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Toxins
Special Issues
Mitigation and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins
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Mitigation and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 4438

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lidia Radko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska St. 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
Interests: mycotoxins; veterynary drugs; interaction; food safety; phytotoxicology; veterinary toxicology and pharmacology
Dr. Marta Mendel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowka St. 166, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: mycotoxins; veterinary phytotherapy; veterinary toxicology; alternative models

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The occurrence of fungal species that can produce toxic metabolites (mycotoxins) in agro-food products has received increasing attention in recent years. So far, more than 400 different mycotoxins have been identified with different toxicity levels, and others are still being identified. The contamination of foods and feeds by mycotoxins causes significant problems worldwide, posing serious health effects for both humans and animals. The risk arises because that fungal species grow naturally in food and are difficult to eliminate. Regulatory guidelines and limits for some mycotoxins in foods and feed have been set by various countries. Moreover, researchers have been working to establish several other ways to control mycotoxins in food and feed. Mycotoxin production can occur either in the pre-harvest or post-harvest stages and during storage under favorable environmental conditions. The first approach to control mycotoxin contamination in feed is to prevent the formation of mycotoxins ahead of feed production. Once the feed becomes contaminated with mycotoxins, the elimination of mycotoxins is almost impossible. Fortunately, at least to some extent, it is possible to reduce the harmful effects of mycotoxins on animals or humans. Recently, physical, chemical, and biological detoxification processes have been developed. They are intended to mitigate mycotoxins in food and feed by destroying, modifying, or adsorbing them. The most common strategy for reducing animal exposure to mycotoxins is to decrease mycotoxin bioavailability by incorporating various mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in the feed, which are targeted at reducing mycotoxin uptake and distribution to the blood and target organs. Depending on their mode of action, these feed additives may act by reducing the bioavailability of the mycotoxins (e.g., adsorbing agents, enzymatic preparations, microorganisms) or by degrading them into less toxic metabolites (biotransforming agents). Of interest is the development of molecular methods, including cloning and expression of detoxification enzyme genes in organisms, which are necessary for the detoxification of mycotoxins by biotransformation.

This Special Issue, “Mitigation and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins”, aims to bring together the latest research on how to reduce mycotoxin contamination in feed and food and is not limited to technologies such as chemical, physical and biological degradation. It is also important to study the occurrence of interactions between mycotoxins and herbs, drugs or other components of the human and animal diet, which could potentially reduce the absorption, accelerate metabolism and excretion of mycotoxins from human and animal organisms. Additionally, literature review articles for this issue would also be welcome. We invite you to submit manuscripts to this issue.

Dr. Lidia Radko
Dr. Marta Mendel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins and their metabolites
  • exposure
  • food/feed safety
  • risk assessment
  • detoxification
  • metabolism
  • interaction
  • toxic effects

