Research

23 pages, 5601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes to the Transport Behaviour of Inhabitants of a Large City Due the Pandemic

by Marta Borowska-Stefańska, Maxim A. Dulebenets, Piotr Koneczny, Michał Kowalski, Edyta Masierek, Filip Turoboś and Szymon Wiśniewski

Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2568; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062568 - 21 Mar 2024

Viewed by 785

Abstract

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic and, in consequence, many countries took steps to prevent the importation and subsequent local transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, resulting in restrictions on economic activity, transport, [...] Read more.

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic and, in consequence, many countries took steps to prevent the importation and subsequent local transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, resulting in restrictions on economic activity, transport, travel, and daily mobility. Although the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on daily mobility have been widely addressed in the literature, there is a limited number of studies that indicate to what extent these changes have become permanent. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and scale of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the local transport system of a large city in Poland (Łódź) and, above all, to identify the permanence of this impact. To accomplish these objectives, a questionnaire survey was conducted using the computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) technique on a sample of 500 residents, which included questions on daily mobility in the period before (autumn 2019) and after (autumn 2022) the pandemic. In addition, the results of the questionnaire survey were juxtaposed with data from intelligent transport systems (ITS) (data from 20 induction loops, and data on the number of tickets validated in public transport vehicles). Not only did the pandemic change the frequency of spatial motivations, but it also affected trip durations and preferred modes of transport. The most unfavourable changes concern the modal division and the increase in the use of private transport at the expense of public transport. Understanding the durability of the impact of the pandemic on changes in the spatial mobility of the population may help to develop transport policies and increase the resilience of transport systems to possible future pandemics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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30 pages, 5008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Sustainability: A Clustering Approach

by Orietta Nicolis, Jean Paul Maidana, Fabian Contreras and Danilo Leal

Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041525 - 10 Feb 2024

Viewed by 786

Abstract

This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on OECD countries and the Chilean case. Utilizing a clustering approach, the research aims to investigate how countries can be categorized based on their pandemic mitigation [...] Read more.

This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on OECD countries and the Chilean case. Utilizing a clustering approach, the research aims to investigate how countries can be categorized based on their pandemic mitigation strategies, economic responses, and infection rates. The methodology incorporates k-means and hierarchical clustering techniques, along with dynamic time warping, to account for the temporal variations in the pandemic’s progression across different nations. The study integrates the GDP into the analysis, thereby offering a perspective on the relationship between this economic indicator and health measures. Special attention is given to the case of Chile, thus providing a detailed examination of its economic and financial indicators during the pandemic. In particular, the work addresses the following main research questions: How can the OECD countries be clustered according to some health and economical indicators? What are the impacts of mitigation measures and the pension fund withdrawals on the Chilean economy? The study identifies significant differences (p-value < 0.05%) in the GDPs and infection rates between the two identified clusters that are influenced by government measures, particularly in the banking sector (55% and 60% in clusters 1 and 2, respectively). In Chile, a rebound in the IMACEC index is noted after increased liquidity, especially following partial pension fund withdrawals, thereby aligning with discrepancies between model forecasts and actual data. This study provides important insights for evidence-based public policies, thus aiding decision makers in mitigating the socioeconomic impact of global health crises and offering strategic advice for a sustainable economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 2631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disruptions in the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Supply Chains of the Automotive Industry as Crucial for the Polish Economy

by Tomasz Rokicki, Piotr Bórawski and Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010269 - 27 Dec 2023

Viewed by 933

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to identify disruptions occurring in the supply chain of automotive enterprises operating in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic and ways to counteract them, taking into account the type of business conducted. The specific objectives are to identify [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article is to identify disruptions occurring in the supply chain of automotive enterprises operating in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic and ways to counteract them, taking into account the type of business conducted. The specific objectives are to identify and characterise the types of enterprises operating in automotive supply chains, to identify changes during the pandemic in automotive enterprises, depending on the type of activity, and to show disruptions in automotive supply chains and ways to counteract these disadvantages depending on the type of activity. Automotive enterprises operating in Poland were selected for the study purposefully. A random selection method was used to select 500 automotive companies for the study. The data sources were surveys conducted in June 2023 among 500 enterprises in the form of a direct telephone interview. The Pearson χ² test of independence was used to check the existing relationships between the type of business activity and the results and responses obtained in the surveys. Automotive companies experienced supply chain disruptions, regardless of the type of business. Most often, these were caused by lockdowns and official closures, low stocks of materials and products, and problems with employees. The type of business conducted was not a factor determining the type of disruptions in the supply chain. All types of enterprises reported similar problems in the supply chain, such as longer order processing times, increased transport, storage, and labour costs, and decreased on-time delivery. Disruptions were most often short-lived, up to 1 year. Car producers indicated that disruptions were longer and even longer lasting compared to sales, maintenance, and repairs. Companies countered disruptions by using mostly operational measures, which were short-lived. Only a small percentage of operators made strategic decisions and countered disruptions over a longer period. The scale of these actions was greater among manufacturers than among dealers and car service companies. The theoretical contribution to science was the identification of disruptions and ways of responding to them in supply chains in the automotive industry, depending on the main types of activities conducted. A practical contribution may be the presentation of enterprises’ reactions to the uncertainty and the recommendation that enterprises have ready scenarios for responding to occurring disruptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 1084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Impact of COVID-19 on International Trade: Cases of Major Countries Using the SUR Model

by Taeil Kim, Sunghwa Park, Hanna Kim and Janghan Kwon

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16560; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416560 - 05 Dec 2023

Viewed by 888

Abstract

This study examined the intricate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on international trade complexity. Focusing on major international trading entities such as Hong Kong, Korea, China, Japan, and the U.S., we evaluated how confirmed COVID-19 cases and government responses influenced trade patterns, particularly [...] Read more.

This study examined the intricate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on international trade complexity. Focusing on major international trading entities such as Hong Kong, Korea, China, Japan, and the U.S., we evaluated how confirmed COVID-19 cases and government responses influenced trade patterns, particularly in exports and imports. We employed a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) analysis with cyclic regression coefficients to scrutinize changes in trade relationships between 2020 and 2021. Korea serves as the central country for this analysis, and the findings extend to other nations. The results revealed the varied impact of COVID-19 on trade across countries. Exports from Korea to China were correlated with COVID-19 case numbers and government actions in both countries. Additionally, imports from China, Japan, the U.S. and Vietnam—excluding Hong Kong—were significantly influenced by confirmed COVID-19 cases in Korea, reflecting the demand dynamics. Government interventions also played a substantial role in shaping trade patterns. Previous studies have primarily focused on financial markets and supply chains, whereas our study analyzed the changes in trade with Korea’s five largest trading partners: China, the U.S., Japan, Vietnam, and Hong Kong. Notably, we utilized long-term data and changes in major trading partners in Asia over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Perspective of Bank Employees on the Impact of Green Process Innovation and Perceived Environmental Responsibilities on the Sustainable Performance of the Banking Industry

by Tsai-Ling Liu, Tyrone T. Lin and Shu-Yen Hsu

Sustainability 2023, 15(22), 15925; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215925 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1124

Abstract

This research employs a questionnaire survey to examine the influence of the late phase of the pandemic on the sustainability performance of the banking industry in Taiwan. This research focuses on the perceptions of bank employees and explores the mediating role of fintech [...] Read more.

This research employs a questionnaire survey to examine the influence of the late phase of the pandemic on the sustainability performance of the banking industry in Taiwan. This research focuses on the perceptions of bank employees and explores the mediating role of fintech adoption (FTA) and green finance (GF). A total of 325 valid responses were collected, and structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) AMOS.21 software was applied to analyze the overall model, while the SPSS.21 PROCESS (2017) was applied to analyze the mediating effects. The empirical findings reveal that green process innovation (GI) significantly affects both green finance and banking sector sustainability performance (BSP), perceived environmental responsibility (PER) positively influence GF and FTA, and both FTA and GF positively impact BSP; however, GI had no direct impact on FTA, and FTA had no direct impact on GF. In terms of the mediating effects, PER has a complete mediating effect on BSP through FTA or GF, while GF partially mediates the relationship between GI, PER, and BSP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of COVID-19 and War in Ukraine on Energy Prices of Oil and Natural Gas

by Xiufeng Xing, Yingjia Cong, Yu Wang and Xueqing Wang

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914208 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2724

Abstract

The oil and gas sector remains pivotal in supplying energy globally. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine crisis intertwined the energy supply and demand, incurred the volatility of energy prices and disrupted the world economic order with profound effects on global political and [...] Read more.

The oil and gas sector remains pivotal in supplying energy globally. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine crisis intertwined the energy supply and demand, incurred the volatility of energy prices and disrupted the world economic order with profound effects on global political and economic paths in the long run. To investigate the impact of global COVID-19 on the energy prices of oil and natural gas for the period 2020–2022, a type of vector autoregressive (VAR) model, the vector error correction (VEC) model and the ordinary least squared (OLS) method were used for empirical analysis, producing the following main results. (i) COVID-19 significantly Granger caused both oil prices and natural gas prices to fluctuate at the 5% level. (ii) Oil prices significantly Granger caused natural gas prices to fluctuate at the 1% level because of the relations of substitutes for each other. (iii) OLS estimation validated that the cumulative number of COVID-19 confirmed cases was positively correlated with both oil prices and natural gas prices. However, the effect diminished in the long term as the pandemic was eventually brought under effective control. Exploring the effects of global issues including the pandemic and the war in Ukraine on the energy market is crucial to understanding the relationship between the supply shock and the energy sector green transitions and the global economy recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals: The EU Perspective

by Joanna Brzyska and Izabela Szamrej-Baran

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13503; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813503 - 09 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1057

Abstract

The 2030 Agenda, a global model for sustainable development, consists of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that the world is to fulfil by 2030. The achievement of the SDGs has been notably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this article is [...] Read more.

The 2030 Agenda, a global model for sustainable development, consists of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that the world is to fulfil by 2030. The achievement of the SDGs has been notably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this article is to analyze and assess the progress of the European Union, as represented by selected indicators, towards the Sustainable Development Goals in the EU context and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. A blend of research methodologies, including desk research and analysis of secondary data from the Eurostat database, was employed in our research. Additionally, statistical methods were utilized to compare the SDG implementation before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Even before the pandemic, the EU was making unequal progress toward the SDGs, with some areas needing more concentrated attention. COVID-19 has made it considerably harder for the EU and the rest of the world to accomplish the 2030 Agenda. The study assesses whether the pandemic caused a deviation from the previously set targets. The findings offer valuable insights that can be instrumental in shaping future policies and strategies aimed at attaining the SDGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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54 pages, 1337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Reporting during the Crisis—What Was Disclosed by Companies in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on Evidence from Poland

by Agnieszka Janik and Adam Ryszko

Sustainability 2023, 15(17), 12894; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712894 - 25 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1426

Abstract

This study presents the results of sustainability reporting investigations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on a content analysis of 297 reports published by 161 companies operating in Poland in the 2020–2021 period. This study covers specific disclosures on [...] Read more.

This study presents the results of sustainability reporting investigations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on a content analysis of 297 reports published by 161 companies operating in Poland in the 2020–2021 period. This study covers specific disclosures on the impact of the pandemic on economic conditions and business activity of companies, corporate environmental performance, the safety and well-being of employees, and companies’ community and stakeholder engagement. Moreover, an analysis is conducted of disclosures on changes in business strategies and environmental activities undertaken to respond to the pandemic, initiatives improving the safety and well-being of employees, and companies’ social involvement during the COVID-19 crisis. Our study demonstrates that ensuring the safety and well-being of employees was the highest priority in the analyzed sustainability reports. Furthermore, the investigated companies exerted considerable efforts to harmonize adverse economic challenges created by the pandemic with altruistic actions manifested in active and wide-ranging social involvement addressed to local communities and primary stakeholders during the period under analysis. We believe that our study offers intriguing insights into disclosures on sustainability issues during the COVID-19 pandemic and addresses the call for research on the sustainability initiatives that emerged during that time to help companies remain resilient and sustainable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Organization of Remote Work in IT Companies: The Managers’ Perspective

by Michał Błaszczyk, Milan Popović, Karolina Zajdel and Radosław Zajdel

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 12049; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512049 - 07 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3235

Abstract

The study analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on work models and explores managerial perspectives on remote work compared to stationary work. A survey was conducted among companies, resulting in a sample of respondents. An additional research methodology used to validate the [...] Read more.

The study analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on work models and explores managerial perspectives on remote work compared to stationary work. A survey was conducted among companies, resulting in a sample of respondents. An additional research methodology used to validate the hypotheses was a market basket analysis. The findings indicate a significant change in work models, with a majority of companies adopting fully remote work or hybrid models with remote work as the predominant mode. Managers generally perceive remote work as having a significantly worse outcome compared to stationary work. Concerns about remote work include difficulties in supervising remote workers, maintaining effective communication with the team, and potential negative effects on employee motivation and well-being due to limited interaction. Preferences for work models varied, with a notable proportion favoring fully remote work or hybrid models. Reasons for considering a long-term change to stationary or remote work include coordination needs, control and supervision requirements, physical presence demands, and impacts on organizational culture and atmosphere. Benefits of remote work include employee flexibility, talent attraction, and alignment with employee demands and the labor market. This study provides insights into the evolving work landscape and informs strategies for effectively managing remote work environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

17 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Managers’ Interference with Employees’ Lifestyles While Working Remotely during COVID-19 Pandemic

by Joanna Cewińska and Małgorzata Striker

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11870; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511870 - 02 Aug 2023

Viewed by 739

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to identify what factors influence employees’ opinions on supervisors’ interference with their lifestyles in remote working conditions during COVID-19. Our sample included 1000 participants, both managers and non-managers. Outcomes variables included the following: managerial interference with the [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article is to identify what factors influence employees’ opinions on supervisors’ interference with their lifestyles in remote working conditions during COVID-19. Our sample included 1000 participants, both managers and non-managers. Outcomes variables included the following: managerial interference with the lifestyle of employees, acceptance of different lifestyles, and unequal treatment of employees in relation to their lifestyle. Explanatory variables related to employees’ characteristics included sex, age, education and seniority and the position in the company (managers/workers), size of the team of employees, size of the organization, characteristics of work (individual/teamwork), as well as the degree of formality in employees’ behaviors. Analysis was conducted using logistic regression in a multivariate analysis of individual (employee-side) and organizational determinants. Our research has shown that lifestyle acceptance, lifestyle interference when working remotely, and unequal treatment of employees based on lifestyle are determined as follows: the organization’s characteristics, the nature of the work, and the social characteristics of the employees. Our findings contribute to understanding how remote work is perceived in relation to employees’ lifestyles. These insights can help organizations develop effective policies and practices regarding, for example, health interventions to support and not unreasonably interfere with their privacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

17 pages, 1842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Adoption Factors of Film Distribution Business Models in the Context of Sustainability

by Agnieszka Orankiewicz and Aleksandra Bartosiewicz

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11721; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511721 - 29 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1324

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated already visible changes in the film distribution model caused by the rapid growth of streaming platforms. Restrictions caused by the pandemic, including movement and occupancy limits, meant that the current distribution model had to change. At the same time, [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated already visible changes in the film distribution model caused by the rapid growth of streaming platforms. Restrictions caused by the pandemic, including movement and occupancy limits, meant that the current distribution model had to change. At the same time, it has caused certain behaviours and changes in audience preferences to emerge that have rendered the value proposition offered to viewers insufficient. The sustainability of film distribution encompasses both business and cultural aspects, seeking to create value that is sustainable from a social, economic, and environmental perspective. The aim of this article is to identify and quantify the strength of factors influencing the formation of contemporary film distribution business models. Starting from the observations of changes in the film distribution market, through a literature review, and semi-structured and computer-assisted CAWI expert interviews conducted from December 2022 to May 2023, we attempt to identify which factors influence the change in the business model adopted. The results of the research carried out indicate that it is primarily social and economic factors that drive the creation of new business models for film distribution, while environmental aspects are still considered to be the least important in this regard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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24 pages, 576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact Internal Trade? Evidence from China’s Provincial-Level Data

by Zhilu Che, Mei Kong, Sen Wang and Jiakun Zhuang

Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 10769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410769 - 09 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1156

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has threatened the goals of sustainable development through its impact on global public health and economic systems. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on interprovincial trade in China. First, we estimate interprovincial trade flows in China for [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has threatened the goals of sustainable development through its impact on global public health and economic systems. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on interprovincial trade in China. First, we estimate interprovincial trade flows in China for 2018–2022 using information from different sources and use it to infer interprovincial trade costs. Second, we estimate the impact of COVID-19 on interprovincial trade flows and interprovincial trade costs based on a trade gravity model. Finally, we construct a multiregional, multisector quantitative spatial model and introduce changes in interprovincial trade barriers in 2019–2020 to the model to analyze economic losses due to the early COVID-19 pandemic. We find a significant negative effect from the COVID-19 pandemic on interprovincial trade flows in China, but we do not obtain robust results demonstrating that the intensification of the pandemic significantly affected bilateral trade costs. The results of the quantitative analysis suggest that changes in interprovincial trade barriers reduced China’s overall GDP in 2019–2020 by 0.11%. The results are not the same at the regional and sectoral levels, but the impact is not significant on average. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 3902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Work in Post-Pandemic Reality—Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Teleconferencing Software

by Paweł Ziemba, Mateusz Piwowarski and Kesra Nermend

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 9919; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139919 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

The pandemic period has made remote work a reality in many organizations. Despite the possible negative aspects of this form of work, many employers and employees appreciate its flexibility and effectiveness. Therefore, employers are looking for the most optimal tools to support this [...] Read more.

