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Operational Performance, Degradation and Reliability of Photovoltaic Systems

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 15081

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS) of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
Interests: photovoltaic solar energy; PV performance analysis; PV monitoring systems; PV generation forecasting methods; failure diagnosis; reliability; degradation; data analytic machine learning for photovoltaic systems

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Guest Editor
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Interests: building-integrated photovoltaics; circular economy; sustainability and resilience; energy management; life cycle assessment; technoeconomic analysis; modeling and performance investigation of energy systems; solar for smart cities applications; advances in solar energy installations; microgrids; blockchain technology; Internet of Things
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In today’s energy sector, the deployment of renewables is increasing, and their contribution is vital to the energy transition. The key drivers of the renewable-based energy transition are increased energy demands, fossil fuel prices, and concerns related to greenhouse gas emission. Because of these concerns, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of renewables for energy requirements at various levels and in numerous applications. In particular, photovoltaic (PV) systems have been rapidly growing all over the world in recent years, due mainly to the beneficial effects on price reduction. On the other hand, the improvements seen in the materials and development of components (advanced solar energy materials, solar cells, converters, batteries) related to PV systems are quite promising. These developments contribute to PV system performance improvements, but the questions related to their long-term performance and reliability are still not clear. We believe that advanced monitoring techniques and regular diagnostics of PV systems could significantly improve performance. Applying these techniques will enable us to have clear understanding over the operating condition by ensuring high reliability of the solar power systems (broadly classified as off-grid and on-grid installation). At present, the solar energy systems and their installations are seen in numerous configurations, such as ground mount, floating, submerged, solar trees, space-based solar PVs, etc. In each configuration, the performance would be different as the operating behavior would change. For example, the degradation and reliability behavior of a PV system and its components would vary with respect to the configuration, due to the medium of installation and type of weather conditions the PV module experiences. The variation in performance due to degradation and reliability has a direct effect on the economic viabilities of such PV installations. Hence, having a clear understanding of such variations would lead to a positive impact on the investment cost and levelized cost of energy (LCOE), making such systems competitive and more sustainable. This can be achieved by improving the reliability and service lifetime performance through advanced monitoring, enhanced data analytic methods, early failure detection and classification, degradation rate estimation, and accurate PV production forecasting in different climates.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to study and explore various methods and tools to understand the operational behavior, performance degradation, and reliability of photovoltaic systems. In addition, it also seeks to understand the relation of solar photovoltaic systems degradation and reliability in the context of economic sustainability.

This Special Issue seeks outstanding research articles, case study articles, review articles, short communications, and perspective articles in topics that include but are not limited to the following:

  • Degradation rate estimation procedures;
  • Light-induced and potential-induced degradation studies in PV systems;
  • PV module structural degradation mechanisms;
  • Analysis of degradation inspection techniques applicable to PV power plants;
  • Performance modeling of PV systems;
  • Reliability modeling of PV systems;
  • Energy loss investigations of PV systems;
  • Modeling of the various losses of PV systems and their effect on performance;
  • Soiling effect on the degradation;
  • Effect of temperature on degradation;
  • Fault and failures observed in PV systems;
  • Novel photovoltaic installation methods and associated performance issues;
  • Effect of weather conditions on PV component reliability;
  • Role of machine learning and advanced data analytics in fault diagnostics of PV systems;
  • Energy forecasting studies;
  • Day-ahead and year-ahead energy and degradation estimation;
  • Early fault and failure detection methods;
  • Resilience of PV systems due to disruptions;
  • Effect of degradation on the cost of electricity, revenues generated by multimegawatt PV projects;
  • Environmental and/or economic impacts of the energy production process, lifecycle assessment (LCA), and lifecycle cost (LCC).

References:

Kumar, N. M., & Malvoni, M. (2019). A preliminary study of the degradation of large-scale c-Si photovoltaic system under four years of operation in semi-arid climates. Results in Physics, 12, 1395-1397.

Malvoni, M., De Giorgi, M. G., & Congedo, P. M. (2017). Study of degradation of a grid connected photovoltaic system. Energy Procedia, 126, 644-650.