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2599 KiB  
Article
Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Yeast Cell Wall Extract Supple-Mentation during Mycotoxin Challenges on the Performance of Laying Hens
by Alexandra C. Weaver, Daniel M. Weaver, Nicholas Adams and Alexandros Yiannikouris
Toxins 2024, 16(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16040171 - 30 Mar 2024
Viewed by 793
Abstract
A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of mycotoxins (MT) without or with the inclusion of yeast cell wall extract (YCWE, Mycosorb®, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) on laying hen performance. A total of 25 trials were collected from [...] Read more.
A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of mycotoxins (MT) without or with the inclusion of yeast cell wall extract (YCWE, Mycosorb®, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) on laying hen performance. A total of 25 trials were collected from a literature search, and data were extracted from 8 of these that met inclusion criteria, for a total of 12 treatments and 1774 birds. Laying hens fed MT had lower (p < 0.05) body weight (BW) by −50 g, egg production by −6.3 percentage points, and egg weight by −1.95 g than control fed hens (CTRL). Inclusion of YCWE during the mycotoxin challenges (YCWE + MT) resulted in numerically greater (p = 0.441) BW by 12.5 g, while egg production and egg weight were significantly (p < 0.0001) higher by 4.2 percentage points and 1.37 g, respectively. Furthermore, economic assessment calculations indicated that YCWE may not only support hen performance but also resulted in a positive return on investment. In conclusion, mycotoxins can play a role in negatively impacting laying hen performance and profitability. Inclusion of YCWE in feed with mycotoxin challenges provided benefits to egg production and egg weight and may support profitability. As such, the inclusion of YCWE could play an important role in minimizing mycotoxin effects and in turn aid farm efficiency and profitability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigation and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins)
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15 pages, 2901 KiB  
Article
Induced Expression of the Acinetobacter sp. Oxa Gene in Lactobacillus acidophilus and Its Increased ZEN Degradation Stability by Immobilization
by Yuqun Zhou, An Wang, Qingzi Yu, Yuqian Tang and Yuanshan Yu
Toxins 2023, 15(6), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15060387 - 08 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1223
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN, ZEA) contamination in various foods and feeds is a significant global problem. Similar to deoxynivalenol (DON) and other mycotoxins, ZEN in feed mainly enters the body of animals through absorption in the small intestine, resulting in estrogen-like toxicity. In this study, [...] Read more.
Zearalenone (ZEN, ZEA) contamination in various foods and feeds is a significant global problem. Similar to deoxynivalenol (DON) and other mycotoxins, ZEN in feed mainly enters the body of animals through absorption in the small intestine, resulting in estrogen-like toxicity. In this study, the gene encoding Oxa, a ZEN-degrading enzyme isolated from Acinetobacter SM04, was cloned into Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356, a parthenogenic anaerobic gut probiotic, and the 38 kDa sized Oxa protein was expressed to detoxify ZEN intestinally. The transformed strain L. acidophilus pMG-Oxa acquired the capacity to degrade ZEN, with a degradation rate of 42.95% at 12 h (initial amount: 20 μg/mL). The probiotic properties of L. acidophilus pMG-Oxa (e.g., acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, and adhesion properties) were not affected by the insertion and intracellular expression of Oxa. Considering the low amount of Oxa expressed by L. acidophilus pMG-Oxa and the damage to enzyme activity by digestive juices, Oxa was immobilized with 3.5% sodium alginate, 3.0% chitosan, and 0.2 M CaCl2 to improve the ZEN degradation efficiency (from 42.95% to 48.65%) and protect it from digestive juices. The activity of immobilized Oxa was 32–41% higher than that of the free crude enzyme at different temperatures (20–80 °C), pH values (2.0–12.0), storage conditions (4 °C and 25 °C), and gastrointestinal simulated digestion conditions. Accordingly, immobilized Oxa could be resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Owing to the colonization, efficient degradation performance, and probiotic functionality of L. acidophilus, it is an ideal host for detoxifying residual ZEN in vivo, demonstrating great potential for application in the feed industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigation and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins)
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Review

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15 pages, 368 KiB  
Review
Endocrine Effect of Some Mycotoxins on Humans: A Clinical Review of the Ways to Mitigate the Action of Mycotoxins
by Klaudia Kościelecka, Aleksandra Kuć, Daria Kubik-Machura, Tomasz Męcik-Kronenberg, Jan Włodarek and Lidia Radko
Toxins 2023, 15(9), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15090515 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1555
Abstract
Fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., which are commonly found in the environment, pose a serious global health problem. This study aims to present the results of epidemiological studies, including clinical cases, on the relationship between human exposure to some mycotoxins, [...] Read more.
Fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., which are commonly found in the environment, pose a serious global health problem. This study aims to present the results of epidemiological studies, including clinical cases, on the relationship between human exposure to some mycotoxins, especially zearalenone and aflatoxin, and the occurrence of reproductive disorders. In addition, examples of methods to reduce human exposure to mycotoxins are presented. In March 2023, various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Web of Science) were systematically searched using Google Chrome to identify studies evaluating the association between exposure to mycotoxins and the occurrence of complications related to impaired fertility or cancer incidence. The analysed data indicate that exposure to the evaluated mycotoxins is widespread and correlates strongly with precocious puberty, reduced fertility and increased cancer incidence in women and men worldwide. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to the Aspergillus mycotoxin aflatoxin (AF) during pregnancy can impair intrauterine foetal growth, promote neonatal jaundice and cause perinatal death and preterm birth. In contrast, exposure to the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) leads to precocious sexual development, infertility, the development of malformations and the development of breast cancer. Unfortunately, the development of methods (biological, chemical or physical) to completely eliminate exposure to mycotoxins has limited practical application. The threat to human health from mycotoxins is real and further research is needed to improve our knowledge and specific public health interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigation and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins)
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