The pandemic period has made remote work a reality in many organizations. Despite the possible negative aspects of this form of work, many employers and employees appreciate its flexibility and effectiveness. Therefore, employers are looking for the most optimal tools to support this form of work. However, this may be difficult due to their complexity, different functionality, or different conditions of the company’s operations. Decisions on the choice of a given solution are usually made in a group of decision makers. Often their subjective assessments differ from each other, making it even more difficult to make a decision. The aim of this article is to propose a methodological solution supporting the assessment of the most popular teleconferencing systems and generating their ranking. The feature of this solutions is the combination of two important methodological aspects facilitating the selection process. The first one concerns the possibility of taking into account quantitative and qualitative criteria expressed linguistically and of an uncertain nature in the assessment (NEAT F-PROMETHEE method). The second one is related to the possibility of taking into account the assessments of many experts, including the consensus study between them (PROSA GDSS method). The use of these combined methods to assess teleconferencing platforms made it possible to create their ranking and indicate the solution that best meets the adopted criteria (based on experts’ opinions). The Microsoft Teams system turned out to be this solution, whose functionality, usability, multi-platform aspect and other elements turned out to be crucial in the context of the overall assessment. The results obtained may be a guideline for managers and decision makers facing the choice of a tool supporting remote work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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18 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of COVID-19-Induced Responsibilities on Women’s Employment in Arab Countries

by Suzan Abdel-Rahman, Mohamed R. Abonazel, Fuad A. Awwad and B. M. Golam Kibria

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 9856; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139856 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1159

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has created massive challenges for women’s employment. Women’s responsibilities were exacerbated by the closure of schools and child daycare facilities. Investigating the determinants of job losses among women is critical to avoiding dropouts and supporting re-entry into the labor market. [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created massive challenges for women’s employment. Women’s responsibilities were exacerbated by the closure of schools and child daycare facilities. Investigating the determinants of job losses among women is critical to avoiding dropouts and supporting re-entry into the labor market. This study investigates the factors driving women’s workforce losses during the pandemic in five Arab countries (Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, and Sudan). The current study focuses mainly on how COVID-19-induced responsibilities affected women’s employment during the pandemic. The study depends on the COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey produced by the Economic Research Forum. The factor analysis of mixed data is used to construct the women’s responsibilities index that is made up of 18 variables. The mixed-effect logistic model is used to consider changes in working arrangements across economic activities. The results indicate that women with high family caregiving responsibilities were more likely to lose their jobs. Women working in the government sector and with health insurance were protected from job losses. Telecommuting played a significant role in helping women maintain their jobs. Work arrangements should be improved to consider increased unpaid domestic work. Family-friendly policies must be activated, and childcare leave must be facilitated and funded. The private sector should also be urged to improve workplace flexibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Ways to Perform: Employees’ Perspective on Remote Work and Psychological Security in the Post-Pandemic Era

by Cătălina Radu, Alecxandrina Deaconu, Iudith-Anci Kis, Adela Jansen and Sorina Ioana Mișu

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 5952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075952 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4008

Abstract

With the increasing prevalence of remote work, understanding how it impacts employee perception, psychological safety, and job performance is critical for organisations. This study aims to investigate the relationships among these variables using a cross-sectional quantitative design and a questionnaire consisting of three [...] Read more.

With the increasing prevalence of remote work, understanding how it impacts employee perception, psychological safety, and job performance is critical for organisations. This study aims to investigate the relationships among these variables using a cross-sectional quantitative design and a questionnaire consisting of three scales: the Worktango employee sentiment around remote work survey, the Worktango psychological health and safety survey, and Goodman and Svyantek’s performance scale. Our sample included 857 participants, both managers and non-managers, from a large insurance company. Our first two hypotheses were confirmed using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests: employee sentiment around remote work as part of hybrid work is more favourable in non-sales fields and among employees who actually work remotely more often. Moreover, we found that psychological safety moderates the relationship between employee sentiment around remote work and work performance. Specifically, we observed that the positive relationship between employee sentiment around remote work and work performance is stronger when psychological safety is high. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding of how remote work is perceived by employees and its relationship and impact on their psychological safety and job performance. These insights can help organisations develop effective policies and practices for remote work that support their employees’ well-being and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Local Fiscal Pressure and Enterprise Environmental Protection Investment under COVID-19: Evidence from China

by Qiongzhi Liu and Jing Ren

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5456; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065456 - 20 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1379

Abstract

Increasing local fiscal pressure and insufficient enterprise environmental protection investment are considerable problems in China. Based on the data of A-share-listed companies in heavily polluting industries in China from 2015 to 2021, this paper uses COVID-19 as an exogenous shock of local fiscal [...] Read more.

Increasing local fiscal pressure and insufficient enterprise environmental protection investment are considerable problems in China. Based on the data of A-share-listed companies in heavily polluting industries in China from 2015 to 2021, this paper uses COVID-19 as an exogenous shock of local fiscal pressure and investigates the impact of local fiscal pressure on enterprise environmental protection investment by the continuous DID method. The study found that local fiscal pressure significantly reduces enterprise environmental protection investment and has a greater impact on non-state-owned enterprises, large enterprises, enterprises located in the “two-control-zone” cities and enterprises located in cities with low fiscal self-sufficiency rates. The mechanism of analysis shows that local governments ease fiscal pressure by “increasing revenue” and “cutting expenditure”. The former increases the non-tax burden of enterprises, while the latter reduces enterprise environmental protection subsidies, which leads to a decrease in environmental protection investment. The findings of this paper indicate that it is necessary to focus on solving the local fiscal pressure dilemma to increase green investment and achieve green development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 4989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Labour Market in the Hotel Industry: Selected Conditions in Poland

by Anna Tokarz-Kocik, Anna Bera, Karolina Drela and Agnieszka Malkowska

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 4886; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064886 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2496

Abstract

Examining selected aspects of labour market performance in the Polish tourism sector can extend our knowledge of hotel company attitudes in connection with COVID-19. The aims of this article are to present selected determinants of labour market performance in the Polish tourism sector [...] Read more.

Examining selected aspects of labour market performance in the Polish tourism sector can extend our knowledge of hotel company attitudes in connection with COVID-19. The aims of this article are to present selected determinants of labour market performance in the Polish tourism sector (with particular emphasis on the hotel industry) in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic and to address the following research question: how did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the functioning of hotel companies in the key tourist region of Poland—Zachodniopomorskie province? The research methods used in the study included critical analysis of source literature, survey method, correspondence analysis method, and analysis of primary and secondary data, mainly from official statistics. The survey was conducted in January 2022. Information was collected from 129 respondents using surveys. The results of the research presented in the article reveal that the observed long-term upward trend in the national labour market has been halted by the pandemic and that (among the various accommodation facilities) hotels are the most vulnerable to changes in the tourism labour market. The authors’ contributions to the literature are the identification of the extent to which businesses from the hotel industry have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the determination of the impact of the pandemic on selected employment-related aspects of business operations in Zachodniopomorskie province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 1627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of COVID-19 on Food Consumers’ Channel Purchasing Behaviors: An Empirical Study from Poland

by Bożena Kusz, Lucyna Witek, Dariusz Kusz, Katarzyna Chudy-Laskowska, Paulina Ostyńska and Alina Walenia

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4661; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054661 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2186

Abstract

The aim of the research was to analyze consumer behavior regarding changes in the place where the food was purchased during the COVID-19 pandemic. An analysis of the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and changes in the frequency of food purchases in specified retail [...] Read more.

The aim of the research was to analyze consumer behavior regarding changes in the place where the food was purchased during the COVID-19 pandemic. An analysis of the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and changes in the frequency of food purchases in specified retail outlets was presented. Different consumer reactions to the threats and restrictions that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic were found. Gender had a statistically significant impact on the changes in the place of purchase in the case of supermarkets and discount stores. Women were reported to be more cautious about the risks associated with shopping in supermarkets and discount stores. Age had a statistically significant impact on the frequency of grocery shopping in small local/rural stores, in medium-sized self-service stores, in supermarkets and in discount stores. Among the group of respondents aged 46 and over, greater trust in larger commercial units was observed. Education had a statistically significant impact on the frequency of shopping for groceries only in supermarkets. In turn, the place of residence had a statistically significant impact on the change in the frequency of making purchases in medium-sized self-service stores and discount stores. The results of our own research are not unambiguous, but they indicate certain tendencies in the perception of health safety when shopping among various social groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 2244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Fisheries Sector and Actions Taken to Cope with the Situation: A Case Study from a Top Fish-Producing Country

by Md Shamsuddin, Mohammad Belal Hossain, Moshiur Rahman, Md. Farhan Tazim, Md. Romjan Ali, Mst Salamun Kawla, Tajmahal Begum, Mohammed Fahad Albeshr and Takaomi Arai

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3605; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043605 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

Bangladesh, one of the top fish producers in the world, has rapidly been expanding its annual fish production. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and related preventative measures have had a substantial impact on the nation’s fishing sector. In this study, a survey was performed [...] Read more.

Bangladesh, one of the top fish producers in the world, has rapidly been expanding its annual fish production. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and related preventative measures have had a substantial impact on the nation’s fishing sector. In this study, a survey was performed in the Brahmanbaria subdistrict of Bangladesh to assess the impact of COVID-19 and the subsequent efforts made by the Department of Fisheries (DoF), Bangladesh, to mitigate the negative impact on the culture and capture fisheries. The socioeconomic profile of fishery stakeholders for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 was used to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic situation on fish farming, fish hatcheries, fish nurseries, the fish feed industry, and the dry fish industry. Data analysis showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the income of fishery stakeholders and their livelihoods. The income of fish farmers decreased by 47.49% in 2020 as compared to the base year of 2019 but increased by 129.34% in 2021, showing the effects of COVID-19 and mitigation efforts. Transport and movement restrictions adversely affected the culture fisheries while favouring capture fisheries with an increased annual catch. To counter or reduce most of those issues, the DoF, Bangladesh, took necessary steps, such as constructing a virtual control room and engaging the fishermen in some unique activities. Fishermen and other stakeholders benefitted because of farm visits, online training, improved interdepartmental coordination, monitoring of fish-selling marketing channels, activation of the FIAC (Farmer’s Information and Advice Centre), and women’s engagement through the provision of subsidies and loans. The DoF constructed fish sanctuaries and implemented law enforcement in 2020 and 2021 to safeguard the habitat for small indigenous species (SIS). These actions might have improved the stakeholders’ income and the post-pandemic scenario by increasing fish productivity. However, further study is recommended on the effective mitigation measures for drawing a clear conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patents and Sustainable Medical Treatment in Developing Countries: Lessons from COVID-19 Vaccines

by Ezgi Demir and Peter M. Bican

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3121; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043121 - 08 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1767

Abstract

COVID-19 has had devastating effects worldwide, and vaccines have become the most efficient solution to address the current pandemic situation thus far. After COVID-19 vaccines had been developed, discussions of the various countries’ equality of access gained traction, with patents and pricing forming [...] Read more.

COVID-19 has had devastating effects worldwide, and vaccines have become the most efficient solution to address the current pandemic situation thus far. After COVID-19 vaccines had been developed, discussions of the various countries’ equality of access gained traction, with patents and pricing forming a significant part of this discourse. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of patents and prices on the accessibility of COVID-19 vaccines in the developing world, using semi-structured interviews with subject-matter experts in this area of focus. Our analysis of these interviews highlights the fact that patents and prices are not the major barriers to accessibility for medical treatments, both generally and specifically in terms of COVID-19; rather, these barriers relate to the lack of local production capacity, technology transfer, infrastructure, local regulations, and supply-chain competencies. These results suggest that rather than focusing on patents and prices, governments should invest more time in improving technology transfer and using compulsory licenses as a negotiation tool. Moreover, the results show that the pricing strategies applied by companies could have different impacts on access, as could accessibility programs such as COVAX. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 1406 KiB

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How Do Logistics Disruptions Affect Rural Households? Evidence from COVID-19 in China

by Nan Li, Muzi Chen and Difang Huang

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010465 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2235

Abstract

Using a comprehensive survey of rural households during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, we find that logistics disruptions due to the lockdown have resulted in severe economic losses for rural households. Insufficient production inputs and perishable outputs can aggravate [...] Read more.

Using a comprehensive survey of rural households during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, we find that logistics disruptions due to the lockdown have resulted in severe economic losses for rural households. Insufficient production inputs and perishable outputs can aggravate the impact of logistics disruptions on losses, while the purchase of agriculture insurance and higher regional GDP can mitigate this effect. We further examine the mechanisms by which logistics disruptions affect rural households, including both sales and production channels in agricultural supply chains. The former includes changes in product prices and reduced sales, while the latter includes changes in input prices and shortages of raw materials, capital, and labor. Of these channels, logistics has the most severe impact on sales. Opening up the logistics of sales channels is the primary policy choice. More storage warehouses and insurance are also important preemptive measures. Building stable and sustainable agricultural supply chains can ensure rural household viability during the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 4604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Contagion between Commodity Markets and the Macro Economy during COVID-19: Evidence from China

by Hong Shen and Qi Pan

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010066 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1724

Abstract

As the basic raw materials of economic activities, major commodities prices have a significant impact on the real economy. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, major commodities prices have been fluctuating sharply in a “deep V” pattern since 2020. Therefore, accurately [...] Read more.

As the basic raw materials of economic activities, major commodities prices have a significant impact on the real economy. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, major commodities prices have been fluctuating sharply in a “deep V” pattern since 2020. Therefore, accurately grasping the risk linkage between commodity markets and the macroeconomy is the key to preventing systemic risk and maintaining the smooth operation of the economy. Based on the MF-VAR model, this paper analyzed the risk contagion between China’s commodity markets and macroeconomic sectors from the perspective of volatility spillover, focusing on risk spillover and its dynamic evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic, and deeply analyzed the transmission mechanism of risk spillover based on the mixed-frequency causality test method. Our findings show that China’s commodity markets are the net exporter of risk contagion and that all macroeconomic sectors are the net recipient of risk contagion. During the period of COVID-19, the risk contagion effect was significantly intensified. The fluctuation of the commodity markets has a long-lasting negative impact on the investment sector and has caused changes in macroeconomic sectors, such as the reduction of medium- and long-term loans, the reduction of money circulation speed, and the weakening of micro-individual consumption willingness. The results of causality analysis show that wealth, interest rate, and expectation effects are present in the risk contagion between the commodity markets and macroeconomic sectors. While being directly or indirectly impacted by the commodity markets, each macroeconomic sector also generates adverse feedback to the commodity markets. The complete description of the risk contagion between the commodity markets and the macro economy has guiding significance for regulatory authorities to improve risk control policies and reinforce the macro regulatory system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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23 pages, 2946 KiB

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Measuring Financial Sustainability and Social Adequacy of the Italian NDC Pension System under the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Lorenzo Fratoni, Susanna Levantesi and Massimiliano Menzietti

Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 16274; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316274 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1989

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is presently influencing the financial sustainability and the social adequacy of public pension schemes. In this paper, we measure the effects of COVID-19 on the Italian public pension system by introducing a deterministic shock due to the pandemic in the [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic is presently influencing the financial sustainability and the social adequacy of public pension schemes. In this paper, we measure the effects of COVID-19 on the Italian public pension system by introducing a deterministic shock due to the pandemic in the evolution of the variables mainly involved in the system’s evaluation. These variables, namely the unemployment rate, wage growth rate, inflation rate, and mortality rates, are modeled in a stochastic framework. Our results show that COVID-19 worsens the financial sustainability of the pension system in the short–medium term, while it does not appreciably affect social adequacy in the medium term. The Italian pension system already showed a social adequacy problem before 2020, which the pandemic does not further deteriorate essentially. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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23 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Instability in the Business Environment on the Competitiveness of Enterprises Using the Example of the Apparel Industry

by Beata Milewska

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 14673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214673 - 08 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3010

Abstract

Recently, many disruptions have occurred in the environment of companies, mainly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, but also, for example, by the war in Ukraine and by the sharp increase in fuel prices. The aim of the article was to present the competitive [...] Read more.

