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Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation
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Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Transportation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 9392

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wei Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
Interests: electric vehicle technologies; wireless power transfer; power electronics; machines and drives; biomedical power electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. K. T. Chau

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
Interests: electric vehicle technologies; renewable energy systems; machines and drives; power electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. C. C. Chan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: electric vehicles; electric machines and drives; power electronics and controls; smart energy; correlation between energy and information
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advances in electric vehicle (EV) technologies have promoted the development of modern transportation towards electrification, intelligence and sustainability. With higher energy efficiency and less/zero emissions, modern electric, hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles are widely advocated by academia, industries and governments, with the aim of establishing sustainable transportation networks, bringing huge benefits concerning the acceleration of low-carbon innovations and achieving carbon neutrality. On the one hand, technological breakthroughs are continuously anticipated in four key areas of EVs—energy storage, electric propulsion (including motor drives and regenerative braking), electric drivetrains and chargers. On the other hand, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations are going to continue being explored in coming decades. Meanwhile, wireless EV energy networks are predicted to become a hot topic, especially for energy trading and transmission, as well as power grid interactions, thus outperforming the V2V, V2H and V2G interactions in superior mobility and functionality.

This Special Issue aims to focus on advances in EV technologies for sustainable transportation, particularly the following key advances realized in recent years: 1) the high torque density of electric machines, high efficiency of electric propulsion systems and high reliability of electric drivetrains; 2) the high power density of chargers and power converters; 3) the high energy density of energy storages and high convenience of energy refueling and regenerating technologies; and 4) the high flexibility and functionality of V2V, V2H and V2G interactions, as well as wireless EV energy networks. In this context, prospective authors are invited to submit their original research articles and reviews in the above areas.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Technological advances in electric, hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles;
  • High-efficiency electric propulsion systems and high-reliability electric drivetrains;
  • High-torque-density electric machines and drives;
  • High-power-density wired chargers, wireless chargers and power converters;
  • Advanced control strategies for electric propulsion and power electronics;
  • State-of-the-art batteries and battery management technologies;
  • Vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid interactions;
  • Wireless electric vehicle energy networks;
  • Sustainable development in electric vehicles;
  • Sustainable transportation.

Dr. Wei Liu
Prof. Dr. K. T. Chau
Prof. Dr. C. C. Chan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicle technologies
  • electric propulsion
  • machines and drives
  • power electronics
  • wireless power transfer
  • energy storage

