhaj Abdulsalim, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Sathvik Sridhar and Mazhuvancherry Kesavan Unnikrishnan

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030623 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3049

Abstract

Background: While considerable evidence supports the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, a sizable population expresses vaccine hesitancy. As per the World Health Organization, vaccine hesitancy is one of the top 10 hazards to global health. Vaccine hesitancy varies across countries, with India reporting the least vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy was higher toward COVID-19 booster doses than previous shots. Therefore, identifying factors determining COVID-19 vaccine booster hesitance (VBH) is the sine qua non of a successful vaccination campaign. Methodology: This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 standards. A total of 982 articles were pooled from Scopus, PubMed and Embase, while 42 articles that addressed the factors of COVID-19 VBH were finally included for further analysis. Result: We identified factors responsible for VBH and divided them into three major groups: sociodemographic, financial, and psychological. Hence, 17 articles stated age to be a major factor for vaccine hesitancy, with most reports suggesting a negative correlation between age and fear of poor vaccination outcomes. Nine studies found females expressing greater vaccine hesitancy than males. Trust deficit in science (n = 14), concerns about safety and efficacy (n = 12), lower levels of fear regarding infection (n = 11), and worry about side effects (n = 8) were also reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Blacks, Democrats, and pregnant women showed high vaccine hesitancy. Few studies have stated income, obesity, social media, and the population living with vulnerable members as factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. A study in India showed that 44.1% of vaccine hesitancy towards booster doses could be attributed dominantly to low income, rural origin, previously unvaccinated status, or living with vulnerable individuals. However, two other Indian studies reported a lack of availability of vaccination slots, a lack of trust in the government, and concerns regarding safety as factors for vaccine hesitancy toward booster doses. Conclusion: Many studies have confirmed the multifactorial nature of VBH, which necessitates multifaceted, individually tailored interventions that address all potentially modifiable factors. This systematic review chiefly recommends strategizing the campaign for booster doses by identifying and evaluating the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, followed by appropriate communication (at both individual and community levels) about the benefits of booster doses and the risk of losing immunity without them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

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27 pages, 891 KiB

Open AccessReview

SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Current Vaccines and Therapeutic Implications for COVID-19

by Hong-Yu Liang, Yuyan Wu, Vicky Yau, Huan-Xin Yin, Scott Lowe, Rachel Bentley, Mubashir Ayaz Ahmed, Wenjing Zhao and Chenyu Sun

Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091538 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4487

Abstract

Over the past two years, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused hundreds of millions of infections, resulting in an unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the virus spreads through the population, ongoing mutations and adaptations are being discovered. There is now substantial clinical evidence that demonstrates the SARS-CoV-2 variants have stronger transmissibility and higher virulence compared to the wild-type strain of SARS-CoV-2. Hence, development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants to boost individual immunity has become essential. However, current treatment options are limited for COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this review, we describe current distribution, variation, biology, and clinical features of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants (including Alpha (B.1.1.7 Lineage) variant, Beta (B.1.351 Lineage) variant, Gamma (P.1 Lineage) variant, Delta (B.1.617.2 Lineage) variant, and Omicron (B.1.1.529 Lineage) variant and others. In addition, we review currently employed vaccines in clinical or preclinical phases as well as potential targeted therapies in an attempt to provide better preventive and treatment strategies for COVID-19 caused by different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

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Other

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32 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Vaccination Guidance for Humanitarian Responses

by Lauren E. Allison, Mervat Alhaffar, Francesco Checchi, Nada Abdelmagid, Barni Nor, Majdi M. Sabahelzain, Page M. Light and Neha S. Singh

Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121743 - 22 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1203

Abstract

Delivering vaccines in humanitarian response requires rigourous and continuous analysis of evidence. This systematic review mapped the normative landscape of vaccination guidance on vaccine-preventable diseases in crisis-affected settings. Guidance published between 2000 and 2022 was searched for, in English and French, on websites of humanitarian actors, Google, and Bing. Peer-reviewed database searches were performed in Global Health and Embase. Reference lists of all included documents were screened. We disseminated an online survey to professionals working in vaccination delivery in humanitarian contexts. There was a total of 48 eligible guidance documents, including technical guidance (n = 17), descriptive guidance (n = 16), operational guidance (n = 11), evidence reviews (n = 3), and ethical guidance (n = 1). Most were World Health Organization documents (n = 21) targeting children under 5 years of age. Critical appraisal revealed insufficient inclusion of affected populations and limited rigour in guideline development. We found limited information on vaccines including, yellow fever, cholera, meningococcal, hepatitis A, and varicella, as well as human papilloma virus (HPV). There is a plethora of vaccination guidance for vaccine-preventable diseases in humanitarian contexts. However, gaps remain in the critical and systematic inclusion of evidence, inclusion of the concept of “zero-dose” children and affected populations, ethical guidance, and specific recommendations for HPV and non-universally recommended vaccines, which must be addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Global Health)

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