Recently, many disruptions have occurred in the environment of companies, mainly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, but also, for example, by the war in Ukraine and by the sharp increase in fuel prices. The aim of the article was to present the competitive strategies of chosen companies from the garment industry and the impact of environmental instability on the competitiveness of enterprises using the example of the clothing industry in Poland. The author has been conducting comprehensive research in Polish clothing companies since mid-2017, using, first of all, the method of interviews with company management. This article presents partial results of these studies concerning the competitiveness of companies, especially in terms of the instability of the environment. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the instability in the environment has a significant impact on the competitiveness of clothing enterprises. In the initial period, the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the level of logistic customer service. Because of this, availability of clothing in some stores and quality of deliveries to online customers deteriorated. The war in Ukraine also caused a temporary deterioration of the availability of clothing in the case of companies that outsourced production to Ukraine. Instability in the environment resulted in an increase in logistics and production costs, which in many cases resulted in an increase in the price of clothing for the end customer. The COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in fuel prices have reduced the efficiency of outsourcing clothing production in low-cost countries, but in the surveyed companies, this had not caused a shift of production from global to local. The problems resulting from the instability of the environment were more quickly overcome by those companies that were more flexible and that earlier on had diversified their sales channels (i.e., sold both in the stores and via e-commerce customers) and the sources of supply (production not only in low-cost countries but also in the local sewing factories). The research confirmed the significant impact of instability in the environment on the ability to compete with the level of logistic customer service and price. The instability in the environment did not affect the ability to compete with the quality of clothing in the surveyed companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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24 pages, 8851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Relationship between Non-Renewable Energy and Saudi Stock Market Sectors Using Wavelet Coherence Approach and Neural Networks

by Ahmed A. Elamer, Bassam A. Elbialy, Kholoud A. Alsaab and Mohamed A. Khashan

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14496; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114496 - 04 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1541

Abstract

In this study, we examine the impact of COVID-19 on the relationship between non-renewable energy and Saudi stock market sectors for the period 11 January 2017–22 January 2022. We apply wavelet coherence and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) models. Our results provide [...] Read more.

In this study, we examine the impact of COVID-19 on the relationship between non-renewable energy and Saudi stock market sectors for the period 11 January 2017–22 January 2022. We apply wavelet coherence and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) models. Our results provide evidence that COVID-19 led to an increase in the strength of the relationship between oil as a main non-renewable energy source and Saudi stock market sectors and affected the nature and direction of this relationship. The relationships between oil and commercial and professional services, materials, banks, energy, and transportation sectors are the most affected. Our results will help hedge funds, mutual funds, and individual investors, forecast the direction of Saudi stock market sectors and the use of oil for hedging or diversification during periods of uncertainty and crisis. It will also help decision and policymakers in Saudi Arabia to make the necessary decisions and actions to maintain the stability of the stock market sectors during these periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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14 pages, 337 KiB

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Organisation of Remote Work in IT Companies

by Michał Błaszczyk, Milan Popović, Karolina Zajdel and Radosław Zajdel

Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13373; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013373 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3294

Abstract

Some events in world history have affected global social and economic processes significantly. One such event was undoubtedly the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic. Being in lockdown with access to the Internet and tools that enable remote working enabled and, in fact, forced [...] Read more.

Some events in world history have affected global social and economic processes significantly. One such event was undoubtedly the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic. Being in lockdown with access to the Internet and tools that enable remote working enabled and, in fact, forced a change in the form of work to be fully remote, which was previously difficult to imagine in many organisations. As part of this study of the above phenomenon, research was conducted on employees of the IT sector in Poland. An analysis of survey data showed the impact of individual work modes on productivity ratings and collaboration with other team members; additionally, the findings may indicate behaviour changes among employees caused by employer enforcement of changes in work mode, and the importance of the work mode for employees when taking up employment. Although the end of the COVID-19 pandemic has been officially announced in Poland, its impact on the labour market has been significant. The present study shows the popularisation of remote working and a change in attitude towards this form of performing professional duties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

21 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Focus on Innovation or Focus on Sales? The Influences of the Government of China’s Demand-Side Reform during COVID-19 and Their Sustainability Consequences in the Consumer Products Industry

by Guangying Xie, Shengyan Wu and Zhengjiang Song

Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13348; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013348 - 17 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1500

Abstract

Affected by COVID-19, the Chinese government has implemented demand-side reform policies to stimulate consumption. In this context, should consumer goods companies focus on innovation (FOI) or focus on ales (FOS), and what impact does it have on sustainability? Based on the empirical data [...] Read more.

Affected by COVID-19, the Chinese government has implemented demand-side reform policies to stimulate consumption. In this context, should consumer goods companies focus on innovation (FOI) or focus on ales (FOS), and what impact does it have on sustainability? Based on the empirical data of listed companies in China’s A-share consumer goods industry, this paper uses a hierarchical regression model, a mediation effect test, moderation effect analysis, and a robustness test, and it finds that for consumer products industry enterprises under the background of demand-side reform: (1) FOI negatively affects enterprise sustainability, FOS positively affects enterprise sustainability, and tilting resources from FOI to FOS is conducive to improving sustainability; (2) the direct effect of FOI on sustainability is not significant, and its negative effect on sustainability is exerted exclusively indirectly through FOS; and (3) firm value can positively moderate the relationship between FOS and sustainability, but its moderating effect on the relationship between FOI and sustainability is insignificant. These conclusions are of positive significance for the study of corporate innovation, sales behavior, and sustainability performance under demand-side reform. More broadly, this paper enriches the study of corporate sustainability in the context of an unfavorable macro environment and short-term and large policy stimulus in the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 2883 KiB

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Impact of COVID-19 on the Disability Fund in Poland

by Natalia Marska-Dzioba and Agnieszka Barczak

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12914; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912914 - 10 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1146

Abstract

This study addresses, for the first time, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operation of the disability fund in Poland. The study considers the impact of deaths on the number of survivor pensions and funeral allowance paid. We selected benefits which [...] Read more.

This study addresses, for the first time, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operation of the disability fund in Poland. The study considers the impact of deaths on the number of survivor pensions and funeral allowance paid. We selected benefits which are a direct consequence of the death of the insured person and do not involve a medical assessment or subsequent steps in the insurance procedure, which allowed for a novel result, avoiding the time-gap problem. Data of four years were included in the study: 2018 and 2019 as pre-pandemic years and 2020 and 2021 as pandemic years. The research presented in this article (unexpectedly) indicates that there is no impact of the increased number of deaths on the increase in the number of survivor pensions and therefore there is no negative impact of the COVID-19 implications on the disability fund. The relationship between the total number of deaths and the number of funeral allowances is characterized by a high correlation with a positive direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social, Economic, and Financial Aspects of Modelling Sustainable Growth in the Irresponsible World during COVID-19 Pandemic

by Jarosław Wenancjusz Przybytniowski, Stanisław Borkowski, Andrzej Grzebieniak, Petro Garasyim, Paweł Dziekański and Anna Ciesielska

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12480; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912480 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1862

Abstract

The subject matter of this study is connected to the functions of socially responsible business, which has become an essential topic within the insurance sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. This issue has received increasing attention from scientific, business, and political communities. Our study [...] Read more.

The subject matter of this study is connected to the functions of socially responsible business, which has become an essential topic within the insurance sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. This issue has received increasing attention from scientific, business, and political communities. Our study is devoted to the social, economic, and financial dimensions of the problem concerning sustainable development, and is analysed from the perspective of the financial market, including the insurance sector, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our research indicates that the emerging social, economic, and financial phenomena offer an adequate description of the changes in the global economy. This study could become the basis for a better strategy against the COVID-19 pandemic than the current view of the economy, and may lead to a breakthrough in the development of social sciences. We attempt to integrate the environments and concepts into the starting point of a central question: does the social responsibility of a business allow for the chance of sustainable growth from social, economic, and financial perspectives? Thus, this study deals with the hypothesis that the social, economic, and financial aspects concerning the development of Poland are connected to the behaviours of the financial market, which compose their strategy by taking socially responsible actions both during the COVID-19 pandemic and after it into account by modelling sustainable growth. Statistical data from the Central Statistical Office from the years 2010–2020 concerning age, place of residence, and level of education was a selection basis while creating the layers. The methodological concept of the study was theoretical and empirical. In the empirical section, the research was conducted in the territory of the Polish state using proprietary indicators of sustainable development and a questionnaire. Moreover, a theoretical and historical analysis has been conducted. Within sustainable development, there is a noticeable attitude among the respondents who are aware of the COVID-19 threat characteristic of mature customers. Customers of insurance companies in Poland expect to receive a good-quality insurance product and to be well served in the event of an insurance accident. Moreover, it is expected that, as CSR develops, insurers will continue to serve as shock absorbers for the economy and society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 1290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Social Media Usage on Job Crafting for Female Employees during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from China

by Ganli Liao, Yi Li, Qichao Zhang and Miaomiao Li

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12413; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912413 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of social media platforms for working online has become a global phenomenon. For female employees, social media usage has made it easier to balance work and family, but the pressures have also multiplied. Especially in China, the [...] Read more.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of social media platforms for working online has become a global phenomenon. For female employees, social media usage has made it easier to balance work and family, but the pressures have also multiplied. Especially in China, the COVID-19 prevention policies led to dramatic changes in working patterns, which significantly affected the emotions, cognitions, and behaviors of female employees. Based on the job demands resource theory, this study explores the double-edged effect of social media usage on job crafting for female employees. Survey data were collected from 563 female employees in Chinese enterprises. Hierarchical regression analysis and the bootstrap method by SPSS and AMOS software were used to test the hypotheses. The results show that work-related social media usage has a negative effect on job crafting, while social-related social media usage has a positive effect. Moreover, job autonomy and workplace friendship mediate the relationship between them. This study extends the research on the double-edge effect of female employees’ social media usage and enriches the antecedents and influencing mechanisms of job crafting. It also provides theoretical and practical guidance for managers on how to promote the sustainability of human capital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy and Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from OECD Countries

by Yugang He and Ziqian Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12043; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912043 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1250

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption to the original order of the global economy and has had an influence on the social and economic growth of countries all over the globe. As a result, the aim of this paper is to explore the [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption to the original order of the global economy and has had an influence on the social and economic growth of countries all over the globe. As a result, the aim of this paper is to explore the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on a sample of OECD countries with regard to energy and the economy. For empirical investigation, data from the first quarter of 2010 to the first quarter of 2022 are used, and the system generalized method of moments is applied. The findings reveal that during the COVID-19 pandemic, energy consumption impeded economic growth while economic expansion was the primary driver of energy resource consumption. Furthermore, an examination of heterogeneous effects reveals that economic growth and energy consumption are heterogeneous both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. To conclude, these findings might provide a contribution to the body of research that has already been undertaken on this subject. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

25 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Were the Higher Education Institutions Prepared for the Challenge of Online Learning? Students’ Satisfaction Survey in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak

by Luiza Ochnio, Tomasz Rokicki, Katarzyna Czech, Grzegorz Koszela, Mariusz Hamulczuk and Aleksandra Perkowska

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 11813; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911813 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

The main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the online teaching process at universities, and detect shortages and gaps in online learning in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The research results are the initial steps leading to the development of [...] Read more.

The main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the online teaching process at universities, and detect shortages and gaps in online learning in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The research results are the initial steps leading to the development of a guide and online open access tools supporting academic teachers in the efficient use of an online didactic process, which will be used broadly. The specific objectives are to identify differences in the assessment of online learning among students from different EU countries, to identify differences between face-to-face and online learning among students from the countries surveyed, to assess the attractiveness of online teaching to students in selected EU countries, and to determine the assessment of the preparation of university teachers for online teaching in the countries surveyed. Using a purposive selection method, five EU countries, i.e., Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Poland, and Sweden, were selected for the study. The study is based on questionnaires. The survey was conducted among 809 student respondents representing the five countries. The study was carried out in 2021 and the research period was 2020–2021 (before and after pandemic restrictions). It was found that students evaluate online courses much better in countries/universities with a long tradition in online teaching and usage of interactive platforms, than in those without them. Students generally evaluated in-person learning better than online learning, and their evaluation depended on their previous experience of online learning. The degree of preparation for the online courses is strongly correlated with the overall evaluation of these courses. The attractiveness of the online courses is strongly conditioned by the content of engaging, involving and stimulating elements. There is the need for the development of interactive tools and training for teachers, which will increase the attractiveness of online classes for students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 3277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Art Market Investment Bubble during COVID-19—Case Study of the Rare Books Market in Poland

by Łukasz Zakonnik, Piotr Czerwonka, Grzegorz Podgórski, Karolina Zajdel and Radosław Zajdel

Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11648; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811648 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2224

Abstract

The literature provides information on the impact of the pandemic on various markets. Many articles suggest the necessity of diversifying investment portfolios during financial market turmoil. The article in a unique way analyzed the rare books market in Poland during the COVID-19 period. [...] Read more.

The literature provides information on the impact of the pandemic on various markets. Many articles suggest the necessity of diversifying investment portfolios during financial market turmoil. The article in a unique way analyzed the rare books market in Poland during the COVID-19 period. The results of rare books auctions (the largest players with 85% of the market share were taken into account) over the 2018–2022 period were considered. The authors presented the hypothesis that COVID-19 triggered an investment bubble which may burst quite suddenly after the pandemic period. The data presented confirm the hypothesis, showing sharp increases (up to 50%) in sales revenues and a subsequent collapse. Less spectacular results were obtained when analyzing the number of books offered and sold in a given period. The authors used descriptive measures as well as statistical tests. A simple model calculating possible revenue in conjunction with the WPDI (World Pandemics Discussion Index) indicator was also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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28 pages, 2253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of COVID-19 Infections on Sea-Going Ships and Their Socio-Economic Consequences for Seafarers and Shipowners in Terms of Modeling Ship Emergency Procedures

by Joanna Kasińska and Violetta Jendryczka

Sustainability 2022, 14(17), 10882; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710882 - 31 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1788

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many negative socio-economic consequences for seafarers and shipowners of such importance that, on the one hand, it inspired and, on the other hand, it became an impulse to undertake research in this direction. It seems that avoiding at [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many negative socio-economic consequences for seafarers and shipowners of such importance that, on the one hand, it inspired and, on the other hand, it became an impulse to undertake research in this direction. It seems that avoiding at least some consequences would be possible if both shipowners and ship masters operated based on safety management procedures strictly adapted to the pandemic situation. Of course, many crisis management procedures have been developed in maritime practice so far. Still, they mainly relate to such events as maritime incidents, maritime accidents, maritime disasters, oil spills, terrorist attacks, or sea piracy. However, they do not consider the specificity of a crisis situation created for the safety of the ship’s crew by the global pandemic. Its appearance made all maritime transport entities, especially shipowners, aware of the lack of preparation for such an eventuality. Based on the general recommendations of international organizations, such as the WHO (World Health Organization) or the IMO (International Maritime Organization), they began developing and implementing urgent procedures for handling ships under COVID-19 conditions. Since the recommendations were formulated generally and the pandemic spread very quickly, the prevention and response procedures for a ship found to be affected by COVID-19 were developed ad hoc and, therefore, were often flawed. Consequently, it was concluded that it is worth creating a universal model of the procedure for dealing with a sea-going ship in pandemic conditions and reducing the adverse socio-economic consequences for shipowners and seafarers. This became the primary goal of the research undertaken in this direction, and this goal was closely related to the adopted central research hypothesis. The substance of the matter comes down to the fact that knowledge of the factors causing coronavirus infections will allow the development and implementation of effective procedures for handling ships in pandemic conditions. It will also reduce the risk and consequences of coronavirus infections. COVID-19 infections can be caused by many factors that are beyond the control of the shipowner and the ship’s captain. Still, there are also those factors that they can control and thus eliminate or at least reduce the risk of contracting the coronavirus by the crew. Thus, their correct identification, ranking their importance in terms of the risk of infection, and then focusing on the elimination of the most important of them is the basis for building a universal model, in the sense of the possibility of applying to any sea-going ship in pandemic conditions. The work includes RCA (Root Cause Analysis), stratification analysis, weighted Ishikawa diagram, and Lorenz-Pareto chart. The primary sources of information used in the research came from the literature review, the analysis of normative acts, the analysis of documentation and procedures on board ships in pandemic conditions, questionnaire research, direct and focus interviews, and participant observation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How the COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts Green Inventions: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in China

by Xuan Wei, Ranran Liu and Wei Chen

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10385; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610385 - 20 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

This paper investigates whether the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic affects the green inventions of firms, universities, and firm–university collaborations (FUCs) differently. Our identification used provincial-level monthly data from China. Results from the difference-in-differences (DID) model showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted [...] Read more.