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

0 pages, 4555 KiB  
Article
Distributed Real-Time Feedback Optimization for Renewable Energy Sources and Vehicle-to-Grid Power Compensation of Electric Vehicle Chargers in Distribution Systems
by Y. Cheng and T. W. Ching
Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2432; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062432 - 14 Mar 2024
Viewed by 618
Abstract
A novel distributed feedback optimization-based controller for electric vehicle (EV) chargers and renewable energy sources (RESs) in distribution systems is proposed. The proposed controller utilizes the flexibility in EV chargers’ active and reactive power consumption to offer the desirable vehicle-to-grid services. Instead of [...] Read more.
A novel distributed feedback optimization-based controller for electric vehicle (EV) chargers and renewable energy sources (RESs) in distribution systems is proposed. The proposed controller utilizes the flexibility in EV chargers’ active and reactive power consumption to offer the desirable vehicle-to-grid services. Instead of using the conventional cascaded PI controllers, a new optimization-based approach is proposed to control RESs to track their power injection setpoints. The proposed controller formulates the control targets as a single constrained optimization problem, i.e., to minimize the critical bus voltage magnitude deviations while driving RESs to follow their power setpoints, thereby fulfilling the EV charging requirements and regulating their power outputs and bus voltage magnitudes to stay within their limits. A distributed feedback optimization-based control algorithm is designed for EV chargers and RESs to steer the system trajectories of the distribution systems towards the optimal solution of the formulated optimization problem. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can always steer the test system to the optimal solution of the optimization problem. The advantages of the real-time vehicle-to-grid power compensation of EV chargers are also demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)
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26 pages, 10479 KiB  
Article
A Bidirectional Grid-Friendly Charger Design for Electric Vehicle Operated under Pulse-Current Heating and Variable-Current Charging
by Ningzhi Jin, Jianjun Wang, Yalun Li, Liangxi He, Xiaogang Wu, Hewu Wang and Languang Lu
Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010367 - 30 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1138
Abstract
Low-temperature preheating, fast charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are important factors for the further development of electric vehicles (EVs). However, for conventional two-stage chargers, the EV charging/discharging instructions and grid instructions cannot be addressed simultaneously for specific requirements, pulse heating and variable-current charging [...] Read more.
Low-temperature preheating, fast charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are important factors for the further development of electric vehicles (EVs). However, for conventional two-stage chargers, the EV charging/discharging instructions and grid instructions cannot be addressed simultaneously for specific requirements, pulse heating and variable-current charging can cause high-frequency power fluctuations at the grid side. Therefore, it is necessary to design a bidirectional grid-friendly charger for EVs operated under pulse-current heating and variable-current charging. The DC bus, which serves as the medium connecting the bidirectional DC–DC and bidirectional DC–AC, typically employs capacitors. This paper analyzes the reasons why the use of capacitors in the DC bus cannot satisfy the grid and EV requirements, and it proposes a new DC bus configuration that utilizes energy storage batteries instead of capacitors. Due to the voltage-source characteristics of the energy storage batteries, EV instructions and grid instructions can be flexibly and smoothly scheduled by using phase-shift control and adaptive virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control, respectively. In addition, the stability of the control strategy is demonstrated using small signal modeling. Finally, typical operating conditions (such as EV pulse preheating, fast charging with variable current, and grid peak shaving and valley filling) are selected for validation. The results show that in the proposed charger, the grid scheduling instructions and EV charging/discharging instructions do not interfere with each other, and different commands between EVs also do not interfere with each other under a charging pile with dual guns. Without affecting the requirements of EVs, the grid can change the proportion of energy supply based on actual scenarios and can also obtain energy from either EVs or energy storage batteries. For the novel charger, the pulse modulation time for EVs consistently achieves a steady state within 0.1 s; thus, the pulse modulation speed is as much as two times faster than that of conventional chargers with identical parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)
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17 pages, 1145 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location on Highways: A Decision Model for Meeting Intercity Travel Demand
by Ibrahim Tumay Gulbahar, Muhammed Sutcu, Abedalmuhdi Almomany and Babul Salam KSM Kader Ibrahim
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16716; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416716 - 11 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1782
Abstract
Electric vehicles have emerged as one of the top environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. The development of a comprehensive charging infrastructure, particularly determining the optimal locations for charging stations, is essential for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. Most [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles have emerged as one of the top environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. The development of a comprehensive charging infrastructure, particularly determining the optimal locations for charging stations, is essential for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. Most research on this subject focuses on popular areas such as city centers, shopping centers, and airports. With numerous charging stations available, these locations typically satisfy daily charging needs in routine life. However, the availability of charging stations for intercity travel, particularly on highways, remains insufficient. In this study, a decision model has been proposed to determine the optimal placement of electric vehicle charging stations along highways. To ensure a practical approach to the location of charging stations, the projected number of electric vehicles in Türkiye over the next few years is estimated by using a novel approach and the outcomes are used as crucial input in the facility location model. An optimization technique is employed to identify the ideal locations for charging stations on national highways to meet customer demand. The proposed model selects the most appropriate locations for charging stations and the required number of chargers to be installed, ensuring that electric vehicle drivers on highways do not encounter charging problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)