Kumar, N. M., Gupta, R. P., Mathew, M., Jayakumar, A., & Singh, N. K. (2019). Performance, energy loss, and degradation prediction of roof-integrated crystalline solar PV system installed in Northern India. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 13, 100409.

Kumar, N. M., Prabaharan, N., & Jerin, A. R. A. (2019). Impact of Performance Degradation and Capital Subsidy on the Revenue of Rooftop Solar PV System. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 9(1), 128-136.

Tahri, A., Silvestre, S., Tahri, F., Benlebna, S., & Chouder, A. (2017). Analysis of thin film photovoltaic modules under outdoor long term exposure in semi-arid climate conditions. Solar Energy, 157, 587-595.

Silvestre, S., Tahri, A., Tahri, F., Benlebna, S., & Chouder, A. (2018). Evaluation of the performance and degradation of crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic modules in the Saharan environment. Energy, 152, 57-63.

Silvestre, S., Kichou, S., Guglielminotti, L., Nofuentes, G., & Alonso-Abella, M. (2016). Degradation analysis of thin film photovoltaic modules under outdoor long term exposure in Spanish continental climate conditions. Solar Energy, 139, 599-607.

Kichou, S., Silvestre, S., Nofuentes, G., Torres-Ramírez, M., Chouder, A., & Guasch, D. (2016). Characterization of degradation and evaluation of model parameters of amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules under outdoor long term exposure. Energy, 96, 231-241.

Pei, T., & Hao, X. (2019). A Fault Detection Method for Photovoltaic Systems Based on Voltage and Current Observation and Evaluation. Energies, 12(9), 1712.

Vergura, S. (2018). Hypothesis tests-based analysis for anomaly detection in photovoltaic systems in the absence of environmental parameters. Energies, 11(3), 485.

Chine, W., Mellit, A., Lughi, V., Malek, A., Sulligoi, G., & Pavan, A. M. (2016). A novel fault diagnosis technique for photovoltaic systems based on artificial neural networks. Renewable Energy, 90, 501-512.

Papaelias, M., Cheng, L., Kogia, M., Mohimi, A., Kappatos, V., Selcuk, C., ... & Gan, T. H. (2016). Inspection and structural health monitoring techniques for concentrated solar power plants. Renewable Energy, 85, 1178-1191.

Walczak, M., Pineda, F., Fernandez, A. G., Mata-Torres, C., & Escobar, R. A. (2018). Materials corrosion for thermal energy storage systems in concentrated solar power plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 86, 22-44.

Dr. Maria Malvoni
Dr. Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • solar energy systems
  • photovoltaic systems
  • crystalline solar
  • thin films
  • degradation rate in PV
  • potential-induced degradation
  • light-induced degradation
  • PV module reliability
  • PV system components
  • early failure detection
  • PV fault diagnostics
  • data-driven methods in solar
  • solar PV performance
  • LCA
  • solar cells
  • PV performance
  • floating solar
  • submerged PV
  • solar trees
  • solar PV applications
  • grid integration
  • grid reliability
  • levelized cost of electricity
  • PV tariff rates

