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Special Issue "Symmetry/Asymmetry in Circuits and Electrodynamics"

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A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2023 | Viewed by 6960

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Talgat R. Gazizov

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Guest Editor

Television and Control Department, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Interests: printed circuits; electromagnetic shielding; power supply circuits; TEM cells; circuit noise; circuit reliability; circuit switching; composite materials; conductors (electric); current distribution; electric fields; electrodynamics; electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic wave attenuation; electromagnetic wave propagation; equivalent circuits

Prof. Dr. Alexander M. Zabolotsky

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Guest Editor

Scientific Research Laboratory of Basic Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Interests: electrodynamics; electromagnetic interference; busbars; electric breakdown; electromagnetic pulse; lightning protection; multiconductor transmission lines; power cables; printed circuits; conductors (electric); electromagnetic compatibility; LC circuits; RLC circuits

Prof. Dr. Sergey P. Kuksenko

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Guest Editor

Scientific Research Laboratory of Safety and Electromagnetic Compatibility of Radioelectronic Aids, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Interests: iterative methods; conductors (electric); dielectric materials; distortion; filters; linear algebra; printed circuits; strip lines; surface charging; technology CAD (electronics); electromagnetic compatibility

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With our increasing use of electrical and radioelectronic equipment in day-to-day life, the requirements to ensure proper functioning of this equipment are also hightened. To meet these requirements, it is necessary to solve multiple problems concerning electrical circuits and electrodynamics. Asymmetry is often the main factor to cause the challenges which emerge when we are solving these problems. One representative example of those challenges is associated with achieving electromagnetic compatibility. This Special Issue aims to present research papers, communications, and review articles considering various aspects of symmetry/asymmetry related to circuits and electrodynamics. The subjects of the study include modeling, simulation, optimization, and design issues. The objects of the study include (but are not limited to) antennas, active circuits, passive circuits, transmission lines, and electromagnetic shields. New approaches, models, algorithms, software, simulation, and design examples described in the papers of this Special Issue are expected to help us overcome various challenges in the future.

Prof. Dr. Talgat R. Gazizov
Prof. Dr. Alexander M. Zabolotsky
Prof. Dr. Sergey P. Kuksenko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

symmetry
asymmetry
electrical circuits
electrodynamics
electromagnetic compatibility
symmetrical matrix

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Entangled Photon Anti-Correlations Are Evident from Classical Electromagnetism

Ken Wharton

and

Emily Adlam

Symmetry 2023, 15(8), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15081539 - 04 Aug 2023

Viewed by 610

Abstract

For any experiment with two entangled photons, some joint measurement outcomes can have zero probability for a precise choice of basis. These perfect anti-correlations would seem to be a purely quantum phenomenon. It is, therefore, surprising that these very anti-correlations are also evident when the input to the same experiment is analyzed via classical electromagnetic theory. Demonstrating this quantum–classical connection for arbitrary two-photon states and analyzing why it is successful motivates alternative perspectives concerning entanglement, the path integral, and other topics in quantum foundations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Circuits and Electrodynamics)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

On Symmetry and Asymmetry in Nested Electromagnetic Shields

and

Symmetry 2023, 15(2), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020441 - 07 Feb 2023

Viewed by 594

Abstract

This work focuses on the study of shield systems consisting of nested enclosures. In the first step, using FDTD simulations and measurements in an anechoic chamber, we investigate the shielding effectiveness (SE) of the system of two nested rectangular enclosures in the frequency range of up to 3 GHz. It is shown for the first time that for a number of frequencies, the SE of the nested shields can be improved by 40–50 dB due to the asymmetric arrangement of the enclosures, their electrical connection, and the mutually perpendicular arrangement of the apertures. Next, we analyze the emissions from the electromagnetic radiation sources in the presence and absence of a nested shield system. The results show that a nested shield system may not attenuate the emission amplitude but increases it by more than 58 dB at the resonant frequencies of the enclosures. Then, we prove that a single enclosure can have a higher SE than the same enclosure as a part of a poorly designed nested shield system. The final part of the article formulates practical recommendations for the design of nested shield configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Circuits and Electrodynamics)

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Open AccessArticle

On Wire-Grid Representation for Modeling Symmetrical Antenna Elements

and

Symmetry 2022, 14(7), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14071354 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1303

Abstract

This paper focuses on the combination of the method of moments and the wire-grid approximation as an effective computational technique for modeling symmetrical antennas with low computational cost and accurate results. The criteria and conditions for the use of wire-grid surface approximation from various sources are presented together with new recommendations for modeling symmetrical antenna structures using the wire-grid approximation. These recommendations are used to calculate the characteristics of biconical and horn antennas at different frequencies. The results obtained using different grid and mesh settings are compared to those obtained analytically. Moreover, the results are compared to those obtained using the finite difference time domain numerical method, as well as the measured ones. All results are shown to be in a good agreement. The recommendations used for building a symmetrical wire-grid of those symmetrical antenna elements provided the most advantageous parameters of the grid and mesh settings and the wire radius, which are able to give quite accurate results with low computational cost. Additionally, the known equal area rule was modified for a rectangular grid form. The obtained radiation patterns of a conductive plate using both the original rule and the modified one are compared with the electrodynamic analysis results. It is shown that the use of the modified rule is more accurate when using a rectangle grid form. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Circuits and Electrodynamics)