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13 pages, 6502 KiB  
Article
A Novel Brushless PM-Assisted DC Motor with Compound-Excited Circular Winding
by Mingyuan Jiang, Kangshuo Zhao, Weiyu Wang and Shuangxia Niu
Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13924; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813924 - 19 Sep 2023
Viewed by 775
Abstract
A novel compound-excited brushless DC motor with polygonal circular winding is proposed in this paper. The key is that DC excitation is effectively coupled with PM excitation, significantly improving the torque density per PM volume and improving the machine flux weakening performance in [...] Read more.
A novel compound-excited brushless DC motor with polygonal circular winding is proposed in this paper. The key is that DC excitation is effectively coupled with PM excitation, significantly improving the torque density per PM volume and improving the machine flux weakening performance in the proposed design. This proposed design provides simplified control characteristics similar to a compound-excited DC motor. Further, the flux weakening of the proposed machine can be smoothly achieved using polygonal closed-loop circular winding and a lagging slot winding shifting method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)
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17 pages, 9966 KiB  
Article
A Torque-Enhanced Magnetic-Geared Machine with Dual-Series-Winding and Its Design Approach for Electric Vehicle Powertrain
by Yuanxi Chen, Weinong Fu, Shuangxia Niu and Sigao Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5077; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065077 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2618
Abstract
Magnetic gear and magnetic-geared machine (MGM) are the potential solutions in electric vehicles (EVs) powertrains for inherent high efficiency and mechanical simplification. However, the torque density issue of the MGM greatly limits its industrial application. To enhance the torque performance of the MGM, [...] Read more.
Magnetic gear and magnetic-geared machine (MGM) are the potential solutions in electric vehicles (EVs) powertrains for inherent high efficiency and mechanical simplification. However, the torque density issue of the MGM greatly limits its industrial application. To enhance the torque performance of the MGM, a torque-enhanced magnetic-geared machine with dual-series-winding and its design approach are proposed. The key merits of the proposed design are to achieve a high space utilization with a dual-winding design, with no additional control topologies and power converters required. The auxiliary winding is supplemented and integrated with modulation rings. The relative position of the stator and armature winding are designed and rotated compared to the modulation rings with auxiliary winding, to ensure the auxiliary winding shares the excitation with the armature winding. Accordingly, simplifying the external control topologies. With the proposed design, the torque of the MGM can be significantly enhanced with a single three-phase driving. Theoretical analysis, parameters optimization and electromagnetic verification are given, demonstrating that the proposed machine can achieve an efficiency of 93.2%, generate a torque of 107.2 N·m, and reach a torque density of 10.81 N·m/kg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)
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20 pages, 9457 KiB  
Article
A Study and Implementation of Inductive Power Transfer System Using Hybrid Control Strategy for CC-CV Battery Charging
by Liangxi He, Xiaoqiang Wang and Chi-Kwan Lee
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3606; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043606 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1414
Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid control strategy is studied and implemented on an Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system to simultaneously realize zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) battery charging. A steady-state analysis of pulse frequency modulation was conducted, [...] Read more.
In this paper, a hybrid control strategy is studied and implemented on an Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system to simultaneously realize zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) battery charging. A steady-state analysis of pulse frequency modulation was conducted, based on the characteristic of voltage gain versus switching frequency, and CC and CV charging modes were promised. The ZVS of the inverter was obtained by satisfying the minimum requirement of full discharge of the junction capacitor on the MOSFETs using a commutation current during the dead-time interval. Two control degrees of freedom are needed to realize the two control targets. This hybrid control strategy adopts a self-oscillating (SO) control to achieve ZVS and phase shift (PS) control and a constant output for the series–series (SS)-compensated IPT system. To validate the hybrid control strategy, a 1.6 kW prototype with 360–440 V input voltage and 250–400 V output voltage was built and the experimental results show that the peak efficiency can reach 96.1%. Compared with the conventional variable frequency (VF) control, the hybrid control method proves that an additional control variable can fulfill the control target in a more flexible manner, which makes the switching frequency close to the resonant frequency during the charging process, minimizing the reactive current in the resonant tank and improving system efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology Development on Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)
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