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Sustainable Transition in Transport Energy Consumption: The Charging/Discharging Infrastructure and Self-Containing Transport Energy System of New Energy Vehicles

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (2 January 2024) | Viewed by 16105

Special Issue Editors

Associate Professor, School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
Interests: EV charging infrastructure planning; EV V2G optimal scheduling strategy; self-containing transportation energy system; complex network system engineering methodology
Associate Professor, College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
Interests: energy internet; wireless power transmission
Research Institute of Emergency Science, China Coal Research Institute CCRI, China Coal Technology & Engineering Group (CCTEG), Beijing 100013, China
Interests: new energy infrastructure planning; new energy vehicle routing problem; methodologies for environmentally sustainable road/railway transportation applications
Associate Professor, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong Unversity, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: traffic simulation; location optimization; railway energy convergence

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Based on its energy consumption, the transportation system accounts for nearly one-third of the global energy demand and also contributes more than 20% of carbon emissions. In the context of carbon-neutrality, renewable energy has been advocated as a promising energy carrier to achieve zero-carbon integration of transportation and energy systems. Aimed toward comprehensive industry application, the renewable supply chain is developing into a critical nexus closely linking transportation and energy networks. Connecting zero-carbon transportation with the grid in a bi-direction trans-energy system can significantly increase the ability to accommodate higher penetration of renewable energy.

The aim of this Special Issue is to identify, address and disseminate state-of-the-art research works focusing on evaluating the merits of renewable energy carriers toward zero-carbon transportation-energy systems integration, especially in terms of typical applications, such as EV charging infrastructure with renewable energy, self-containing transport energy system planning with sustainable renewable energy, et al.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but not limited to) the following:

TOPIC 1: Renewable Energy Systems for the Transport Sector

  1. Power system planning, optimal load dispatch and scheduling with the penetration of electric vehicles and renewable energy
  2. Self-containing renewable energy system planning with road transportation
  3. System monitoring and assessment of the integrated network with renewable energy and electric vehicles
  4. Electric vehicles—planning of charging/discharging stations
  5. Electric vehicle infrastructure—optimal operation/scheduling
  6. Decarbonization of the transportation system with potential renewable energy from energization of its infrastructure assets
  7. Assessment technology of natural endowment of renewable energy in highway transportation systems
  8. Trans-energy system configuration and design
  9. Power system stability and reliability with the penetration of electric vehicle and/or renewable energy

TOPIC 2: Other Sustainable Techniques for the Transit of Transport Energy

  1. Wireless power transmission technology between electric vehicles and the power grid
  2. Sustainable solutions of communication, positioning and sensing for electric vehicles
  3. Form and adaptation mode of low-carbon-based polymorphic energy-transportation integration
  4. Methods and technologies of carbon capture, utilization, and storage within transport system
  5. Strategy and policy evaluations on self-contained transportation and energy systems
  6. Methodologies for environmentally sustainable road/railway transportation applications
  7. Application of big data and artificial intelligence for developing integrated transportation and photovoltaic/hydrogen systems
  8. Collaborative management technologies of electric vehicle charging and distributed grid operation
  9. Transportation risk analysis, protection and safety issues supported by renewable energy process industries
  10. Information and communication technologies for enabling and supporting trans-energy systems

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Ruifeng Shi
Dr. Li Ji
Dr. Han Liu
Dr. Zhe Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy
  • transport energy system
  • new energy vehicles
  • electric vehicles
  • EV charging/discharging infrastructure
  • decarbonization with transport system
  • low-carbon-based transport operation system