This paper investigates whether the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic affects the green inventions of firms, universities, and firm–university collaborations (FUCs) differently. Our identification used provincial-level monthly data from China. Results from the difference-in-differences (DID) model showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the output of three types of green invention patents. After the parallel-trend test, placebo test, and triple-difference estimation, our conclusion has good robustness. However, the COVID-19 pandemic also influences the role of other policies, such as the SO₂-emissions-trading pilot policy for universities’ green inventions. There has been a slight change in the effect of dual carbon targets on green inventions since the start of the pandemic. The positive effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has been weaker for provinces where the pandemic has been more severe than in other provinces. The results of this study are compared with the results and empirical evidence of other related studies and the theoretical logic of COVID-19 crisis-promoted green inventions are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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24 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Logistics Activities in Poland as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Tomasz Rokicki, Piotr Bórawski, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, András Szeberényi and Aleksandra Perkowska

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10303; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610303 - 18 Aug 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4282

Abstract

The main objective of this article is to identify the direction of change in logistical activities and their critical segments as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in a country that is an important logistical hub of Europe. The specific objectives are to [...] Read more.

The main objective of this article is to identify the direction of change in logistical activities and their critical segments as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in a country that is an important logistical hub of Europe. The specific objectives are to identify changes in logistical activities, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, to determine the dynamics of changes in business revenues and in quantitative parameters for total logistics services and their segments during the pandemic, to establish the relationship between the economic situation and parameters related to logistics services, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the method of purposive selection, Poland, which is well developed in logistics and aspires to be a crucial logistical hub of Europe, was selected for the study. The analysed period covered the years 2015–2021. The material sources were the literature on the subject and data from reports on individual logistics segments. Dynamic indicators with a fixed and variable base, coefficient of variation and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient were used for analysis and presentation. It was found that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated changes in logistics activities. These changes included digitalisation, the development of the e-commerce market, multi-channel sales and the development of these services, and the introduction of automation and artificial intelligence. In all activities, 2020 was the most challenging year, but there was generally a reduction in revenue growth and, less often, stagnation. Logistics companies gained in the second year of the pandemic (2021) when implemented solutions generated record revenues. Among the winning segments were logistics services in general, especially sea freight forwarding, warehousing services, courier services related to e-commerce, and a lesser extent, freight transport. Losses were incurred in the segment related to passenger transport. COVID-19 became a positive catalyst for change. The logistics industry ultimately benefited from the pandemic. Additionally, due to the pandemic, logistics operations have had greater sustainability, contributing to resource conservation and environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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11 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Consumer Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis between Polish and Turkish Consumers

by Ola Bareja-Wawryszuk, Tomasz Pajewski, Kübra Müge Çakaröz and Baki Kavas

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10276; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610276 - 18 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2914

Abstract

Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 pandemic has left an indelible mark on every aspect of human life, and, perhaps most significantly, on the operation of the world’s economy. Restrictions and limitations on freedom of movement had a clear impact on the ways in which companies [...] Read more.

Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 pandemic has left an indelible mark on every aspect of human life, and, perhaps most significantly, on the operation of the world’s economy. Restrictions and limitations on freedom of movement had a clear impact on the ways in which companies and households functioned, and consumer behaviors and purchasing habits were demonstrably influenced in turn. Thus, the aim of this article is to illustrate these changes in light of the pandemic and, moreover, to highlight the related challenges pertaining to purchasing practices and consumer concerns. The study sample focused on students from Poland and Turkey, with data gathered using an online survey method. The resulting data were subsequently analyzed with the SPSS 26 program. The application of Pearson Chi-Square methods, as well as the analysis of descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequency, revealed significant differences between the two countries. As a result of the comparative analysis, clear differences were demonstrated in the nature of changes in consumer behavior between respondents from Turkey and Poland, most strikingly, the fact that the purchasing habits of respondents in Turkey have changed to a greater extent. It has been observed that limitations imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic had a greater impact on consumer behavior, particularly for students in Turkey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

22 pages, 3129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Illustrative Understanding on the Informal Sector and Its Influence in Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Evidence from Cameroon

by Nguepi Tsafack Elvis, Hua Cheng and Buregeya Ingabire Providence

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9789; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159789 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1991

Abstract

As globalization continues, textiles and clothing firms have many opportunities around the world. Using survey data, we evaluate the determinativeness of the informal sector and its impact on firm productivity by applying the Hicks–Moorsteen index and Data Employment Analysis (DEA) methods. Specifically, this [...] Read more.

As globalization continues, textiles and clothing firms have many opportunities around the world. Using survey data, we evaluate the determinativeness of the informal sector and its impact on firm productivity by applying the Hicks–Moorsteen index and Data Employment Analysis (DEA) methods. Specifically, this study estimates factors driving total factor productivity (TFP) and its constituents for Cameroon’s companies from 2005 to 2014. As a result, the input levels of informal textile companies are the significant drivers of TFP with a mean in productivity of 47.06% for textile and 56.69% for clothing (I). Regarding formal textile companies, technical efficiency and technological progress fluctuate throughout the period of study (II). Firm size, technology adoption and primary resources (raw material) are important stages of a firm’s decision to innovate (III). Therefore, employing this approach could be reliable in analyzing firm productivity in other SSA countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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14 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Perception of Globalization and Consumer Behavior

by Alicja Fandrejewska, Witold Chmielarz and Marek Zborowski

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9575; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159575 - 04 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3092

Abstract

The main purpose of this article was to identify the impacts of globalization and information and communication technologies on the consumer behavior of a young population aged 18–34 before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted using the CAWI (computer-assisted web [...] Read more.

The main purpose of this article was to identify the impacts of globalization and information and communication technologies on the consumer behavior of a young population aged 18–34 before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted using the CAWI (computer-assisted web interview) method using convenient sampling involving students of the University of Warsaw. The survey was carried out in three stages: in March 2020, December 2020 and November 2021. The last cycle of research enabled the authors to examine the changes in consumer behavior trends nearly two years after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and compare them with the tendencies that could be observed in March 2020 and December 2020. The findings from all survey questionnaires indicate that the behavior of respondents is generally consistent with consumer trends established and described in several reports concerning the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s perception of globalization and consumer behavior. The main observation in terms of online purchases was that the growth itself was not very significant, but the frequency of purchases over the Internet increased. A similar trend could be observed in the case of using social media. Research of this scope was carried out in Poland for the first time, which proves the originality and value of this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

20 pages, 1617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Attitudes as Part of Lifestyle in the COVID-19 Emergency

by Aleksandra Badora, Krzysztof Kud and Marian Woźniak

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159521 - 03 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1492

Abstract

The pandemic brought significant changes to the functioning of society. This article examines the opinion of consumers in south-eastern Poland on lifestyle elements such as shopping preferences, physical activity, holiday preferences and others, against the background of the COVID-19 situation. The aim of [...] Read more.

The pandemic brought significant changes to the functioning of society. This article examines the opinion of consumers in south-eastern Poland on lifestyle elements such as shopping preferences, physical activity, holiday preferences and others, against the background of the COVID-19 situation. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between selected components included in the lifestyle of society in the context of the COVID-19 emergency situation. The research was conducted from 9 November 2020 to 17 January 2021. In order to identify the respondents’ attitudes and their perception of the issues discussed in this study, a questionnaire was created containing a number of theses formulations assessed by the respondents in terms of compliance with their beliefs. The evaluation was carried out using a seven-point bipolar Likert scale with a neutral value. The study was not probabilistic, therefore the inference applies only to the studied group. A total of 737 questionnaires meeting the research assumptions were collected. The form was used to identify ecological attitudes, shopping behavior, food preferences, physical activity and tourist preferences in the COVID-19 situation in which the research was conducted. Also identified were holiday destinations in 2019 and 2020, preferred diet type, and socio-demographic background: sex, age, place of residence and approximate per capita income. The research revealed that the purchasing behavior of the respondents was a predictor of their physical activity and tourist preferences. Studies have also shown that the food preferences of the respondents are an important part of their balanced lifestyle and depend on the sex of the person. The respondents preferred an active lifestyle as a form of pro-health activity when living in the situation of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, respondents’ interest in domestic tourism also increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 1748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Qatar Electricity Demand and Load Forecasting: Preparedness of Distribution Networks for Emerging Situations

by Omar Jouma El-Hafez, Tarek Y. ElMekkawy, Mohamed Kharbeche and Ahmed Massoud

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9316; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159316 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought several global challenges, one of which is meeting the electricity demand. Millions of people are confined to their homes, in each of which a reliable electricity supply is needed, to support teleworking, e-commerce, and electrical appliances such as [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought several global challenges, one of which is meeting the electricity demand. Millions of people are confined to their homes, in each of which a reliable electricity supply is needed, to support teleworking, e-commerce, and electrical appliances such as HVAC, lighting, fridges, water heaters, etc. Furthermore, electricity is also required to operate medical equipment in hospitals and perhaps temporary quarantine hospitals/shelters. Electricity demand forecasting is a crucial input into decision-making for electricity providers. Without an accurate forecast of electricity demand, over-capacity or shortages in the power supply may result in high costs, network bottlenecks, and instability. Electricity demand can be divided, typically, into two sectors: domestic and industrial. This paper discusses the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on Qatar’s electricity demand and forecasting. It is noted that students’ and employees’ attendance are the restrictions with the highest impact on electricity demand. There was an increase of nearly 28% in the domestic peak due to the attendance of 30% of school students. Furthermore, in this study, historical data on Qatar’s electricity demand, population, and GDP were collected, along with information on COVID-19 restrictions. Statistical analysis was used to unfold the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results and findings will help decision-makers and planners manage future electricity demand, and support distribution networks’ preparedness for emerging situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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21 pages, 2830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Pandemic as a Change Factor in the Labour Market in Poland

by Mieczysław Adamowicz

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9197; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159197 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3053

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic started in late 2019 in China. and At the beginning of 2020 it spread to all countries of the world, causing damage in all aspects of economic and social lives, including the labour market. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic started in late 2019 in China. and At the beginning of 2020 it spread to all countries of the world, causing damage in all aspects of economic and social lives, including the labour market. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market throughout its course so far has become an important topic of research in various countries, including Poland. Research is conducted in four main areas concerning: the situation of employees and employers on the labour market; unemployment and professional activity; remote work; and anti-crisis measures undertaken by the state. The paper refers to all these aspects of the labour market in Poland, in some cases against the background of other countries. Based on the source literature, the pandemic is presented from different perspectives: as a cause of the global crisis; the implications of the pandemic on the labour market; its impact on employers and employees and on the economy and society more broadly; government programmes aimed at preventing and combating the pandemic in the form of so-called anti-crisis shields and financial shields; and the spread of remote work and its effects. The paper also presents the results of its own survey research on a sample of 170 respondents, representing people active in the labour market in April 2022. The pandemic has caused disruptive, immediate and long-term effects on the labour market in Poland. The anti-crisis policy of the state mitigated quite effectively the negative economic and social effects, noticeably more so and additionally more appreciated by employers than by employees. The case of Poland, where broad anti-pandemic and anti-crisis measures were undertaken, may be partly applicable to other, mainly European, countries. Further research on the crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic in different aspects of socio-economic areas in national and international economies are recommended. The pandemic, in causing a general economic crisis, has left a permanent mark on the labour market in Poland, which will be structurally important for its functioning in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 6199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Residential Interiors into Workspaces during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Begüm Ulusoy and Rengin Aslanoğlu

Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 8217; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138217 - 05 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1906

Abstract

Residential interiors (RIs) have been designed by anonymous designers throughout history and have reflected their users’ identity, culture, and habits until modern times, although design and architecture courses rarely involve residential interiors in their curriculums. Therefore, decision-makers (architects, interior architects, designers, and users) [...] Read more.

Residential interiors (RIs) have been designed by anonymous designers throughout history and have reflected their users’ identity, culture, and habits until modern times, although design and architecture courses rarely involve residential interiors in their curriculums. Therefore, decision-makers (architects, interior architects, designers, and users) took them for granted. However, COVID-19 forced revisiting this approach towards RIs and they faced a gap in the literature helping them to design these interiors, especially workspaces, in order to improve their users’ experience. In connection with previous studies, which explored creativity in workspaces, this study aims to compile colour-related literature work on workspaces in RIs (WRI) which will require further attention from interior architects to reconsider the discipline under new normal conditions. Providing a framework for WRIs in terms of function and activity might lead to the semantics of RIs in future studies. This study’s findings contribute to the interpretation and understanding of new normal workspace interiors after the COVID-19 pandemic so it will be beneficial for decision-makers in addition to researchers who aim to investigate this topic in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

25 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Last Mile Logistics Innovations in the Courier-Express-Parcel Sector Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Łukasz Sułkowski, Katarzyna Kolasińska-Morawska, Marta Brzozowska, Paweł Morawski and Tomasz Schroeder

Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 8207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138207 - 05 Jul 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5001

Abstract

The development of the e-commerce market worldwide, which was already dynamic, was accelerated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Millions of incoming orders required analogue support from the CEP sector (courier-express-parcels sector) to provide the desired “customer experience”. In the context of whether the habit [...] Read more.

The development of the e-commerce market worldwide, which was already dynamic, was accelerated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Millions of incoming orders required analogue support from the CEP sector (courier-express-parcels sector) to provide the desired “customer experience”. In the context of whether the habit of shopping in virtual reality will become permanent, it is worth considering what shape the logistics services will take in the last mile after the pandemic? Or, will customers return to shopping in the real world? A subject for these considerations was an analysis of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic on the technologization of last mile logistics services, resulting in an increase in the level of “customer experience”, with Poland as an example. The research methods used were participant observations and critical analysis of collected materials. The obtained results made it possible to conduct a descriptive and explanatory nomothetic study based on an Internet questionnaire. The authors formulated a diagnosis about the possibilities of using the potential of customer experience for the development of enterprises based on technologization of last mile deliveries. The recommendations can be used by scientists and managers in the CEP industry to redefine business models based on the technology of logistics customer service processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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21 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On a Comparative Analysis of Individual Customer Purchases on the Internet for Poland, Turkey and the People’s Republic of China at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Witold Chmielarz, Marek Zborowski, Xuetao Jin, Mesut Atasever and Justyna Szpakowska

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7366; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127366 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2565

Abstract

The main purpose of this article is to compare the state and dynamics of e-commerce development in selected countries: Poland, Turkey and the PRC (People’s Republic of China), from the point of view of individual customers. The comparison was carried out in two [...] Read more.

The main purpose of this article is to compare the state and dynamics of e-commerce development in selected countries: Poland, Turkey and the PRC (People’s Republic of China), from the point of view of individual customers. The comparison was carried out in two stages: the first months of 2020 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and the first months of 2021 (during the pandemic). The study conducted involved university students. The surveys were carried out using the CAWI method, and they were made available on the servers of the Faculty of Management at the University of Warsaw. The research sample included 650 individuals. Differences in the obtained results were evaluated using the City distance. The hypothesis concerning the lack of differentiation between the evaluations of individual e-commerce criteria was formulated, and it was disproved in the course of the study. The results of the research indicate that the variation between countries appeared mainly in relation to the direction of the development of e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic, the type of (mobile/traditional) device used to shop online and, above all, the specificity of the country where the study took place with its past experiences, cultural circumstances and shopping habits, as reflected in the development of online commerce. The limitation of the study was the fact that it was conducted in an academic environment and, at this stage, it was limited to the analysis of the results covering selected countries. Nevertheless, the valuable contribution and undoubted achievement of the work consist in the fact that, for the first time, e-commerce solutions have been compared for countries that are so culturally, economically and demographically different. The results of this study may be used by business practitioners to guide them on possible strategies regarding the development of e-commerce in their countries in the post-pandemic reality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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18 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Actual Use of Mobile Learning Technologies during Social Distancing Circumstances: Case Study of King Faisal University Students

by Abdalwali Lutfi, Mohamed Saad, Mohammed Amin Almaiah, Abdallah Alsaad, Ahmad Al-Khasawneh, Mahmaod Alrawad, Adi Alsyouf and Akif Lutfi Al-Khasawneh

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7323; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127323 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 3585

Abstract

The most current highly infectious disease, which has become a global health challenge permeating entire sectors of society, is COVID-19. In the education sector, the transmission of COVID-19 has been curbed through the closure of institutions and the facilitation of online learning. The [...] Read more.

The most current highly infectious disease, which has become a global health challenge permeating entire sectors of society, is COVID-19. In the education sector, the transmission of COVID-19 has been curbed through the closure of institutions and the facilitation of online learning. The main objective of this study was to propose an integrated model of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology combined with the DeLone and McLean model, to examine the influence of quality features, namely, performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), facilitating conditions (FC), and social influence (SI), on the intentions and satisfaction of users toward mobile learning (m-learning) use in the context of Saudi learning institutions. The study obtained m-learning user data using an online questionnaire, after which the data were exposed to partial least squares structural equation modeling to test the proposed research model. The findings supported the influence of PE, EE, and FC on intention toward m-learning use but did not support the significant influence of SI. Moreover, system, intention, and user satisfaction were found to positively and significantly influence m-learning-system usage, with system, information, and service quality being top drivers of such user intention and satisfaction. The results reflect the required information concerning the strategies of higher institutions to enhance m-learning-system acceptance among students, with general implications for learning acceptance and usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State Effectiveness and Crises in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of COVID-19

by Mark Turner, Seung-Ho Kwon and Michael O’Donnell

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7216; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127216 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1777

Abstract

East and Southeast Asian countries have recorded significant success in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. They have employed more effective crisis management strategies than countries in many other parts of the world. This article examines in detail the experiences of two of Asia’s [...] Read more.