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 24181 KiB  
Article
Firefly Algorithm-Based Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration for Maximum Power Extraction during Mismatch Conditions
by Mohammad Nor Rafiq Nazeri, Mohammad Faridun Naim Tajuddin, Thanikanti Sudhakar Babu, Azralmukmin Azmi, Maria Malvoni and Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063206 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2199
Abstract
This studyaimed at improving the performance and efficiency of conventional static photovoltaic (PV) systems by introducing a metaheuristic algorithm-based approach that involves reconfiguring electrical wiring using switches under different shading profiles. Themetaheuristicalgorithmused wasthe firefly algorithm (FA), which controls the switching patterns under non-homogenous [...] Read more.
This studyaimed at improving the performance and efficiency of conventional static photovoltaic (PV) systems by introducing a metaheuristic algorithm-based approach that involves reconfiguring electrical wiring using switches under different shading profiles. Themetaheuristicalgorithmused wasthe firefly algorithm (FA), which controls the switching patterns under non-homogenous shading profiles and tracks the highest global peak of power produced by the numerous switching patterns. This study aimed to solve the current problems faced by static PV systems, such as unequal dispersion of shading affecting solar panels, multiple peaks, and hot spot phenomena, which can contribute to significant power loss and efficiency reduction. The experimental setup focusedon software development and the system or model developed in the MATLAB Simulink platform. Athorough and comprehensive analysis was done by comparing the proposed method’s overall performance and power generation with thenovel static PVseries–parallel (SP) topology and totalcross-tied (TCT) scheme. The SP configuration is widely used in the PV industry. However, the TCT configuration has superior performance and energy yield generation compared to other static PV configurations, such as the bridge-linked (BL) and honey comb (HC) configurations. The results presented in this paper provide valuable information about the proposed method’s features with regard toenhancing the overall performance and efficiency of PV arrays. Full article
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21 pages, 1193 KiB  
Article
Hybrid PIPSO-SQP Algorithm for Real Power Loss Minimization in Radial Distribution Systems with Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation
by S. Angalaeswari, P. Sanjeevikumar, K. Jamuna and Zbigniew Leonowicz
Sustainability 2020, 12(14), 5787; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145787 - 18 Jul 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2537
Abstract
This paper proposes the hybrid sequential quadratic programming (SQP) technique based on active set method for identifying the optimal placement and rating of distribution generation (DG) incorporated in radial distribution systems (RDS) for minimizing the real power loss satisfying power balance equations and [...] Read more.
This paper proposes the hybrid sequential quadratic programming (SQP) technique based on active set method for identifying the optimal placement and rating of distribution generation (DG) incorporated in radial distribution systems (RDS) for minimizing the real power loss satisfying power balance equations and voltage limits. SQP runs quadratic programming sequentially as a sub-program to obtain the best solution by using an active set method. In this paper, the best optimal solution is selected with less computation time by combining the benefits of both classical and meta-heuristic methods. SQP is a classical method that is more sensitive to initial value selection and the evolutionary methods give approximate solution. Hence, the initial values for the SQP technique were obtained from the meta–heuristic method of Parameter Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PIPSO) algorithm. The proposed hybrid PIPSO–SQP method was implemented in IEEE 33-bus RDS, IEEE 69-bus RDS, and IEEE 118-bus RDS under different loading conditions. The results show that the proposed method has efficient reduction in real power loss minimization through the enhancement of the bus voltage profile. Full article
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14 pages, 5270 KiB  
Article
Development of Stand-Alone Green Hybrid System for Rural Areas
by Solomon Kiros, Baseem Khan, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Hassan Haes Alhelou, Zbigniew Leonowicz, Om Prakash Mahela and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
Sustainability 2020, 12(9), 3808; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093808 - 07 May 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2690
Abstract
Despite the tremendous efforts exhibited by various utilities around the world during the past few years, there are still exceedingly many remote regions unreached by the electrical grid. For those regions, the enormous available potential of renewable energy resources is believed to be [...] Read more.