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 5244 KiB  
Article
Research on Wind Turbine Location and Wind Energy Resource Evaluation Methodology in Port Scenarios
by Chuan Huang, Changjian Liu, Ming Zhong, Hanbing Sun, Tianhang Gao and Yonglin Zhang
Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031074 - 26 Jan 2024
Viewed by 815
Abstract
Wind energy is widely distributed in China as a renewable energy source. Aiming to alleviate the issues resulting from fossil fuel consumption faced by developing and developed countries (e.g., climate change) and to meet development needs, this study innovatively proposed methods for the [...] Read more.
Wind energy is widely distributed in China as a renewable energy source. Aiming to alleviate the issues resulting from fossil fuel consumption faced by developing and developed countries (e.g., climate change) and to meet development needs, this study innovatively proposed methods for the location selection of wind farms and wind turbines in port areas based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Considering that the wind turbine location is crucial to wind power generation, this paper focuses on locating wind turbines within a specific set of sea ports. The primary objectives of this paper are to evaluate the potential of wind power generation under different port scenarios and develop a method for assessing the potential of wind energy resources in wind farm areas. Firstly, a method is proposed for identifying the boundaries of wind farms in the port areas and locating wind turbines at sea ports. Furthermore, this study used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) wind speed database to test the proposed method with the real-world wind power projects of the Ports of Tianjin, Shanghai, Xiamen, Shenzhen, and Hainan, which are top ports within five major coastal port clusters in China. It is found that the potential power generation capacity of the wind power farms at the above ports is 30.71 GWh, 19.82 GWh, 16.72 GWh, 29.45 GWh, and 24.42 GWh, respectively. Additionally, sensitive results for different types of wind turbines are conducted in the following experiment. The results of this study are fundamental for enriching the research of evaluating wind energy resources of sea ports and promoting the development and use of clean energy in practical environments. Further, the method proposed in this study is essential for optimizing the location and construction of wind turbines, which may help ports in adopting a low-carbon and green development path, thereby mitigating air pollution, and promoting sustainable development. Full article
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22 pages, 2524 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Planning and Design of Self-Sufficient Wind Power Energy Systems at Ports
by Haowei Zhao, Ming Zhong, Linfeng Li, Muhammad Safdar and Ziran Zhang
Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16189; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316189 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 543
Abstract
This study proposes a scientific method to assess the rationality of planning and design of self-sufficient wind power systems (SS-WPSs) at ports. The evaluation method proposed is based on the concept of integrated development of water transportation and a clean energy system, taking [...] Read more.
This study proposes a scientific method to assess the rationality of planning and design of self-sufficient wind power systems (SS-WPSs) at ports. The evaluation method proposed is based on the concept of integrated development of water transportation and a clean energy system, taking into account the demand of the former and the availability of the latter. First, the factors representing the property of the system from the perspectives of economy, environment, energy efficiency, self-sufficiency, and reliability are calculated. The evaluation method is developed by using a combined Analytical Hierarchy Process and Entropy Weight Method (AHP-EWM) to calculate the subjective and objective weights of these factors. Subsequently, a combined weighting method based on game theory is employed with the aim of minimizing deviations between the subjective and objective weights and the combination weights, thereby determining the optimal combination of weights of the evaluation factors. These weights will be used to calculate evaluation results under different planning schemes. To validate the effectiveness of the method, a case study is developed based on a wind power energy demonstration project at a dock of a container port. Study results reveal that Option C, considered in this study, outperforms other options with the highest evaluation score of 0.737. Sensitivity analysis further underscores the reliability of Option C, showing a robust 96.15% probability of achieving the maximum final score within a 20% variation range. This indicates that the case study demonstrates that intuitive and realistic evaluation results can be obtained from the proposed method. These results affirm the practicality of our approach, providing invaluable insights for planners, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in sustainable energy initiatives. Full article
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16 pages, 1229 KiB  
Article
Research on Performance Evaluation Index System and Assessment Methods for Microgrid Operation in the Port Area
by Xianfeng Xu, Ke Wang, Yong Lu, Yunbo Tian, Liqun Hu and Ming Zhong
Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15019; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015019 - 18 Oct 2023
Viewed by 571
Abstract
The vertical integration of ‘Generation-Grid-Load-Storage’ in microgrids for port areas is a prevailing trend. To comprehensively and accurately assess the operational efficiency of microgrids and develop an effective means for promoting the sustainable and scalable development of microgrids in port areas, an applicable [...] Read more.