East and Southeast Asian countries have recorded significant success in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. They have employed more effective crisis management strategies than countries in many other parts of the world. This article examines in detail the experiences of two of Asia’s pandemic success stories—South Korea and Vietnam—to identify the ways in which they responded to COVID-19 and how they related to state effectiveness. The lessons learned from the analysis of South Korean and Vietnamese crisis management include: the importance of preparedness and decisive action; the need for flexibility to cope with changing circumstances; that there are alternative crisis management strategies to reach the same desired outcomes; and that crisis management is best served by securing unity of purpose among government, citizens, civil society and the private sector. State effectiveness is a foundation for such features of successful crisis management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

19 pages, 3001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Lockdown Reduce Employment in Major Developing Countries? An Assessment Based on Multiregional Input–Output Model and Scenario Analysis

by Shouxin Bai, Shicheng Zhou, Yuyao Sheng and Xingwei Wang

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7128; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127128 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1729

Abstract

With the development of global value chains, more and more countries are involved in global trade, which has brought an extensive social impact. Past studies on the employment impact of trade have pointed out that free trade has significantly boosted employment in developing [...] Read more.

With the development of global value chains, more and more countries are involved in global trade, which has brought an extensive social impact. Past studies on the employment impact of trade have pointed out that free trade has significantly boosted employment in developing economies, with large populations working in export-related jobs along the value chains. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused global trade protectionism to become more rampant. This study aims to establish a trade employment effect accounting model, based on the comparison of multiple scenarios, to discuss the employment impact of trade lockdown on major developing and developed countries. Specifically, based on a multi-regional input–output model, we map the flow network of trade-induced employment in 15 major global economies, and the scenarios of free trade and restricted trade are simulated to determine the employment impact of protectionism across multiple trade patterns. The results show that the current labor flow induced by global trade mainly flows from developing countries such as China and India to developed countries such as the EU and the United States. In the total employment induced by trade, the proportion of final products trade reached 42.82%. Trade protection would cut 19.86 million jobs worldwide. Under the trade restriction scenario, employment in developing countries would be reduced, with China and India losing 45.24 million and 10.10 million jobs, respectively. People working in the final product processing trade face the greatest risk of unemployment, especially in manufacturing and services. Among developed countries, the EU and the US would add 5.52 and 2.23 million jobs due to industrial repatriation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 1248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Banks Were Chosen and Rated in Hungary before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Dóra Szili, Tibor Guzsvinecz and Judit Szűcs

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116720 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

Banks can be chosen based on multiple factors, such as location, security, and e-banking functions. The characteristics of customers such as gender and age can also affect this decision. Since the digitalization of banking sped up due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the factors [...] Read more.

Banks can be chosen based on multiple factors, such as location, security, and e-banking functions. The characteristics of customers such as gender and age can also affect this decision. Since the digitalization of banking sped up due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the factors that affect this decision may change as well. To assess this, a questionnaire was completed by 156 respondents, and the results were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation test. According to the results, personal visits to the banks declined after the COVID-19 pandemic started. Furthermore, the number of e-bankers rose. When choosing banks, no gender-related relationships were found based on location, while older people chose different banks than their younger counterparts. The security of internet banking functions was not associated with bank choice, while the security of the mobile banking application was. Regarding the ratings of banks, males and females did not rate banks differently, and younger people tended to be more critical in their ratings. Security, accessible location, and good customer service can lead to more positive ratings as well. The findings can be used by banks in Hungary to improve their services in order to attract customers and increase their satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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12 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Status of University Students as a Limiting Factor for Various Forms of Distance Education during COVID-19 Measures

by Vlastimil Chytrý, Milan Kubiatko, Romana Šindelářová and Janka Medová

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 5898; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105898 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3704

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the influences and impacts of the socioeconomic status (SES) of families on university students and their studies during anti-pandemic measures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Another aspect of the study was to investigate the various [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the influences and impacts of the socioeconomic status (SES) of families on university students and their studies during anti-pandemic measures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Another aspect of the study was to investigate the various educational elements used during the course of distance teaching. This research was performed on a sample of 1280 respondents. Statistically significant differences in the case of SES grades were observed only with the following variables: (i) difficulty factor for the combined education form, (ii) age, and (iii) the duration of the teaching practice (

p < 0.05

). The post-hoc analysis (LSD test) did not show a linear trend in the sense that the values of the respective variables also increased as the SES increased. These data proved that the higher the economic status of the family, the lower the value of the variable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proposal of New Strategies for Smart Tourism Destinations in the Challenging New Reality: A Commitment to the Technology–Sustainability Binomial

by Mercedes Raquel García Revilla, Javier Perogil Burgos, Carmen Sarah Einsle and Olga Martinez Moure

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 5867; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105867 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1922

Abstract

This paper aimed to investigate the response of smart tourism destinations (STDs) to the COVID-19 crisis, specifically regarding sustainability, which—along with information, new technologies, and governance—is a key element of STDs. First, we conducted a brief literature review regarding tourism sustainability. Secondly, we [...] Read more.

This paper aimed to investigate the response of smart tourism destinations (STDs) to the COVID-19 crisis, specifically regarding sustainability, which—along with information, new technologies, and governance—is a key element of STDs. First, we conducted a brief literature review regarding tourism sustainability. Secondly, we performed a case study of several STDs to determine the sustainable actions implemented in response to the current crisis, the results of which are presented in this paper. Thirdly, we assessed these STDs’ primary sustainability actions and developed a strategy proposal that can be followed by destinations in similar situations. This proposal is intended to be evaluated by the studied STDs for validation or adaptation. Far from a definitive solution, our proposal was designed as one possible tool to avoid the disorganisation and uncertainty suffered in crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformation of Transnational Corporations’ Supply Chains as a Result of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Jan Rymarczyk

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5518; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095518 - 04 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2494

Abstract

The subject of research formulated in the title of the article was selected due to the fundamental importance of global supply chains (GSCs) of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) in the functioning of the world economy. They determine the size, structure and directions of international [...] Read more.

The subject of research formulated in the title of the article was selected due to the fundamental importance of global supply chains (GSCs) of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) in the functioning of the world economy. They determine the size, structure and directions of international trade and foreign direct investment. Currently, they are influenced by the innovative inventions of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0), as well as the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting experiences. This article is a review of the conceptual and futurological character and was based on the author’s literary studies and reflections resulting from his subject knowledge. Research techniques such as description, predictive analysis, synthesis and modeling have been used. The result of the research is the verification of the hypothesis regarding the uncertain potential impact of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the catalytic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global supply chains. This article should inspire more detailed, empirical research on these important issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ukrainian Migrants in Poland and the Role of an Employer as the Channel of Information during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Anita Adamczyk, Monika Trojanowska-Strzęboszewska, Dorota Kowalewska and Robert Bartłomiejski

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5338; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095338 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2099

Abstract

This paper examines communication processes between state institutions and migrants under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to determine where migrants obtain their information on specific legal regulations and restrictions on rules of conduct in the public space and professional environment. [...] Read more.

This paper examines communication processes between state institutions and migrants under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to determine where migrants obtain their information on specific legal regulations and restrictions on rules of conduct in the public space and professional environment. This issue is examined through the example of Ukrainian labour immigration in Poland. Referring to the results of our survey research, it is established that in a crisis, when the importance of information in the public sphere increases and, at the same time, direct social contacts are restricted, the special role of the employer is revealed. The employer is perceived not only as an entity offering work, but also as an important channel of information about state policy, regulations and rules of conduct applicable in a crisis. These findings are an indication, on the one hand, for state institutions to take this role of employers into account in migration policy and, on the other hand, for employers themselves to be aware of their social role towards migrants and play it responsibly. We believe that the study, conducted in the first two months of the pandemic, has become very timely with the outbreak of the Ukrainian–Russian war. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

14 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Learning Outcomes of a Hybrid Online Virtual Classroom and In-Person Traditional Classroom during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Xiufeng Xing and Sayed Saghaian

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5263; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095263 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3514

Abstract

This paper explores the effects of using a hybrid virtual/traditional classroom, a blended teaching and learning approach, on undergraduate learning outcomes during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to investigate the prominent problems that appeared in the process of [...] Read more.

This paper explores the effects of using a hybrid virtual/traditional classroom, a blended teaching and learning approach, on undergraduate learning outcomes during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to investigate the prominent problems that appeared in the process of online teaching and learning and to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on undergraduates’ learning outcomes in public universities in China. The field of specialization of the subjects of this study is under the rubric of social science and higher education. We designed and conducted a pilot survey to identify students’ perspectives on the key issues and experiences of the use of distance-learning through an online virtual classroom in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we applied a binary logistic regression model to real data from two different economics course exams to measure the short-term impacts of using the two different learning environments on the undergraduates’ performance outcomes. The results indicate a statistically significant negative impact of using virtual classrooms on undergraduate learning outcomes. By contrast, in-person traditional classrooms had more desirable learning outcomes. Moreover, the hybrid approach proved to be more effective than the use of online virtual classrooms alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

12 pages, 4287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Higher Education in and after COVID-19: The Impact of Using Social Network Applications for E-Learning on Students’ Academic Performance

by Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih, Ahmed Hasanein and Ibrahim A. Elshaer

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5195; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095195 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5754

Abstract

The long-lasting pandemic has disrupted face–to–face education and has forced higher education institutions to adopt digital learning management systems, albeit many public universities in developing counties could not properly undertake this shift and adopted either free interactive platforms (e.g., zoom) or social network [...] Read more.

The long-lasting pandemic has disrupted face–to–face education and has forced higher education institutions to adopt digital learning management systems, albeit many public universities in developing counties could not properly undertake this shift and adopted either free interactive platforms (e.g., zoom) or social network applications (SNAs) (e.g., Facebook and WhatsApp) due to their limited resources and infrastructure. Despite that the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the value of e-learning, some concerns were raised about the quality of learning outcomes and academic performance of students, using these SNAs for learning, compared to traditional face–to–face education. Therefore, examining the impact of SNAs as an e-learning platform on the academic performance students is inevitable, notwithstanding that this has not been sufficiently examined by researchers amid COVID-19. For this purpose, an online questionnaire was distributed to students via research teams’ personal networks, i.e., university lecturers at various public universities in Egypt. They were asked to distribute the survey link with their undergraduates via email or WhatsApp. A total of 600 valid questionnaires was obtained from students in nine public colleges that deliver tourism and hotel management courses in Egypt and adopted SNAs for e-learning at least one semester amid COVID-19. Unlike the results of previous arguments and research, the results of the structural equation modelling using AMOS showed a positive, significant impact of SNAs as e-learning platforms on students’ academic performance. The results have several implications for higher education policymakers, educators, and scholars, especially in relation to the future of use social media applications in higher education, particularly in developing countries’ contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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14 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macroeconomic Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic: Fresh Evidence from Korea

by Yugang He and Yinhui Wang

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5100; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095100 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2527

Abstract

Korea’s economy has suffered greatly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on such a background, this paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Via impulse response function analysis, the results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic has a considerable short-term [...] Read more.

Korea’s economy has suffered greatly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on such a background, this paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Via impulse response function analysis, the results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic has a considerable short-term influence on Korea’s key macroeconomic variables, while its long-term effects are not significant. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, total demand in Korea has decreased. It is mostly reflected in the lower consumption and investment demand. Simultaneously, this has put increased pressure on inflation and unemployment. Moreover, the results also show that government investment expenditure and monetary policy may, to some degree, ameliorate the status of consumption demand. Meanwhile, they may alleviate employment pressures in order to boost output. In reality, both have some negative consequences. Based on the evidence presented in this article, the Korean government may implement appropriate policies to ensure the smooth functioning of the Korean macroeconomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 4356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Economic Indicators on the Evolution of Business Confidence during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period

by Marcin Olkiewicz

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5073; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095073 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3210

Abstract

This publication focuses on issues related to the development of entrepreneurship. The aim of this publication is to demonstrate how fluctuations of economic indicators have been affecting business confidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Business trust is important for entrepreneurs because it significantly determines [...] Read more.

This publication focuses on issues related to the development of entrepreneurship. The aim of this publication is to demonstrate how fluctuations of economic indicators have been affecting business confidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Business trust is important for entrepreneurs because it significantly determines the decision-making process and ensures stable development and functioning of an organization. Our study assessed the G7 and the E27 countries and Poland for comparison purposes for the years 2015–2021. Among other things, for the purposes of the study, the following were performed: literature analysis; formulation of the study research questions and a hypothesis: economic indicators negatively affecting business confidence during the COVID-19 pandemic period; data from the following databases which were used: EUROSTAT, GUS, OECD, TRADING ECONOMICS. The presented research results indicate that there is a relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the development of economic indicators and BCI. This is particularly noticeable during the development of the pandemic at the turn of the first and second quarters of 2020. The indicator shows negative values during this period. This study also showed that increasing COVID-19 infections in the pandemic’s initial stage led to growing insecurity in developing business activities, which is proven by the calculated Pearson correlation coefficient scoring −0.3982. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 7463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Disruptions and Implications for National Food Security and Farm Incomes: Farm-Level Evidence from Indian Punjab

by Kamal Vatta, Shruti Bhogal, Adam S. Green, Heena Sharma, Cameron A. Petrie and Sandeep Dixit

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4452; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084452 - 08 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3214

Abstract

By using the data from a primary survey of 1100 farm households from Indian Punjab, the present study examined the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-induced disruptions on food security and farm incomes. The paddy-wheat-based production system showed resilience to the challenges of the COVID-19 [...] Read more.

By using the data from a primary survey of 1100 farm households from Indian Punjab, the present study examined the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-induced disruptions on food security and farm incomes. The paddy-wheat-based production system showed resilience to the challenges of the COVID-19 situation. Farmers adapted effectively to the changed equilibrium and there was no decline in food production, land lease activity or cropping patterns. The disruptions in agricultural machinery services and input supplies led to a rise in the rent of machinery and input prices. Agricultural wages also jumped due to scarcity of agricultural labour. The study highlights no imminent threat to food supplies from Punjab and hence to national food security. It showed that farmers may need some financial support to counter the effect of rising costs of farming. There is a need to enhance the resilience of various input and output markets in agriculture in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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18 pages, 2934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hard Cash in Hard Times—The Effect of Institutional Support for Businesses Shaken by COVID-19

by Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Jadwiga Adamczyk, Małgorzata Luc, Marcin Suder, Justyna Tora, Karolina Kotulewicz-Wisińska, Wojciech Zysk and Anna Szeląg-Sikora

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084399 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661

Abstract

This study analyzed 350 companies based in the Śląskie Province that received financial aid to avoid the negative impacts of COVID-19. This study focused on the structure of companies receiving public support due to their business being at risk of negative impacts from [...] Read more.

This study analyzed 350 companies based in the Śląskie Province that received financial aid to avoid the negative impacts of COVID-19. This study focused on the structure of companies receiving public support due to their business being at risk of negative impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of the amount and type of support. It also classified industries by the amount of subsidy. When analyzing the available data, the Kruskal–Wallis test was applied, which is a nonparametric equivalent of the one-way analysis of variance. It was used to test whether the selected factors significantly affect the values of individual measures. Although the amounts of subsidies received vary, they have contributed to preserving at-risk jobs due to the public health crisis and maintaining the competitiveness of affected micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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14 pages, 1605 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Dynamics of Price Adjustment in the U.S. Beef Sector

by Erdal Erol and Sayed H. Saghaian

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084391 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

This research investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the dynamics of vertical price transmission in the U.S. beef industry using monthly farm, wholesale, and retail prices for the period 1970–2021. Contemporary time-series techniques and historical decomposition graphs were used to test [...] Read more.