Despite the tremendous efforts exhibited by various utilities around the world during the past few years, there are still exceedingly many remote regions unreached by the electrical grid. For those regions, the enormous available potential of renewable energy resources is believed to be useful for the development of a stand-alone power supply system. This paper presents the modeling of a stand-alone hybrid system for the remote area of Ethiopia. A comparison of the economic performance of various scenarios of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)-wind hybrid system, with battery storage and diesel as a backup for electrifying remote rural areas, is presented. Therefore, a practical example, Kutur village of Awlio kebele of the Axum district, Ethiopia (which is 30 km away from the closest national grid) is considered for this research. Two electric load scenarios are estimated by considering the set of incandescent and efficient lamps for lighting for the 120 existing households. The above-mentioned solar radiation and wind speed are then used as an input to simulate the hybrid set-up for the high and low load estimation using HOMER software. The simulation result shows that the net present costs (NPC) corresponding to the high and low load scenarios is $262,470 and $180,731, respectively. Besides, an essential load forecasting is performed to see the effect of the increase in electric demand of the community on the required investment to install a stand-alone hybrid set-up. The NPC after load forecasting is found to be more than three folds of the NPC required for the reference year. In both cases, the simulation results indicate that using a stand-alone PV-wind hybrid system with battery storage and a diesel generator as a backup for electrifying Kutur village is cost-effective and comparable against the cost required for electrifying the village by extending the grid. Full article
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20 pages, 4094 KiB  
Article
Operational Performance and Degradation Influenced Life Cycle Environmental–Economic Metrics of mc-Si, a-Si and HIT Photovoltaic Arrays in Hot Semi-arid Climates
by Pramod Rajput, Maria Malvoni, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, O. S. Sastry and Arunkumar Jayakumar
Sustainability 2020, 12(3), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031075 - 03 Feb 2020
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 4139
Abstract
Life cycle metrics evolution specific to the climate zone of photovoltaic (PV) operation would give detailed insights on the environmental and economic performance. At present, vast literature is available on the PV life cycle metrics where only the output energies ignoring the degradation [...] Read more.
Life cycle metrics evolution specific to the climate zone of photovoltaic (PV) operation would give detailed insights on the environmental and economic performance. At present, vast literature is available on the PV life cycle metrics where only the output energies ignoring the degradation rate (DR) influence. In this study, the environ-economic analysis of three PV technologies, namely, multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si) and hetero-junction with an intrinsic thin layer (HIT) have been carried out in identical environmental conditions. The energy performance parameters and the DR rate of three PV technologies are evaluated based on the monitored real time data from the installation site in hot semi-arid climates. The assessment demonstrates that the HIT PV module technology exhibits more suitable results compared to mc-Si and a-Si PV systems in hot semi-arid climatic conditions of India. Moreover, energy metrices which includes energy payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF) and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) of the HIT technologies are found to be 1.0, 24.93 and 0.15 years, respectively. HIT PV system has higher potential to mitigate the CO2 and carbon credit earned compared to mc-Si and a-Si PV system under hot semi-arid climate. However, the annualized uniform cost (UAC) for mc-Si (3.60 Rs/kWh) and a-Si (3.40 Rs/kWh) are more admissible in relation to the HIT (6.63 Rs/kWh) PV module type. We conclude that the approach of considering DR influenced life cycle metrics over the traditional approach can support to identify suitable locations for specific PV technology. Full article
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18 pages, 7798 KiB  
Article
Surface Dust and Aerosol Effects on the Performance of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
by Elias Roumpakias and Tassos Stamatelos
Sustainability 2020, 12(2), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020569 - 11 Jan 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2618
Abstract
A large number of grid-connected Photovoltaic parks of different scales have been operating worldwide for more than two decades. Systems’ performance varies with time, and an important factor that influences PV performance is dust and ambient aerosols. Dust accumulation has significant effects depending [...] Read more.
A large number of grid-connected Photovoltaic parks of different scales have been operating worldwide for more than two decades. Systems’ performance varies with time, and an important factor that influences PV performance is dust and ambient aerosols. Dust accumulation has significant effects depending the region, and—on the other hand—understanding the role of absorption or scattering in particular wavelengths from aerosols is a challenging task. This paper focuses on performance analysis of a grid-connected PV system in Central Greece, aiming to study these effects. The methodology of analysis follows three directions, namely, PR computations, use of mathematical model’s prediction as reference value, and normalized efficiency calculation. These metrics are correlated with the levels of dust accumulation on PV panels’ surfaces and the ambient aerosol mass concentration. The results show that only heavily soiled surfaces have significant impact on PV performance and, particularly, a decrease of 5.6%. On the other hand, light or medium soiling have negligible impact on PV performance. On the other hand, the impact of ambient aerosol concentration levels on PV efficiency is more complex and requires further study. Aerosol scattering of different wavelengths can possibly affect PV efficiency, however, this fact may be related to the specific spectral response of PV cells. Full article
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