The vertical integration of ‘Generation-Grid-Load-Storage’ in microgrids for port areas is a prevailing trend. To comprehensively and accurately assess the operational efficiency of microgrids and develop an effective means for promoting the sustainable and scalable development of microgrids in port areas, an applicable evaluation index system and comprehensive evaluation method are essential. Addressing the issues of subjectivity in quantitative evaluation decision-making for different configuration and allocation schemes in port areas and the lack of a comprehensive evaluation system for microgrids in port areas, this study aims to scientifically and reasonably evaluate and select the most optimal configuration and energy dispatching schemes for microgrids in port areas. In this paper, the performance indicators of microgrids in port areas are hierarchically structured and classified into five dimensions: economic, energy efficiency, environmental, system reliability, and safety. A comprehensive evaluation index system for microgrid systems in port areas is constructed. Furthermore, an evaluation model for microgrid operational efficiency based on improved CRITIC-TOPSIS is proposed. The coefficient of variation is introduced to measure the relative strength and relative variation of indicators among dimensions, reducing the impact of correlation between indicators and improving the accuracy and objectivity of the evaluation results. Then, the TOPSIS method is used to calculate the comprehensive evaluation values and rank the optimal microgrid schemes in port areas. Finally, the feasibility of the evaluation index system and evaluation method for the operational efficiency of microgrids in port areas is verified through case analysis. The results indicate that the evaluation method based on improved CRITIC-TOPSIS can objectively and quantitatively evaluate the operational efficiency of microgrids in different port areas. The proposed method reasonably avoids the strong subjectivity in weight calculation by traditional expert judgment during the planning phase of microgrids in port areas, providing a new and scientifically effective engineering evaluation and analysis method for the evaluation of microgrid operational efficiency in port areas. Full article
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26 pages, 5884 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Photovoltaic Power Generation Potential of Highway Slopes
by Zhenqiang Han, Weidong Zhou, Aimin Sha, Liqun Hu and Runjie Wei
Sustainability 2023, 15(16), 12159; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612159 - 09 Aug 2023
Viewed by 903
Abstract
The solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation system (PGS) is a viable alternative to fossil fuels for the provision of power for infrastructure and vehicles, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing the sustainability of road transport systems. A highway slope is generally an idle [...] Read more.
The solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation system (PGS) is a viable alternative to fossil fuels for the provision of power for infrastructure and vehicles, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing the sustainability of road transport systems. A highway slope is generally an idle public area with high accessibility, which is the ideal application scenario for a PV PGS. The assessment of PV power generation potential (PGP) is key for the planning and design of PV PGS projects. Previous approaches to potential assessments are mainly based on digital maps and image processing techniques, which do not fully consider the impacts of the highway orientation, the slope geometric characteristics, and the PV panel placement scheme on the evaluation results. Therefore, this study proposes an assessment method for the PV PGP on highway slopes using the design or calculated highway and slope geometric parameters and the solar radiation received by PV panels under the desirable placement scheme. Highway segmentation and geometric parameter calculation methods were established, and the optimal PV array placement schemes for typical slope orientations were determined by simulating the PV power generation in the software PVsyst (version 7.2). Afterwards, the theoretical PGP could be calculated using the received solar radiation and the available slope area. By subtracting the energy loss caused by temperature changes, the operation of inverters, and the PV modules’ performance decay, the actual PV PGP could be obtained. Finally, a case study of the solar PGP assessment of a 1.97 km long highway section is provided, and the feasibility of the proposed method is verified. Full article
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20 pages, 20563 KiB  
Article
Configuration Planning of Expressway Self-Consistent Energy System Based on Multi-Objective Chance-Constrained Programming
by Xian Huang, Wentong Ji, Xiaorong Ye and Zhangjie Feng
Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5605; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065605 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1325
Abstract
Regarding the problem of the optimal configuration of self-consistent energy systems based on a 100% renewable energy supply for expressway electricity demand in no-grid areas, this paper proposes a multi-objective planning model based on chance-constrained programming (CCP) to achieve the optimization objectives of [...] Read more.
Regarding the problem of the optimal configuration of self-consistent energy systems based on a 100% renewable energy supply for expressway electricity demand in no-grid areas, this paper proposes a multi-objective planning model based on chance-constrained programming (CCP) to achieve the optimization objectives of low cost and high reliability. Firstly, the number of units of different types of wind turbines (WT), the capacity of photovoltaic (PV) cells, and the number of sets of energy storage systems (ESS) are selected for the design variables in our configuration plan. After defining the load grading shedding and ESS scheduling strategy, the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method and the backward reduction method are applied to model the uncertainties of electric load and renewable energy sources. Finally, the set of Pareto solutions are optimized by the non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and its unique best solution is determined by the Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach. Making use of the wind speed and solar radiation intensity historical data of an area in northwest China in the last five years, eight case studies of two typical scenarios are designed and carried out to explore in-depth the impact of different confidence levels and load fluctuation ranges on the planning results. The results verify that the proposed method can effectively improve the robustness of the system and satisfy the power demand in confidence scenarios. Full article