This research investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the dynamics of vertical price transmission in the U.S. beef industry using monthly farm, wholesale, and retail prices for the period 1970–2021. Contemporary time-series techniques and historical decomposition graphs were used to test for possible asymmetries and structural breaks in the price transmission across the beef supply chain. The results show that the impact of COVID-19 has been uneven across the beef marketing channel, with consumers and farmers sharing the burden of the shock. Historical decomposition graphs demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic caused consumers paying higher prices, but farmers receiving lower prices than their predicted values. Hence, both consumers and farmers in the U.S. beef supply chain were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the results detected asymmetric price adjustments along the U.S. beef supply chain, both in speeds and magnitudes, with the wholesale prices being more flexible, adjusting quicker than farm and retail prices. The results indicated that the U.S. beef markets were resilient enough to absorb the shock and return to their pre-shock patterns in 4 to 6 months. These results have welfare and policy implications for the U.S. beef industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Transport Passenger Markets-Implications for Selected EU Airports Based on Time Series Models Analysis

by Agnieszka Barczak, Izabela Dembińska, Dorota Rozmus and Katarzyna Szopik-Depczyńska

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 4345; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074345 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2755

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a drastic reduction in air traffic passengers, especially during the period when the EU countries introduced a lockdown. Even after the relaunch of airline operators, passenger traffic did not return to the pre-pandemic trend. The aim of the study [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a drastic reduction in air traffic passengers, especially during the period when the EU countries introduced a lockdown. Even after the relaunch of airline operators, passenger traffic did not return to the pre-pandemic trend. The aim of the study was to estimate the difference between the demand that was observed during the pandemic, and the demand that was forecast based on the pre-pandemic trend. The calculations were made for airports in selected EU countries. The first method was seasonality indicators, using quarterly data for 2015–2021. In the multiplicative model of seasonal fluctuations, the method of determining the seasonality indicators was used, based on the quotient of empirical values and the value of the trend. The one-name period trend method was used in the next step, then Fourier spectral analysis was applied. In the context of forecasts for the individual quarters of 2020 and 2021, all models indicate a further growing trend in the demand for passenger transport, which could have been observed if the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred. As a result of the pandemic, the number of passengers handled at airports has significantly decreased. In the third quarter of 2021, freight growth was already noticeable, with the exception of Netherland, where a marked decline was recorded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 1659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Social Media in Public Forest Management Policies during COVID-19: Implications for Stakeholder Engagement

by Iulian A. Bratu, Lucian C. Dinca, Cristian M. Enescu and Mirela Stanciu

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 3778; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073778 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2685

Abstract

Social networks have become increasingly popular lately, being a complementary method of expression and communication. With the adoption of quarantine and social distancing imposed by the authorities as measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, society has used the opportunity offered [...] Read more.

Social networks have become increasingly popular lately, being a complementary method of expression and communication. With the adoption of quarantine and social distancing imposed by the authorities as measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, society has used the opportunity offered by digital technology to continue its concern related to the protection and conservation of the environment, especially the forest. The purpose of this study was to highlight the public interest regarding the forests in the context of COVID-19, especially the extent to which public opinion expressed on social networks has determined public forest management policies. The results revealed a major interest in preserving biodiversity and forestry, in reducing legal logging and stopping illegal logging, and monitoring of timber shipments as measures to combat illegal logging. During the analyzed period (i.e., 1 February 2020 to 31 July 2020), several legislative acts were adopted that overlap with the requests and needs identified by environmental organizations, acts that address the issue of illegal logging, conservation, and protection of the forest, monitoring the traceability of wood. The legislation adopted in the analyzed timeframe and shortly after responded to several major topics related to the licensing and withdrawal of the logging license for illegal logging, amending the legislation for the conservation of biodiversity and the classification of areas with virgin forests as strictly protected forests. An IT system has also been implemented by the government environmental authority that allows the supervision of timber transport, offering the possibility of active involvement of civil society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 3741 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of COVID-19 on Wellbeing: Evidence from Israel

by Eran Feitelson, Pnina Plaut, Eli Salzberger, Deborah Shmueli, Alex Altshuler, Michal Ben-Gal, Fabian Israel, Yonat Rein-Sapir and Danielle Zaychik

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 3750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073750 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

Many aspects of wellbeing have been studied in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, studies that measure a comprehensive, multi-faceted conceptualization of wellbeing are rare. Using a broad conceptualization of wellbeing, based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) wellbeing [...] Read more.

Many aspects of wellbeing have been studied in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, studies that measure a comprehensive, multi-faceted conceptualization of wellbeing are rare. Using a broad conceptualization of wellbeing, based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) wellbeing indicators and a theoretical model of wellbeing developed previously, this study empirically assesses the wellbeing effects of COVID-19 in Israel. A representative sample of the adult population in Israel was surveyed and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the impacts of the pandemic on a number of wellbeing indicators. Relationships among indicators were also analyzed. The study’s findings highlight the importance of social interactions, economics, mental health, and leisure on wellbeing. The study can be used by policymakers to fully understand the impact of various COVID-19 response policies on the wellbeing of the population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 2467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Type of Households in Mongolia Are Most Hit by COVID-19?

by Ganchimeg Gombodorj and Károly Pető

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3557; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063557 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

The study aims to validate the measures taken by the government of Mongolia against COVID-19 and to analyse the negative impacts of COVID-19 on the livelihood of different types of households. The survey covers 362 households consisting of five different types, namely, apartment [...] Read more.

The study aims to validate the measures taken by the government of Mongolia against COVID-19 and to analyse the negative impacts of COVID-19 on the livelihood of different types of households. The survey covers 362 households consisting of five different types, namely, apartment households, ger district households, herder households, vegetable growing households, and small farmer households. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the number of variables to a few factors that best explain the variation in the variables. Two to three components were found from the principal component analyses that describe (i) government policy, (ii) challenges due to COVID-19, and (iii) risk and vulnerability that occurred due to COVID-19. Multiple regression models attributed by the household’s type were used to analyse the impact of the selected variables on the households’ income. According to the regression results, herding households are the least affected, compared to the other four types of households. The government measures to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 have better results for apartment households and ger district households. Rural households are less affected and seem to be more resilient to COVID-19 shocks than other households. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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21 pages, 2776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 and Supply Chain Management: A Review with Bibliometric

by Kedwadee Sombultawee, Pattama Lenuwat, Natdanai Aleenajitpong and Sakun Boon-itt

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063538 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6959

Abstract

The supply chain and its management are the hidden engines that drive the economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated an unprecedented sustained challenge to supply chain management around the world, which has highlighted the importance of research on the effects of COVID-19 on [...] Read more.

The supply chain and its management are the hidden engines that drive the economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated an unprecedented sustained challenge to supply chain management around the world, which has highlighted the importance of research on the effects of COVID-19 on supply chain management. Most of the scholarly articles were mainly focused on content analysis to discuss aspects of the research related to COVID-19 and supply chain management. The literature reviews with the bibliometric method involving supply chain management in the COVID-19 context are still scarce. In this paper, we undertook a bibliometric analysis of the research on COVID-19 and supply chain management, finding a total of 257 papers published in 2020 and 2021 to determine the thematic direction of the related flourish of research. The analysis used a combination of bibliographic and network analysis to capture the direction the research has been taking. The study identified the most highly productive authors, prominent journals, and geographic centers of publications about this phenomenon. It also examined networks related to co-authorship, countries of collaboration, co-citations and highly cited authors, and co-wording. The examination identified four thematic clusters, comprised of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply chains, the improvement of supply chain resilience for viability, technology and innovation for supply chain sustainability, and supply chain risk management in response to COVID-19. These findings support the need for further investigation into supply chain management, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply chains, and, more broadly, supply chain resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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17 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Agritourism Farm Stays and Their Safety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Poland

by Jan Zawadka, Anna Jęczmyk, Monika Małgorzata Wojcieszak-Zbierska, Gniewko Niedbała, Jarosław Uglis and Joanna Pietrzak-Zawadka

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3526; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063526 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3482

Abstract

The article presents reasons for the choices and opinions of tourists regarding rest and its safety in agritourism farms in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We used the diagnostic survey method. We distributed the questionnaire via the Internet on Facebook in [...] Read more.

The article presents reasons for the choices and opinions of tourists regarding rest and its safety in agritourism farms in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We used the diagnostic survey method. We distributed the questionnaire via the Internet on Facebook in thematic groups related to tourism. Facebook respondents were also asked to provide a link to the questionnaire to their tourism-active friends (snowball sampling). We conducted the survey in January 2021. Research has shown that well-educated and well-off residents of cities most often chose agritourism. The main reason for the choice is the possibility of rest in peace and quiet, natural values, and an attractive price. Notably, during the pandemic, an important reason for choosing agritourism was to convince tourists that the risk of coronavirus infection was relatively low. This is also evidenced by the fact that most of them visited an agritourism farm for the first time during the pandemic. The attractiveness of staying on an agritourism farm was assessed highly (almost all respondents expressed their willingness to take advantage of this form of leisure again). This is due to the high evaluation of the quality of services provided, the offer’s attractiveness, and price competitiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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12 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

E-Learning Experience in Higher Education amid COVID-19: Does Gender Really Matter in A Gender-Segregated Culture?

by Mansour A. Alyahya, Ibrahim A. Elshaer, Fathi Abunasser, Osama H. Mahmoud Hassan and Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063298 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2751

Abstract

Despite a plethora of research on students’ experiences of electronic (e) learning amid COVID-19 in higher education institutions (HEI), limited research has recognized the differences between students based on their gender. This research aims to examine the differences between students regarding their e-learning [...] Read more.

Despite a plethora of research on students’ experiences of electronic (e) learning amid COVID-19 in higher education institutions (HEI), limited research has recognized the differences between students based on their gender. This research aims to examine the differences between students regarding their e-learning experiences amid COVID-19, especially in a gender-segregated culture where female students do not have full access to conventional learning as their male counterparts do, albeit they often have more access to technology-based learning. A total of 1200 online questionnaires were analyzed from students (600 male and 600 female) in public universities in Saudi Arabia, which tend to use Blackboard to sustain their communication with students and e-learning amid COVID-19. The results of structural model and multi-group analysis using AMOS supported all the research hypotheses. The results showed that the path coefficients and significant values were higher among female students than among male students. Additionally, the explanatory power of the male structural model regarding the e-learning experience (0.58) was lower than that of the structural model of female students (0.85), reflecting a higher explanatory power to explain the e-learning experience. The research findings have numerous theoretical and practical implications, especially in gender-segregated cultures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 1765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Psychological Effects of Digital Companies’ Employees during the Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic Extracted from Online Employee Reviews

by Zhuo-Ming Ren, Wen-Li Du and Xing-Zhang Wen

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2609; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052609 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2273

Abstract

The ways people use words online can furnish psychological processes about their beliefs, fears, thinking patterns, and so on. Extracting from online employees’ reviews on the workplace community websites, we can quantify the psychological effects of employees during the phase of the COVID-19 [...] Read more.

The ways people use words online can furnish psychological processes about their beliefs, fears, thinking patterns, and so on. Extracting from online employees’ reviews on the workplace community websites, we can quantify the psychological effects of employees during the phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. We collect the anonymous employees’ reviews of Top 100 digital companies from the Glassdoor website which allows people to evaluate and review the companies they have worked for or are working for. Here, based on the data of numerical evaluations and textual reviews, we firstly use Z-score to investigate the psychological effects of employees in digital companies during the phase of COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we use a text analysis application called Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), which provides an efficient and effective method for studying the various emotional, cognitive, and structural components existing in individuals’ verbal and written speech samples, to mine these reviews to obtain changes in personal pronouns and 10 dimensions of psychological processes. Finally, we use Z-score to count on all aspects of drives and personal concerns in psychological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 3091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Income Tax for Microenterprises in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study on Ecuador

by Maribel Paredes-Torres, Ana del Rocío Cando-Zumba and José Varela-Aldás

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2537; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052537 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3000

Abstract

In this work, we analyze the income tax in Ecuador in 2020, which was affected simultaneously by two factors: the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 and the implementation of a new tax system. The objective is to evaluate the effects of these factors [...] Read more.

In this work, we analyze the income tax in Ecuador in 2020, which was affected simultaneously by two factors: the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 and the implementation of a new tax system. The objective is to evaluate the effects of these factors on the economic status of a group of taxpayers and the difference in tax payments compared with previous periods. A quantitative study was carried out, collecting financial data from 30 microenterprises for three fiscal periods. We also analyze the relationship between sales and the taxes paid in the same year, as well as the difference between the previous regime and the system applied in the first year of the pandemic to determine income tax. The results indicate an increase in the tax paid despite a noticeable decrease in sales due to confinement and other sanitary measures. In addition, we verified a significant difference between the two analyzed regimes, mainly because the pandemic regime calculates the tax based solely on income and does not consider expenses. We conclude that 43.33% of the microentrepreneurs we analyzed concluded the fiscal year with an accounting loss. This implies a debt for the following period and the risk of bankruptcy in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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22 pages, 4762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Military Food Supply Chain during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Marta Wincewicz-Bosy, Adam Sadowski, Katarzyna Wąsowska, Zbigniew Galar and Małgorzata Dymyt

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042464 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3987

Abstract

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China, disrupted international trade and changed the global food supply chain. Disruptions affected all food supply chains, including those critical to national security. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to [...] Read more.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China, disrupted international trade and changed the global food supply chain. Disruptions affected all food supply chains, including those critical to national security. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal the impact of the pandemic on the military food supply chain in Poland. In the analysed single case study, we used process mapping to show the diversity of the types of military food supply chains operating in military units. The attention was focused on the internal and external food supply chains in the context of the disruptions and dysfunctions that appeared in the sphere of management. The contribution of the article is twofold. First, we used a situational crisis management approach to isolate four types of internal military food supply chains. Practical guidance concerns showing actions influencing the modification of system solutions in the military sphere in peacetime in connection with the pandemic. As a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Poland applies system solutions similar to those in place in other allied countries. The results of our research can be used as recommendations for solving problems in the military food supply chain in other countries within NATO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Supply Chains in the Example of Polish Clothing Companies in the Context of Sustainable Development

by Beata Milewska

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031899 - 07 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4218

Abstract

The article presents the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the supply chains of Polish clothing companies. The aim of the article is to present the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the supply chains of Polish clothing companies, in both the short [...] Read more.

The article presents the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the supply chains of Polish clothing companies. The aim of the article is to present the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the supply chains of Polish clothing companies, in both the short and long-term, and in the context of sustainable development. The author has been conducting research on logistics and production processes as well as supply chains of Polish clothing companies since 2017. The research results presented in this article on the impact of the pandemic on the functioning of supply chains in this sector of the economy were carried out in 2021. The author conducted telephone interviews with the management of Polish clothing companies of all sizes, both with distributors and producers. She identified disruptions in the supply chains caused by the pandemic (on the supply, production and distribution). She outlined the short-term actions of companies in response to disruptions, as well as long-term changes related to the logistics strategy as a result of the pandemic. The author also presented the ecological and social effects of changes in logistics strategies caused by the pandemic. So far, there has been no research in this industry and this area concerning not only the short-term impact of the pandemic, but also the strategic changes and their impact on sustainable development. Thus, it is a study that fills the existing research gap. The pandemic particularly affected the distribution of clothing, which caused the dynamic development of e-commerce. Because of this, some clothing companies have changed the organization of deliveries to online customers, such as the example presented by the author of the largest Polish clothing company, LPP S.A. The pandemic in apparel companies has also disrupted production and supply. This was especially true for deliveries from countries with low production costs. Despite these disruptions, however, no mass withdrawal from the production of clothing in low-cost countries to Poland has been observed and, according to the surveyed companies, this will not be a long-term consequence of the pandemic. However, if factors that occurred during a pandemic worsen, this could favor the shifting of more production from low-cost countries to local or regional sewing plants. This would enable the application of the Quick Response strategy. Other disruptions that occurred in connection with the pandemic include a reduction in the number of orders for Polish sewing factories, an increase in the prices of materials and packaging, an increase in transport costs and a periodic increase in inventory levels as a reaction of some companies to the disruptions. The disruptions also caused, in some cases, greater volatility in the relationship between individual links in the supply chains, which perhaps will be the next strategic change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 1648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Will It Be a Barrier to Achieving Sustainability?

by Yoonkyung Choi, Hyun-ju Kim and Yoon Lee

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031629 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3931

Abstract

This study quantitatively analyzes the economic impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis on Korea and other major nations using the standard Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. Based on the GTAP9a database, we created three scenarios that differed in the severity [...] Read more.

This study quantitatively analyzes the economic impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis on Korea and other major nations using the standard Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. Based on the GTAP9a database, we created three scenarios that differed in the severity of the impact of COVID-19, divided the economic shocks witnessed in each scenario into three stages, and applied them at varying degrees to six regions and 10 industry sectors. The results revealed an increase in investments and a decrease in GDP, income, production, and exports, with private household expenditure and export value showing the largest declines in all regions. Under Scenario BA, the export value of the tourism industry decreased by approximately 28%, and private household expenditure on tourism industry imports declined by 33.4% on average across all regions. Conversely, government expenditure increased following the economic recession and increased tax revenue. The results showed similar trends across regions and sectors, with only slight variances according to each region’s economic structural characteristics. By shedding light on proposals and approaches to overcome the global economic crisis amid the ongoing pandemic, this study provides baseline data for devising more practical, detailed response plans and policy directions for potential future calamities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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20 pages, 2000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Social Dimension of Security: The Dichotomy of Respondents’ Perceptions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Sławomir Kalinowski, Aleksandra Łuczak and Adam Koziolek

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031363 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3972

Abstract

The main goal of the study was to make a subjective assessment of the social security of households during the coronavirus pandemic. In order to achieve this goal, a three-stage primary research based on the CAWI method (computer-assisted web interview) was conducted on [...] Read more.

