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TropicalMed
Special Issues
Holistic Approach to Tuberculosis Detection, Treatment and Prevention, Volume II
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Holistic Approach to Tuberculosis Detection, Treatment and Prevention, Volume II

A special issue of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ISSN 2414-6366). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2023) | Viewed by 8966

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tapash Roy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Country Director, IRD Global, Bangladesh Country Office, Gulshan 1, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
2. Adjuct Faculty, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Interests: tuberculosis; child TB; drug-resistant TB; contact investigation; TB preventive treatment; NCDs; maternal and child health; mental health; diabetes and depression; sexual and reproductive health; HIV/AIDS; COVID-19
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Amyn A. Malik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. IRD Global, Singapore 238884, Singapore
2. Analysis Group Inc., Boston, MA 02199, USA
Interests: tuberculosis; drug-resistant TB; pediatric TB; TB preventive treatment; COVID-19; vaccine acceptance and hesitancy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Abu Naser Zafar Ullah

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Deparment of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Ashulia, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
2. KIT Royal Tropical Institute, 64 Mauritskade, Amsterdam 1092 AD, The Netherlands
Interests: TB; TB PPM, HIV/AIDS; COVID 19; NCD; tobacco; maternal health; family planning; gender; refugee health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sourya Shrestha

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Interests: TB; co-infections; mathematical modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although it is mostly preventable and curable, approximately 10 million people develop tuberculosis disease, resulting in a million deaths every year globally. Most of this burden falls on low-resource settings and the most vulnerable and marginalized populations. While there has been progress toward reducing TB burden in recent years, the rates of decline we have achieved in TB incidence and mortality have lagged behind the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets of 90% reduction in TB deaths and 80% reduction in TB incidence. Furthermore, the massive disruption caused by the current COVID-19 pandemic could ultimately reverse much of the recent gains we have made so far in reducing TB burden. This has resulted in sharp reductions in TB diagnosis, and it is estimated that an additional 6.3 million TB patients and 1.4 million TB deaths will be reported between 2020 and 2025. TB is currently the second largest infectious source of deaths globally, only behind the novel SARS coronavirus, and as such, much needs to be done on all fronts to flight TB. 

However, there is much to feel hopeful for as well. For the first time in several decades, we are on the brink of having a shorter treatment regimen for the treatment of drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB) and a novel TB vaccine that would prevent TB disease in adults. The availability of several novel diagnostics tools, portable digital X-ray devices, novel short-course preventive therapy regimen, and novel preventive treatment for drug-resistant-TB adds further to this optimism. 

As we look forward to TB elimination and meeting TB goals, evidence-based approaches would be the key. This Special Issue on “Holistic Approach to Tuberculosis Detection, Treatment and Prevention, Volume II” invites submissions on evidence-based approaches to ending TB, including active case-finding approaches, TB preventive treatment, and a holistic biosocial approach to TB elimination with global relevance. A broad range of research methodologies will be accepted, including qualitative, epidemiology, operational, implementation, and policy research, as well as other relevant approaches.

The Volume 1 can be read freely at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/tropicalmed/special_issues/holistic_approach_tuberculosis

Dr. Tapash Roy
Dr. Amyn A. Malik
Prof. Dr. Abu Naser Zafar Ullah
Dr. Sourya Shrestha
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • tuberculosis
  • epidemiology
  • TB elimination
  • TB case detection
  • contact investigation
  • TB preventive treatment
  • childhood TB
  • MDR-TB
  • urban TB
  • disparities in TB burden
  • TB in a high-risk population

Published Papers (4 papers)