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30 pages, 16255 KiB  
Article
Research on Highway Self-Consistent Energy System Planning with Uncertain Wind and Photovoltaic Power Output
by Ruifeng Shi, Yuqin Gao, Jin Ning, Keyi Tang and Limin Jia
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043166 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1574
Abstract
Highways are a critical consumer of energy. The integration of the highway and the energy system (ES) is a proven method towards carbon neutrality. The increasing energy demands of highway transportation infrastructure and the development of distributed energy and energy storage technologies drive [...] Read more.
Highways are a critical consumer of energy. The integration of the highway and the energy system (ES) is a proven method towards carbon neutrality. The increasing energy demands of highway transportation infrastructure and the development of distributed energy and energy storage technologies drive the coupling between the highway system (HS) and the energy supply network, which is becoming tighter than ever before. Many scholars have explored the mode and path of integrated transportation and energy development. However, the energy and transportation systems’ coupling relationship and the collaborative planning scheme have not been thoroughly studied. Facing the increasing interconnection between transportation and energy networks, as well as addressing the demand for clean energy in highway transportation effectively, this paper proposes a highway self-consistent energy system (HSCES) planning model integrating uncertain wind and photovoltaic (PV) power output, so as to analyze the energy supply mode of the HS and determine the multi-energy capacity configuration of the self-consistent energy system (SCES). Firstly, the mathematical model related to each micro-generator of the SCES and the load aggregation scenario of the HS is established. Secondly, considering the uncertainty of renewable energy, this paper focuses on wind and PV power generation, and abatement technology, under uncertain conditions to ensure the best solution for reliability. Thirdly, taking the economy, reliability and the renewable energy utilization rate of the system into account, the system planning model is established under the condition of ensuring the system correlation constraints. Finally, the proposed method is validated using a section of the highway transportation system in western China. The results show that the hybrid energy storage planning scheme can cause the system’s renewable energy utilization rate to reach 99.61%, and the system’s power supply reliability to reach 99.74%. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out coordinated planning while considering the characteristics of the HS and the ES, which can minimize the planning cost of a HSCES, reduce the waste of wind and solar energy, and ensure the reliability of the power supply for the HS. Full article
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20 pages, 813 KiB  
Article
Current Implementation and Development Countermeasures of Green Energy in China’s Highway Transportation
by Minmin Yuan, Junfeng Mai, Xiaofei Liu, Hongfei Shen and Jie Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3024; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043024 - 07 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1390
Abstract
The transportation industry is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels and sources of carbon dioxide emission, with highway transportation accounting for more than 70% of the total. In order to promote efficient, clean, diversified, and intelligent use of energy, this study [...] Read more.
The transportation industry is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels and sources of carbon dioxide emission, with highway transportation accounting for more than 70% of the total. In order to promote efficient, clean, diversified, and intelligent use of energy, this study proposes an innovative application technology model for integrating highway transportation and energy to improve the utilization of clean energy and reduce the proportion of fossil energy and carbon emissions in highway transportation. This study addresses the current problems of green energy development in China’s highways, and combines green low-carbon development policies in international transportation with inspirations based on experience. Based on the principles of safety, efficiency, environmental friendliness, wisdom, and economy, this study systematically analyzes the current situation of green energy application in China’s highway transportation. It proposes one core objective, two major roles, and five major security systems of development measures for green energy application China’s highway transportation with the aim of promoting the transformation and upgrade of China’s highway transportation industry. This study can also help to achieve green and low-carbon development of highway transportation and provides a decision-making reference for the ecological civilization construction goals of the industry. Full article
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24 pages, 4109 KiB  
Article
Vehicle Routing Optimization for Vaccine Distribution Considering Reducing Energy Consumption
by Runfeng Yu, Lifen Yun, Chen Chen, Yuanjie Tang, Hongqiang Fan and Yi Qin
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021252 - 09 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1298
Abstract
In recent years, the energy consumption of vehicles has gained widespread attention due to the increasing importance of energy and environmental issues. Coupled with the explosive demand for vaccines that has spawned the massive deployment of refrigerated trucks, energy savings and efficiency improvement [...] Read more.
In recent years, the energy consumption of vehicles has gained widespread attention due to the increasing importance of energy and environmental issues. Coupled with the explosive demand for vaccines that has spawned the massive deployment of refrigerated trucks, energy savings and efficiency improvement are the goals pursued by pharmaceutical logistics companies while getting the vaccine distribution task done. In order to evaluate the fuel consumption of refrigerated trucks during vaccine distribution, in this paper, we construct a mathematical model for the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) for vaccine distribution with the aim of minimizing the total cost, including fossil fuel cost and penalty cost. Due to the NP-hardness and nonlinearity of the model, a genetic algorithm with a large neighborhood search operator (GA-LNS) and TSP-split encoding method is customized to address the large-scale problem. Numerical experiments show that the algorithm can obtain a near-optimal solution in an acceptable computational time. In addition, the proposed algorithm is implemented to evaluate a case of vaccine distribution in Haidian, Beijing, China. Insights on the effects of seasonal temperature, vehicle speed, driver working hours, and refrigeration efficiency are also presented. Full article