The main goal of the study was to make a subjective assessment of the social security of households during the coronavirus pandemic. In order to achieve this goal, a three-stage primary research based on the CAWI method (computer-assisted web interview) was conducted on households in Poland in April, June, and September 2020. The research used statistical methods of structure evaluation and the fuzzy TOPSIS method. It assessed the security of households and respondents’ subjective perceptions of the loss of financial stability, income, and employment, as well as presenting the deterioration of the situation of their households in the immediate future. The respondents also assessed the possible deterioration of the situation in Poland, the growth of poverty in families and unemployment in the immediate future. In addition, the respondents’ subjective assessments of the level of insecurity about the future of their households and the situation in Poland were quantified. One of the most important conclusions was the dichotomy in the respondents’ perceptions, as they assessed the situation of their households better than the situation in Poland. The research shows that in April 2020, i.e., at the first stage of the research, the respondents strongly felt that the financial situation of their households had deteriorated. In June 2020 (stage II) this perception weakened slightly because they may have considered the pandemic situation to be temporary. However, in September 2020 (stage III) the sense of the possible deterioration of their financial situation increased again due to the ongoing pandemic and its consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Third Wave of COVID-19 versus the Residential Preferences in Poland: An Assessment of Economic Factors and Psychological Determinants

by Anna Stankowska and Izabela Stankowska-Mazur

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031339 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1879

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a reflection on our need for contact with nature. It was the result of suddenly imposed limitations of the everyday functioning of many people and confining them to the space of their own house or apartment. This paper presents [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a reflection on our need for contact with nature. It was the result of suddenly imposed limitations of the everyday functioning of many people and confining them to the space of their own house or apartment. This paper presents the results of a study on the preferences of Polish city dwellers in terms of their need for contact with nature at their place of residence before the COVID-19 outbreak and after the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the study was to identify any relationship between preferences regarding access to nature at the place of residence prior to and during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and variables such as gender, age, background, and distance between the place of residence and any natural or urban green spaces. An online survey was used to examine urban residents’ need for access to nature. Significant gender differences in preferences, both prior to and during the pandemic, were found. Preferences also varied depending on the distance between the place of residence and natural and urban green spaces and depending on the origin of the interviewee (urban or rural). The origin was found to have a significant impact on preferences. The need for contact with nature at the place of residence, both before and after the pandemic, was found to be greater among respondents from rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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25 pages, 1635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digitization in the Design and Construction Industry—Remote Work in the Context of Sustainability: A Study from Poland

by Bartosz Orzeł and Radosław Wolniak

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031332 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6875

Abstract

The article presents the results of research on the digitization of services provided by the design industry in the context of the implementation of sustainable development goals, especially environmental sustainability. First, a literature review has been done. These research goals were established in [...] Read more.

The article presents the results of research on the digitization of services provided by the design industry in the context of the implementation of sustainable development goals, especially environmental sustainability. First, a literature review has been done. These research goals were established in the publication: investigating the impact of remote work on the implementation of sustainable development goals (in particular, environmental), examining the essence of better perception of remote work and digitization of the design process by employees of the design and construction industry, and examining barriers and factors favoring the digitization of the design and construction industry in Poland. Both a survey and interviews were carried out. To analyze data obtained from the interviews, the Colaizzi’s methodology was performed. The data obtained as a result of the survey were subjected to a statistical analysis using a cluster analysis (Ward’s method). Groups (clusters) of strong and weak barriers, supporting factors, and sustainability factors were defined. The COVID-19 pandemic has perpetuated the digitization trend in this industry. Employees and owners of project offices prefer remote work due to the flexibility of working time, time savings, work comfort, safety, and savings. Industry employees recognize the advantages and benefits of remote work in terms of environmental sustainability. The environmental impact in the form in the reduction of electricity consumption by large office buildings and reduction of the emission of harmful substances contained in car exhaust fumes are the most frequently mentioned environmental advantages. The biggest barriers are legal aspects, and sometimes difficult cooperation with a client. The research results presented in this publication, as well as the methodology adopted, are a contribution to the literature on the perception and comfort of remote work, the social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Managerial and Economical Aspects of the Just-In-Time System “Lean Management in the Time of Pandemic”

by Dariusz Milewski

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031204 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4912

Abstract

The article concerns the problem of efficiency of the Just-In-Time (JIT) system, taking into account the benefits for the company and external costs. The aim of the article was to present the conditions conducive to the effective implementation of the JIT system. The [...] Read more.

The article concerns the problem of efficiency of the Just-In-Time (JIT) system, taking into account the benefits for the company and external costs. The aim of the article was to present the conditions conducive to the effective implementation of the JIT system. The article refers to recent discussions in various publications on the effectiveness of the lean management (LM) concept and the JIT system in the context of the pandemic. It also presents the results of simulations carried out with the use of a model developed by the author concerning the transport distances at which JIT deliveries are profitable and the impact of JIT deliveries on the costs of logistics processes and external costs. The results of the conducted simulations showed in which specific cases JIT solutions were beneficial. The results showed that the scale of benefits was strongly dependent on the value of products and the scale of production. Simulations were carried out for four product groups: food products, footwear, electronics, and mobile phones. In the case of cheap products and small scale, the implementation of JIT resulted in a significant increase in the costs of logistics processes if delivery distances were not shortened. Savings of over 70% appeared in the case of expensive mobile phones, even over long distances. In the case of large-scale production and sales, large savings occurred in almost all cases (up to over 90%). Furthermore, simulations of the impact of JIT on the profitability of enterprises were also carried out using the data contained in the financial reports of listed companies. These simulations also showed a significant impact of JITs on the efficiency of companies, albeit assuming that the effect would be primarily an increase in revenues. If the current situation caused by the pandemic (disruptions in global supply chains, increased transport costs) contributes to the return of production to Europe, this may result in the creation of favorable conditions for the implementation of JIT. In this case, the result will be large savings in logistics costs, including external costs of these processes (almost 80%). Here, however, the factor contributing to the reduction in external costs would also be the scale of production and sales. The simulations carried out by the author are a novelty and constitute his contribution to scientific research in this area, as no such calculations have been carried out to date. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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22 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Anxiety and the Performance of SMEs during COVID-19: A Cross-National Study in Kuwait

by Mohammad Zainal, Ahmed Bani-Mustafa, Mamoon Alameen, Sam Toglaw and Ali Al Mazari

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031112 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3235

Abstract

The focal aim of the project was to assess the economic anxiety (EA) and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) during partial and full lockdowns in Kuwait. The challenges facing the SMEs during COVID-19 and the potential solutions were also explored. [...] Read more.

The focal aim of the project was to assess the economic anxiety (EA) and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) during partial and full lockdowns in Kuwait. The challenges facing the SMEs during COVID-19 and the potential solutions were also explored. The call for this vital investigation was due to the global economic fallout and the shocking drop within the marketplace caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive approach was used for online survey design to collect datasets from 147 SMEs spanning all governorates of Kuwait in the period between March and June 2021. It included sociodemographic data, economic anxiety perception, potential challenges and solutions to SMEs, and SMEs’ performance. The data analysis using SPSS 25 showed that 78.2% of the SMEs were affected directly by the COVID-19 pandemic, and about 83% were affected negatively by the COVID-19 pandemic. In comparison, only 12.2% experienced a positive impact, mainly medical, technology, social media, food supplies, and delivery or logistics industries. With great concerns of SMEs for all dimensions related to economic anxiety (with an average of around 3.95), the greatest concerns were the financial and cash flow, followed by labor shortage (an average between 4.51 and 5.00). The results also showed that most of the performance indicators for the SMEs were low (with an average of less than or equal to 2.5), and more than 66% of them worked fewer hours during the pandemic; the number of operating hours was dropped dramatically. More than 74% of the SMEs used technology in more than 20% of their activities, representing an increase in using technologies of about 44%, and about 25.2% used social networks in more than 80% of their activities. The performance of SMEs is also found to be significantly and positively correlated with the economic anxiety levels, with a correlation coefficient of 0.186. The findings revealed significant and crucial outcomes for policymaking, decision-makers, and governmental agencies to build recovery plans and proper actions needed to manage the consequences caused by the disaster against the economic and other developments within the context of SMEs. Overall, there is a clear need to find ways and customize operations to adapt to the new work modes that require social distancing, online operations, and site management. In addition, new alternative modes of SMEs work follow to compensate for the lower working hours from the office and increased online working from home. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

18 pages, 1639 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Expression of Behavior and Attitudes toward Sustainable Tourism in the Youth Population: A Search for Statistical Types

by Diana Šaparnienė, Oksana Mejerė, Jurgita Raišutienė, Vita Juknevičienė and Rasa Rupulevičienė

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010473 - 02 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4551

Abstract

Youth attitudes and behavior in tourism activities are crucial for sustainable tourism development. This study aims to identify the statistical types of youth according to their expressed behavior in sustainability and attitudes toward sustainable tourism development. Survey data were collected from 1085 respondents [...] Read more.

Youth attitudes and behavior in tourism activities are crucial for sustainable tourism development. This study aims to identify the statistical types of youth according to their expressed behavior in sustainability and attitudes toward sustainable tourism development. Survey data were collected from 1085 respondents representing different Baltic Sea countries—Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia. A unique research instrument, constructed by the authors, was developed for the empirical research, responding to the latest theoretical insights and models and was empirically validated by statistical methods (the factor validity of the scales was tested with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, etc.). Attitudes towards sustainable tourism development were measured with the SUS-TAS scale. The factor clustering method used in the study identified the statistical types of the youth included, according to the expression of sustainable behavior and the attitudes toward sustainable tourism development. The results indicated that the majority of youth belong to the “oriented toward sustainable behavior” type (50.6%), while the analysis of youth attitudes showed that 71.5% belong to the socioeconomic type, indicating that young people prioritize the long-term socioeconomic wellbeing of the region, which can be achieved through efficient management, tourism planning, and active public participation in the implementation of tourism policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 10805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of COVID-19 on the Food Supply Chain: A Case Study on Saudi Arabia

by Alhanouf Abdulrahman Alsuwailem, Emad Salem, Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar, Abdullah AlTameem, Mohammed AlKhathami, Muhammad Badruddin Khan and Mozaherul Hoque Abul Hasanat

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010254 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6918

Abstract

The entire world is suffering from the post-COVID-19 crisis, and governments are facing problems concerning the provision of satisfactory food and services to their citizens through food supply chain systems. During pandemics, it is difficult to handle the demands of consumers, to overcome [...] Read more.

The entire world is suffering from the post-COVID-19 crisis, and governments are facing problems concerning the provision of satisfactory food and services to their citizens through food supply chain systems. During pandemics, it is difficult to handle the demands of consumers, to overcome food production problems due to lockdowns, work with minimum manpower, follow import and export trade policies, and avoid transportation disruptions. This study aims to analyze the behavior of food imports in Saudi Arabia and how this pandemic and its resulting precautionary measures have affected the food supply chain. We performed a statistical analysis and extracted descriptive measures prior to applying hybrid statistical hypothesis tests to study the behavior of the food chain. The paired samples t-test was used to study differences while the independent samples t-test was used to study differences in means at the level of each item and country, followed by the comparison of means test in order to determine the difference and whether it is increasing or decreasing. According to the results, Saudi Arabia experienced significant effects on the number of items shipped and the countries that supplied these items. The paired samples t-test showed a change in the behavior of importing activities by—47% for items and countries. The independent t-test revealed that 24 item groups and 86 countries reflected significant differences in the mean between the two periods. However, the impact on 41 other countries was almost negligible. In addition, the comparison of means test found that 68% of item groups were significantly reduced and 24% were increased, while only 4% of the items remained the same. From a country perspective, 65% of countries showed a noticeable decrease and 16% a significant increase, while 19% remained the same. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 2701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Tourism Decision Making during COVID-19—Sailing Tourism Example

by Aleksandra Łapko, Ewa Hącia, Roma Strulak-Wójcikiewicz, Kevser Çınar, Enrico Panai and Lovorko Lučić

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010134 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3770

Abstract

In 2020, tourism was highly affected by COVID-19 and its restrictions, such as tourist traffic. Decisions related to trips were made in a state of high risk and uncertainty. This article’s main aim is to present the results of research on decision making [...] Read more.

In 2020, tourism was highly affected by COVID-19 and its restrictions, such as tourist traffic. Decisions related to trips were made in a state of high risk and uncertainty. This article’s main aim is to present the results of research on decision making by people practising sailing tourism during COVID-19. The survey was conducted in the first quarter of 2021 on 580 sailors from Poland, Germany, Croatia, Italy, France, and Turkey. This is interesting because of the specificity of this form of nautical tourism, which is characterised by high flexibility in the planning and implementation of the cruise. Sailing tourism is also environmentally friendly due to the type of propulsion used and the low noise levels generated. Research has shown that country-specific travel restrictions impact sailing tourism and cruise decisions. The obtained results are important for developing sailing tourism and may contribute to rationalising decisions taken during crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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27 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Business Models Caused by Digital Transformation and the COVID-19 Pandemic and Possibilities of Their Measurement—Case Study

by Katarina Stalmachova, Roman Chinoracky and Mariana Strenitzerova

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010127 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 14603

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a key event that has changed our lives. Businesses had to change their daily operations, and working from home has become the norm. Almost everyone who is working from home must use some type of digital technology. It [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a key event that has changed our lives. Businesses had to change their daily operations, and working from home has become the norm. Almost everyone who is working from home must use some type of digital technology. It is possible to say that business activities and business models have undergone some form of digital transformation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we chose a company that was affected by these changes, and the main goal of our research was the identification of how the digital transformation that was caused by the pandemic changed the business models of the selected company. Because the analyzed company is operating in the financial sector, this article is a case study. The basic activities and elements of the business models of the selected company, before and during the pandemic, were identified using the Business Model Canvas. We propose a set of key performance indicators (KPIs), based on the Balanced Scorecard, for measuring the newly identified activities and elements of the business models that arose in the company as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The knowledge gained in this article shows how the digital transformation changed the functioning of the selected company. The conclusions of this article are mainly for the companies that are considering their own digitalization, which contributes to the long-term sustainability of banking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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19 pages, 1637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Enterprise as a Model of Hotel Operation in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Małgorzata Sztorc

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010097 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3281

Abstract

The article aims to identify modern technological solutions in the field of automation and robotization of business processes that change the way hotel enterprises operate in the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the research problem was expressed in the form of [...] Read more.

The article aims to identify modern technological solutions in the field of automation and robotization of business processes that change the way hotel enterprises operate in the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the research problem was expressed in the form of a question: what tools favor the dynamic digital transformation of hotel functioning models and the implementation of the paradigm of intelligent and autonomous entities operating in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hotel market? During the empirical research, the use and implementation of new solutions in the field of innovative technologies supporting the optimization of processes taking place in hotel enterprises were considered. In addition, technologies and tools were identified that are considered strategic from the perspective of implementing the concept of an autonomous hotel carried out under the influence of the crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the specific purpose of the article, a survey was conducted using the questionnaire method with the Computer Assisted Web Interview technique alongside a self-developed questionnaire. The survey was carried out in June–September 2021 among 462 representatives of hotel companies operating in the three-, four- and five-star standards. The results of the diagnostic survey were statistically analyzed using the Statistica and RStudio software packages. To interpret the obtained data, the descriptive method, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were used. As a result of the conducted research, it was noticed that the COVID-19 pandemic obligated hotels to automate processes that made it possible to connect devices within digital ecosystems and to optimize processes inside vertical and horizontal value chains. Such activities enabled the creation of a new model of hotel functioning referred to as an autonomous enterprise. Nowadays, one of the most important strategic behaviors of hotel entities is the ability to quickly counteract crises resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the related choice of the right course of action, as well as the ability to immediately make the right decisions. The research results may motivate the implementation of new technologies in the area of transforming and developing digital business models by hotels. The issues presented in the article are an attempt to fill the gap by pointing out practical experiences related to the use of individual technological solutions and their effectiveness in process automation and implementation of autonomous models of functioning of entities in the hotel services sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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22 pages, 11550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Resilience of Urban Retail System in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Case Study of Poland

by Joanna Zuzanna Popławska

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13737; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413737 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

Urban retail systems in Poland have been changing constantly during the last 30 years. When it seemed that the consumption lifestyle of Poles became stable, and likewise the relations within the urban retail system, it was placed under the strain of the shock [...] Read more.