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Open AccessArticle

Using N-Norms for Analyzing Symmetric Protective Electrical Circuits with Triple Modal Reservation

Yevgeniy S. Zhechev

Anna V. Zhecheva

Alexey A. Kvasnikov

and

Alexander M. Zabolotsky

Symmetry 2021, 13(12), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122390 - 11 Dec 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

The redundancy of functional blocks and critical assemblies in radio-electronic equipment is among the most widely used techniques for increasing reliability. Complex redundant systems raise the problem of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Ignoring EMC requirements can lead to partial or complete REE failures. In this paper, the authors analyze a noise-protective electrical circuit with triple modal reservation (a promising type of cold redundancy). A multilayer stripline is investigated, the conductors of which are symmetrically arranged relative to two planes. On account of the strong electromagnetic coupling, this protective circuit can decompose dangerous ultra-wideband (UWB) interference received at the input of the primary or redundant circuits into unipolar pulses of lower amplitude. Using this approach, due to the symmetry of the conductors, equal decomposition efficiency could be achieved. However, the effect of UWB interference at the input of one of the conductors produces bipolar pulses at the output of the other conductors. In this paper, the authors evaluate the dangers of unipolar and bipolar decomposed pulses and use modal analysis to mathematically determine the polarities and amplitudes of the decomposed pulses at all output nodes for a pseudo-matched structure. By using the quasistatic approach with and without losses, the time responses to a trapezoidal pulse with a total duration of 60 ps, which simulates UWB interference, are obtained. To confirm the results of modal analysis and quasistatic simulation, an experimental study is performed. Using a stroboscopic oscilloscope DSA 8300, the authors obtained a transient response to a step excitation. Then, taking the derivative, the response to a trapezoidal pulse with a total duration of 140 ps was obtained. To analyze the criticality of the decomposed pulses, N-norms are used. In the general case, it is shown that the UWB interference is decomposed into four pulses of lower amplitude. At the same time, the value of each N-norm indicates its significant attenuation. For example, the amplitude of the UWB pulse acting on the input of the reserved conductor decreases by 10.31–8.93 times. Such results numerically demonstrate the high efficiency of the suggested approach when it comes to protecting equipment against UWB interference. It is also shown that the probability of dielectric breakdown and damage to electronic components in redundant circuits is lower than in a primary circuit. This is due to the fact that the value of N₃ in the redundant circuit is 2.38 times less than in the primary circuit. However, the results demonstrate that arcing is highly probable both in primary and redundant circuits. Finally, aspects of symmetry/asymmetry in the problem under investigation are emphasized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Circuits and Electrodynamics)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

Wire-Grid and Sparse MoM Antennas: Past Evolution, Present Implementation, and Future Possibilities

and

Symmetry 2023, 15(2), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020378 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

Since the end of the 19th century, radioelectronic devices (REDs) have actively penetrated into all modern community spheres. Achievements in the fields of radio engineering and electronics, as well as computing, information, telecommunications, and other technologies, have greatly contributed to this. The main elements of REDs are antennas and microwave devices. For example, linear (wire) antennas are the basis of long-distance communication agency networks of various law enforcement agencies and departments. The manufacturing of REDs requires the regular and rapid appearance of more and more advanced types with minimal costs. At the same time, the design complexity of REDs and the tightening of EMC requirements caused by the growth of upper frequencies of useful and interfering signals, the mounting density, as well as the capabilities of generators of intentional electromagnetic impacts, together with the need to take into account inter-element, inter-unit, and inter-system interference, require more and more accurate designs of REDs. However, this becomes impossible without computer modeling, which saves the time and financial resources required for their development, as well as to evaluate the correctness of the proposed technical solutions. During the design process, as a rule, a multivariate analysis or optimization of the product is performed. In this case, methods of computational electrodynamics (one of which is the method of moments) are used. They are based on the replacement of continuous functions with their discrete analogues (construction of a grid), which reduces the problem to the solution of a system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE). The problem’s complexity depends on the complexity of the SLAE solution, which is determined by its order (which in turn is determined by the complexity of the simulated object and its surrounding area) and by the number of the required SLAE solutions for each problem (determined by the upper frequency of the signal, the number, and range of the optimized parameters). This dramatically increases the computational cost, which becomes the main constraint for the optimal design. Therefore, reducing the computational cost for the analysis and optimization of RED elements (in particular, linear antennas) is an important scientific problem. Meanwhile, finding new antenna structures that meet all the desired features (low price, required characteristics, manufacturable design with small dimensions and windage, etc.) is no less important today. One of the promise solutions for these problems is using a wire grid and sparse antennas for modeling and constructing antennas. Since the last century, a lot of research has been performed on them. The aim of this paper is to review their history and the main related aspects such as computational, acceleration, and optimization used methods, the fields of their application, and their evolution to this moment. In addition, this paper provides a possible future implementation of wire-grid and sparse antennas from the authors’ point of view by presenting a new method that is under research to obtain effective wire sparse antennas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Circuits and Electrodynamics)

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