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19 pages, 1999 KiB  
Article
Risk Analysis of Public–Private Partnership Waste-to-Energy Incineration Projects from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization
by Guoxian Cao, Chaoyang Guo and Hezhong Li
Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 8205; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138205 - 05 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1887
Abstract
In China, more and more waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration plants are being delivered through public–private partnership (PPP) schemes in rural areas, which are focused on rural revitalization. These can not only deal with the ever-increasing solid waste but also provide renewable energy and thus [...] Read more.
In China, more and more waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration plants are being delivered through public–private partnership (PPP) schemes in rural areas, which are focused on rural revitalization. These can not only deal with the ever-increasing solid waste but also provide renewable energy and thus benefit local societies. However, they usually endure a lot of risks due to long concession periods and complex contractual relationships. This research investigates the risk management of PPP WTE incineration projects from the perspective of rural revitalization. First, a preliminary list of 36 risks was derived based on a literature review. Second, a focused group discussion with eight experts was held to obtain the final list of 36 risk factors, taking into account rural revitalization. Third, a structured questionnaire survey was conducted to consult the risk frequency and risk severity. A total of 100 valid questionaries were collected. Finally, risk analysis and discussion were provided on the basis of the survey. The top 10 risks are rural appearance, payment risk, local employment, local economic development, local government succession, operation cost overrun, waste supply, construction cost overrun, revenue risk and price change risk. It indicates that (1) PPP WTE incineration projects can effectively promote rural development; (2) government authorities play a significant role in the sustainable development of PPP WTE incineration projects; and (3) the risk preference of rural PPP WTE incineration projects is social, economic and environmental risks. Full article
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15 pages, 3111 KiB  
Article
Application of Clustering Algorithms in the Location of Electric Taxi Charging Stations
by Qing Li, Xue Li, Zuyu Liu and Yaping Qi
Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 7566; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137566 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1514
Abstract
The reasonable layout of charging stations is an important measure to improve the penetration rate of the electric taxi market. Based on the multi-type clustering algorithm, a widely applicable electric taxi charging stations locating method is proposed. By analyzing the massive gasoline taxi [...] Read more.
The reasonable layout of charging stations is an important measure to improve the penetration rate of the electric taxi market. Based on the multi-type clustering algorithm, a widely applicable electric taxi charging stations locating method is proposed. By analyzing the massive gasoline taxi GPS trajectory data, the parking information and charging requirements of electric taxis are extracted, and the research area is divided into reasonable grids. Then, the divided grids are respectively subjected to multiple same-type clustering and multiple multi-type clustering algorithms, so as to help find out the location of the charging station, and a comparative analysis is performed. The empirical analysis shows that the positioning results of the multiple multi-type clustering algorithms are more reasonable than the multiple same-type clustering algorithms, which can effectively prolong the driving distance of electric taxis and save the travel time of drivers. Full article
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Review

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16 pages, 2225 KiB  
Review
A Review of Clean Energy Exploitation for Railway Transportation Systems and Its Enlightenment to China
by Jing Teng, Longkai Li, Yajun Jiang and Ruifeng Shi
Sustainability 2022, 14(17), 10740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710740 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2458
Abstract
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), China’s rail system will become fully electrified by 2050. However, in some remote areas with a weak power grid connection, the promise of an electrified railway will be hard to achieve. By replacing conventional fuels with [...] Read more.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), China’s rail system will become fully electrified by 2050. However, in some remote areas with a weak power grid connection, the promise of an electrified railway will be hard to achieve. By replacing conventional fuels with clean and environmentally-friendly energy, overall carbon emissions would be significantly reduced, contributing to the fulfillment of the carbon-neutral commitment. This study reviews clean energy exploitation in the railway transportation system and the distribution of renewable energy sources along the railway lines of China. The evaluation results show that China has huge energy potential. In terms of photovoltaics alone, the annual power generation of China’s high-speed railway is about 170 TWh, meaning that the energy self-consistency rate for high-speed railway can reach 284.84%. Efficient exploitation of clean energy sources for China’s railway transportation system would effectively mitigate anxieties surrounding energy shortages. Full article
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