Urban retail systems in Poland have been changing constantly during the last 30 years. When it seemed that the consumption lifestyle of Poles became stable, and likewise the relations within the urban retail system, it was placed under the strain of the shock of the pandemic. The aim of the study is to discuss challenges that the urban retail systems face as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, how the relationships within those systems have changed and how the resilience of entities that create urban retail systems has changed. The article focuses on the case study of Poland, the largest and the fastest growing country in Central and Eastern Europe. To achieve the research goal, a broad and detailed critical literature review was used: literature, scientific articles, reports and daily press with a business profile were analyzed. Complementary to a qualitative approach was an analysis of quantitative data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and Eurostat regarding the period from 2007 to 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a unique occasion in which to conduct a stress-test of the concept of retail resilience in the lively organism of a city; it also delivers a useful framework for analyzing processes occurring in the Polish retail trade. The undertaken research contributes to these concepts by indicating how the shock of COVID-19 could affect components of the urban retail system in ambivalent ways as they express different levels of resilience. Some elements of the system had no problems with adjustments to the shock of the pandemic, whereas others with more rigid structures had problems with adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Satisfaction Degree of Students at Spain’s Physiotherapy Universities in Relation to Online Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Isabel Escobio-Prieto, Raquel Sobrino-Sánchez, José Antonio Mingorance, Manuel García-Marín, Antonio Matas-Terrón and Manuel Albornoz-Cabello

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13628; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413628 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2145

Abstract

Student satisfaction is a crucial aspect in the quality assessment of higher education. The aim of the present study was to assess the degree of satisfaction among students in the Faculties of physiotherapy throughout Spain concerning online teaching during the State of Emergency [...] Read more.

Student satisfaction is a crucial aspect in the quality assessment of higher education. The aim of the present study was to assess the degree of satisfaction among students in the Faculties of physiotherapy throughout Spain concerning online teaching during the State of Emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional observational design. The online questionnaire DISFISCOVID was distributed to 24 physiotherapy faculties across Spain. A sample of 348 physiotherapy students from 14 Spanish universities completed the questionnaire. It showed high reliability evidence, achieving Cronbach’s alpha indices higher than 0.870, alongside a McDonald’s ωH of 0.876. On the whole, students were not satisfied with online learning during the State of Emergency, considering it unsuitable for their learning in either the theoretical or practical field of subjects in the degree of physiotherapy. In conclusion, the perception of physiotherapy students concerning the teaching they received, as far as practical contents and assessment methods are concerned, was not very satisfactory in those Faculties in which online learning platforms were not being used beforehand, and was more satisfactory when teaching was carried out in-person in the classroom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

14 pages, 2260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiences of Polish Tourists Traveling for Leisure Purposes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Agata Balińska and Wioletta Olejniczak

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 11919; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111919 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2529

Abstract

The research presented in this paper examines the experiences of Poles traveling for leisure purposes in the summer season of 2020, taking into account the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved the analysis of source data, including statistical data, and a [...] Read more.

The research presented in this paper examines the experiences of Poles traveling for leisure purposes in the summer season of 2020, taking into account the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved the analysis of source data, including statistical data, and a survey administered via the computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method. The survey questionnaire was created on the Google platform. The link to the questionnaire was provided via social media to participants of travel groups in the period from 30 November 2020 to 15 February 2021. The sampling was purposive (included only travelers) despite efforts to maintain the gender balance; the proportion of women was higher. Therefore, caution must be applied when interpreting the results which may not be transferable. The survey included questions regarding the respondents’ travel behavior and risk perceptions. 433 correctly completed questionnaires were collected. The dataset was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Descriptive statistics measures and correlation coefficients were used in the analysis of the results. The study shows that some respondents decided against traveling because of the pandemic situation, while those who decided to travel adjusted their behavior by avoiding crowded places and resigning from traveling abroad. Compliance with hygiene standards in the area of tourism services varied, and was the highest in the case of accommodation services. Women rated hygiene standards in chain cafes statistically higher than men and younger people rated hygiene on public transport, trains, air transport and in fast food services higher than older people. The higher the tourism expenditure, the lower the assessment of sanitary standards in tour guide services, air transport and chain cafes decreased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Struggling with COVID-19—A Framework for Assessing Health System Performance

by Iwona Markowicz and Iga Rudawska

Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11146; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011146 - 09 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4050

Abstract

Currently, no guidelines exist on how to evaluate the performance of health systems fighting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Therefore, this study seeks (1) to develop a conceptual framework that would be helpful in the given context, and (2) to test the feasibility of the [...] Read more.

Currently, no guidelines exist on how to evaluate the performance of health systems fighting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Therefore, this study seeks (1) to develop a conceptual framework that would be helpful in the given context, and (2) to test the feasibility of the proposed approach. The framework is conceptualized based on investigating critical dimensions and indicators for the successful design of a method for evaluating the performance of health systems. Subsequently, the taxonomic measure of development is used and a correlational analysis made in order to run a pilot test of the proposed concept. The finalized conceptual framework has five input dimensions (demographical burden, epidemiological burden, health-related quality of life, financial resources, and access) described by 18 indicators, and two output domains (outcomes, productivity) described by six indicators to monitor system performance under the COVID-19 pandemic. The pilot-test conducted in European Union countries and the United States proved the model to be useful and feasible. The proposed framework can be used to assess the performance of health systems fighting novel pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, worldwide. Our methodological approach can be used as a benchmark for international agencies such as the World Health Organization in developing their own frameworks. The paper presents the first research exploring the evaluation of a health system during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has the potential to help monitor a health system’s performance during the pandemic by accounting for specific country-related circumstances. In a broader sense, it can contribute to boosting health market competitiveness in terms of quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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15 pages, 1110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of COVID-19 on Bank Equity and Performance: The Case of Central Eastern South European Countries

by Sylwester Kozak

Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 11036; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911036 - 05 Oct 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5180

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the shock increase, in the value of nonperforming loans, on the equity level and profitability of 141 banks in 18 countries of Central Eastern South Europe (CESE). This study is important for [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the shock increase, in the value of nonperforming loans, on the equity level and profitability of 141 banks in 18 countries of Central Eastern South Europe (CESE). This study is important for assessing the financial stability of banks in this region in the face of the continuing negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the annual data, as of the end of 2020, from the S&P Global database, stress tests were carried out to check what value of NPL growth, over the next year, will lead to breach the regulatory capital requirements in domestic sectors and in individual groups of banks. The results indicate that the banks in CESE were well capitalized and had the ability to maintain capital requirements with a 12% increase in nonperforming loans. The resilience of domestic banking sectors varies, and it is higher in non-EU countries. Smaller and non-public banks show a greater ability to preserve the appropriate level of equity, although there is a risk that they may postpone the time of provisioning credit risk and additionally increase lending to lower the NPL ratio. Larger banks are more profitable in times of crisis. The results of the research are important for assessing the stability of the banking sector in CESE during the crisis and can be used by financial supervision of the region’s countries and banking market analysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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21 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Loyalty of Employees in Poland as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Anna Lipka and Małgorzata Król

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9411; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169411 - 22 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2788

Abstract

The pandemic has triggered, on one hand, a wave of employee disloyalty in the form of quitting from non-functioning companies and choosing those seeking employees, and on the other hand, reinforcing their relationships with those companies that made a lot of effort to [...] Read more.

The pandemic has triggered, on one hand, a wave of employee disloyalty in the form of quitting from non-functioning companies and choosing those seeking employees, and on the other hand, reinforcing their relationships with those companies that made a lot of effort to prevent quitting or letting employees go. The cognitive aim of this article is to answer the question of whether this transition is intended to be temporary or permanent—an issue which has not been recognized in the literature on the subject so far. The planned cognitive contribution is the verification of the hypothesis pertaining to the uneven occurrence of individual types of loyalty. The study was conducted on a nationwide, representative sample (n = 1000) with the use of the CAWI questionnaire. Research has confirmed that sustainable loyalty occurs more often than other types of loyalty. This is a balanced type of loyalty in which the commitment of the employer and the employee is equal, and the employee is attached to the organization and puts their trust in it. The obtained results were interpreted in the context of the influence of the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

23 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social and Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 Online Content at a Lockdown Phase—Europe and Asia Comparison

by Marta R. Jabłońska, Karolina Zajdel and Radosław Zajdel

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9198; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169198 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2250

Abstract

After more than a year in a pandemic world, more than 171 million people worldwide have been infected and over 3.5 million have died. The number of those who have suffered mentally due to the pandemic is well above this number. The virus, [...] Read more.

After more than a year in a pandemic world, more than 171 million people worldwide have been infected and over 3.5 million have died. The number of those who have suffered mentally due to the pandemic is well above this number. The virus, lockdowns, forced quarantines, and problems related to jobs and everyday functioning have left their mark on mental health. Additionally, the massive spread of COVID-19 content of varying quality in social media is exacerbating this impact. On the other hand, in times of social distancing, these media are an important link with other people and a source of social support. The impact of the COVID-19 content in social media still requires further exploring. This influence on mental health may also vary geographically. There are more and more reports of discrimination against Asians due to COVID-19. We conducted a survey during lockdown in which 1664 respondents took part. After analyzing the impact of COVID-19 content in social media on the level of life satisfaction, anxiety, and depression, we compared this impact between European and Asian respondents. The results showed that dealing with these contents affects the level of anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction. Although most often these relations turned out to be negative, we have also identified those indicating a positive impact. This was particularly noticeable among Asian respondents, who additionally showed a lower relationship between reading COVID-19 content and their mental well-being than European respondents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

23 pages, 1177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activities of Food Retail Companies in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Context of Food Security

by Eulalia Skawińska and Romuald I. Zalewski

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7323; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137323 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3564

Abstract

This paper deals with a very important topic concerning the adaptive actions of food retail entities, operating in a network model, during threats caused by a pandemic. The aim of the study was to identify and characterize the actions taken by food retail [...] Read more.

This paper deals with a very important topic concerning the adaptive actions of food retail entities, operating in a network model, during threats caused by a pandemic. The aim of the study was to identify and characterize the actions taken by food retail chain entities during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of the food security of consumers in Poland (using the example of Wielkopolska). A basic research hypothesis (H0) was generated, stating that the adaptation activities of food retail chain actors varied during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland with regard to ensuring consumer food security. It was detailed in five sub-hypotheses. In their verification and in the realization of the aim of the study, the methods of literature study and other secondary sources, and induction, survey, comparative, visualization, modeling and descriptive statistics, were used. The research results include (a) the authors’ diagnosis of threats to the food security of companies in the food system resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and applied ways of adaptation to the new requirements of the environment, based on secondary sources; (b) analysis of data from the empirical survey conducted by the authors in November 2020 on the adaptive actions of companies, among managers/owners of food retail stores of a selected network of a particular franchise type in Greater Poland; (c) the construction of an empirical model of the typical behaviors of food retail units in the chain under study, distinguishing three of their types in the model; and (d) suggestions concerning the directions of future scientific research areas. The article was prepared following the stream of sustainable development theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

24 pages, 2387 KiB

Open AccessReview

Participatory Action Research Challenges Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review and Comparison across Two European Projects

by Fábio André Matos, Filipe Moreira Alves, Peter Roebeling, Rita Mendonça, Rúben Mendes, Max López-Maciel and André Vizinho

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6489; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086489 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2258

Abstract

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that spread through the world in 2020 had a major effect on academia. Research projects relying on participatory methods and action research approaches were especially harmed by the restrictions and changes the situation imposed. This study performs [...] Read more.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that spread through the world in 2020 had a major effect on academia. Research projects relying on participatory methods and action research approaches were especially harmed by the restrictions and changes the situation imposed. This study performs a rapid literature review to identify common themes in the narratives of published studies concerning the difficulties of carrying-out participatory research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perceptions and experiences of the authors of these studies are compiled and summarized. Additionally, insights and lessons learned from two projects in which the authors of this study participated are discussed and used to establish a comparison with the common challenges found in the literature. Over 90% of authors experienced challenges related to digitalization and methodological changes, 70% encountered difficulties with organizational and operational aspects of research, and over 30% felt that personal challenges, as well as issues with participatory aspects of research, were significant. On a positive note, almost 40% of authors from our sample recognize that the pandemic also brought unexpected benefits, such as a reduction in logistical expenses, and the creation of new opportunities for participation. This study adds to the growing body of literature regarding the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the research community. Additionally, it comments on the adaptation of participatory action research methods for added sustainability and social inclusion in the face of global crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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13 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessReview

Socio-Economic Impacts and Challenges of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19): An Updated Review

by Orestis Delardas, Konstantinos S. Kechagias, Pantelis N. Pontikos and Panagiotis Giannos

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159699 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 13060

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shaken up the socio-economic order on a global scale with interventions designed to curb the spread of the disease bearing multiple and reinforcing impacts on several aspects of economic and social lives. The effects of COVID-19 [...] Read more.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shaken up the socio-economic order on a global scale with interventions designed to curb the spread of the disease bearing multiple and reinforcing impacts on several aspects of economic and social lives. The effects of COVID-19 were diverse and often spilled over different or interdependent industries. Economies were hit top-down and bottom-up while businesses and individuals alike endured significant changes that altered national and international supply and demand trends for products and services. The primary and secondary sectors were especially influenced by supply shortages while services and education were largely demand-driven. Monetary policies were specifically targeted to ease these disruptions while protective measures for employees in many cases constrained business competitiveness. The present study provided a cross-sectoral (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors) outline of the implications and challenges since the start of the crisis, centralising important information and offering a view of the current socio-economic situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 1516 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessing the Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on the Aquaculture and Fisheries Sectors in Relation to Food Security: A Critical Review

by Kamal Gosh, Santa Chowdhury, Debasish Chandra Acharjee, Abdullah-Al Mamun and Robin Ghosh

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8766; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148766 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2873

Abstract

The aquaculture and fisheries sectors are critical sources of nutrition and employment generation in many developed and developing countries. Hence, any disruptions to these sectors due to the COVID-19 pandemic have a far-reaching impact, leading to a cascading chain of disorder affecting people’s [...] Read more.

The aquaculture and fisheries sectors are critical sources of nutrition and employment generation in many developed and developing countries. Hence, any disruptions to these sectors due to the COVID-19 pandemic have a far-reaching impact, leading to a cascading chain of disorder affecting people’s food security and livelihoods. Relating to these fish sectors, we reviewed COVID-19’s implications for the food security of these vulnerable countries. The current study indicated that COVID-19 and its related preventive measures have severely disrupted the fish demand and supply chain by creating considerable fish price volatility. As a result, the vulnerable aquatic communities have adopted several short-term coping strategies, including fish overwintering, delayed fish stocking time, and feeding the overcrowded fish with low-priced food. Since the long-term coping strategies are still unclear, we recommended certain longstanding methods that are likely to safeguard food security and livelihoods if adopted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

16 pages, 3147 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry in Taiwan

by Ching-Tang Chan and Hsien-Wu Chen

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4864; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084864 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4407

Abstract

The initial outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred at the end of 2019. Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has halted the tourism industry, which is facing a critical moment of survival due to the government restrictions and tourism warnings in various [...] Read more.

The initial outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred at the end of 2019. Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has halted the tourism industry, which is facing a critical moment of survival due to the government restrictions and tourism warnings in various countries. In Taiwan, despite effective epidemic prevention measures, the pandemic has significantly affected the country’s tourism industry, particularly the travel industry. This study provides an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on the travel industry and discusses the fiscal stimulus measures and vaccinations provided by the Taiwan government to ensure the sustainability of the tourism industry in Taiwan from the start of 2020 to the end of 2021. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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16 pages, 7429 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Get Us PPE: A Self-Organizing Platform Ecosystem for Supply Chain Optimization during COVID-19

by Ram Bala, Kumar R. Sarangee, Shuhan He and Grace Jin

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063175 - 08 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a global health emergency that triggered an acute shortage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), putting essential healthcare workers at risk. Starting March 2020, given the skyrocketing prices of PPE in the open market, healthcare institutions were confronted with the [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a global health emergency that triggered an acute shortage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), putting essential healthcare workers at risk. Starting March 2020, given the skyrocketing prices of PPE in the open market, healthcare institutions were confronted with the dire need to reshape their PPE procurement strategy. One avenue that financially constrained healthcare institutions pursued were donation platforms that offered access to donated PPE by individuals and organizations. We document a real-life case study of one of the most prominent donor platforms that emerged during this period: Get Us PPE. From 20 March 2020 to 2 July 2021, Get Us PPE received 23,001 total individual requests for PPE from every US state and some US territories. In response to these 23,001 requests, Get Us PPE delivered 17,540,571 units of PPE. The number of PPE units delivered was still less than 25% of the total units of PPE requested, indicating the enormity of the PPE shortage. Using this case study, we identify key supply chain issues that manifest during emergencies and highlight the formation of a platform ecosystem to resolve these issues. We also observed a robust supply chain network design that addresses key supply chain sustainability metrics such as minimizing material waste and transportation miles, while balancing other stakeholder factors such as donor and recipient characteristics as well as shipment complexity. We argue that the roadmap followed by Get Us PPE could serve as a template for organizations that emerge in the context of future humanitarian crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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