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7 pages, 1759 KiB  
Communication
Risk Practices for Occupational Zoonotic Exposure to Tuberculosis in a High-Risk Population in Portugal
by Ana Carolina Abrantes, João Serejo and Madalena Vieira-Pinto
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8030167 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1186
Abstract
Concerning large game in Portugal, there is an epidemiological risk area for tuberculosis where the pressure of tuberculosis infection in wild animals is high. Hunters and other people involved in managing carcasses (evisceration and/or initial examination) of these animals should be considered as [...] Read more.
Concerning large game in Portugal, there is an epidemiological risk area for tuberculosis where the pressure of tuberculosis infection in wild animals is high. Hunters and other people involved in managing carcasses (evisceration and/or initial examination) of these animals should be considered as a high-risk population for sporadic occupational zoonotic infection. This study aims to evaluate and indicate these stakeholders’ main risk practices. The survey was carried out in two phases: a first phase with an anonymous survey to hunters about self-consumption of game meat and carcass handling practices, and a second phase of evaluation in loco of the practices carried out at collection points after driven hunts. As the main results suggested in this study, bad practices and improper handling of hunted carcasses potentially infected with tuberculosis were marked in both phases of the survey, mostly related to the lack of recognition of tuberculosis-like lesions and the non-use of individual protection material, such as gloves and masks. It is evident that stakeholders are interested in learning more about how to perform initial examination properly and what kind of biosecurity measures can be adopted to minimize zoonotic infection risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holistic Approach to Tuberculosis Detection, Treatment and Prevention, Volume II)
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9 pages, 517 KiB  
Article
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes among Children and Adolescents in Karachi, Pakistan
by Amyn A. Malik, Uzma Khan, Palwasha Khan, Aliya Anwar, Naseem Salahuddin, Saira Khowaja, Aamir J. Khan, Salman Khan, Hamidah Hussain and Farhana Amanullah
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(12), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7120418 - 06 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797
Abstract
Background: Significant data gaps exist for children and adolescents with drug-resistant (DR) TB, particularly from high TB incidence settings. This report provides a descriptive analysis of programmatic outcomes among children and adolescents treated for DR-TB in Pakistan. Methods: We extracted programmatic data from [...] Read more.
Background: Significant data gaps exist for children and adolescents with drug-resistant (DR) TB, particularly from high TB incidence settings. This report provides a descriptive analysis of programmatic outcomes among children and adolescents treated for DR-TB in Pakistan. Methods: We extracted programmatic data from January 2014 to December 2019 from a tertiary care hospital with specialised child and adolescent DR-TB services. A physician assessed all children and adolescents (0–19 years) with presumptive DR-TB, including details of exposure to DR-TB, medical history, radiology, and laboratory results. All patients received treatment as per national DR-TB management guidelines based on WHO recommendations. Results: There were 262 treatment episodes for 247 patients enrolled during the study period. The median age of the cohort was 16 years (IQR: 13–18 years) with 16 (6.1%) children being under 5 years; 237 (90.5%) patients had pulmonary TB. The majority of the patients (194 or 74.1%) experienced a favourable treatment outcome and 26 (9.9%) died while on treatment. Female patients (78.5%) were more likely to experience favourable outcomes compared to males (64.7%; chi-sqr p-value = 0.02). Conclusions: We found high rates of favourable outcomes in children and adolescents treated for DR-TB. However, there were few young children in our cohort and there was a considerable gender gap that enhanced efforts to diagnose DR-TB in young children and to elucidate and mitigate the reasons for poor outcomes amongst males. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holistic Approach to Tuberculosis Detection, Treatment and Prevention, Volume II)
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13 pages, 896 KiB  
Article
Cost Effectiveness of a Shorter Moxifloxacin Based Regimen for Treating Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis in India
by Malaisamy Muniyandi, Nagarajan Karikalan, Banurekha Velayutham, Kavitha Rajsekar and Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(10), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100288 - 08 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1614
Abstract
Globally efforts are underway to shorten the existing 6-month tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimen for drug-sensitive patients, which would be equally effective and safe. At present, there is a lack of evidence on the cost implications of a shorter 4-month TB regimen in India. [...] Read more.
Globally efforts are underway to shorten the existing 6-month tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimen for drug-sensitive patients, which would be equally effective and safe. At present, there is a lack of evidence on the cost implications of a shorter 4-month TB regimen in India. This economic modeling study was conducted in the Indian context with a high TB burden. We used a hybrid economic model comprising of a decision tree and Markov analysis. The study estimated the incremental costs, life years (LYs), and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained by the introduction of a Moxifloxacin-based shorter 4-month treatment regimen for pulmonary TB patients. The outcomes are expressed in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per QALYs gained. The cost per case to be treated under the 4-month regimen was USD 145.94 whereas for the 6-month regimen it was USD 150.39. A shorter 4-month TB regimen was cost-saving with USD 4.62 per LY and USD 5.29 per QALY. One-way sensitivity analysis revealed that the cost of the drugs for the 4-month regimen, hospitalization cost for adverse drug reactions, and human resources incurred for the 6-month regimen had a higher influence on the ICER. The probability sensitivity analysis highlighted that the joint incremental cost and effectiveness using QALY were less costly and more effective for 67% of the iteration values. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve highlights that the 4-month regimen was dominant to both patients and the National TB Elimination Programme in India as compared to the 6-month regimen at different cost-effectiveness threshold values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holistic Approach to Tuberculosis Detection, Treatment and Prevention, Volume II)
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Review

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13 pages, 1256 KiB  
Review
A Current Perspective on the Potential of Nanomedicine for Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy
by Khushboo Borah Slater, Daniel Kim, Pooja Chand, Ye Xu, Hanif Shaikh and Vaishali Undale
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020100 - 03 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3755
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the ten infectious diseases that cause the highest amount of human mortality and morbidity. This infection, which is caused by a single pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills over a million people every year. There is an emerging problem [...] Read more.
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the ten infectious diseases that cause the highest amount of human mortality and morbidity. This infection, which is caused by a single pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills over a million people every year. There is an emerging problem of antimicrobial resistance in TB that needs urgent treatment and management. Tuberculosis treatment is complicated by its complex drug regimen, its lengthy duration and the serious side-effects caused by the drugs required. There are a number of critical issues around drug delivery and subsequent intracellular bacterial clearance. Drugs have a short lifespan in systemic circulation, which limits their activity. Nanomedicine in TB is an emerging research area which offers the potential of effective drug delivery using nanoparticles and a reduction in drug doses and side-effects to improve patient compliance with the treatment and enhance their recovery. Here, we provide a minireview of anti-TB treatment, research progress on nanomedicine and the prospects for future applications in developing innovative therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holistic Approach to Tuberculosis Detection, Treatment and Prevention, Volume II)
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