Sustainability

28 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Assessing the Relationship between Urban Blue-Green Infrastructure and Stress Resilience in Real Settings: A Systematic Review

by Liwen Li and Klaus W. Lange

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9240; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129240 - 07 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

Acute and chronic stress can have detrimental effects on health, particularly in urban environments that lack conducive elements. Optimizing the urban landscape is a preventive measure to enhance well-being and develop healthier cities. This systematic review examines the relationship between stress reduction and [...] Read more.

Acute and chronic stress can have detrimental effects on health, particularly in urban environments that lack conducive elements. Optimizing the urban landscape is a preventive measure to enhance well-being and develop healthier cities. This systematic review examines the relationship between stress reduction and urban landscapes, focusing on 19 empirical studies conducted in real urban settings. The findings highlight the physiological and psychological benefits of urban green infrastructure in promoting stress recovery. A well-designed green infrastructure that incorporates objective measurements while considering accessibility, availability, biodiversity, and cumulative effects emerged as crucial for enhancing stress resilience. However, the existing research lacks comprehensive measurements and calls for innovative approaches to ensure evidence-based health outcomes. Interdisciplinary research is needed to develop rigorous methods and tools for understanding the complex link between urban landscapes and stress reduction. This review emphasizes the need for integrating objective measurements of urban green infrastructure and considering accessibility, availability, biodiversity, and cumulative effects to foster healthier urban environments and enhance stress resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Data Communication for Combating the Effects of Climate Change in Cities)

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27 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

A Systematic Literature Review of the Interplay between Renewable Energy Systems and Occupant Practices

by Troy Malatesta, Gregory M. Morrison, Jessica K. Breadsell and Christine Eon

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9172; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129172 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1868

Abstract

The development of renewable energy systems offers a potential solution to energy consumption in the residential sector. These systems face many barriers and challenges regarding the nature of home energy demand and behaviors of household occupants. These barriers are discussed in innovation theory, [...] Read more.

The development of renewable energy systems offers a potential solution to energy consumption in the residential sector. These systems face many barriers and challenges regarding the nature of home energy demand and behaviors of household occupants. These barriers are discussed in innovation theory, which describes how people assess new technologies. A systematic literature review of 123 journals was conducted to explore the interrelationship between energy systems, home energy demand and occupant practices. This identified key gaps in the literature and important takeaways from past research showing the limitations of renewable energy systems in integrating into everyday lives. There are numerous personal and social barriers that inhibit behavior change and limit the penetration of renewable systems. Additionally, the development of social norms and institutional rhythms have resulted in people living in a lock-in lifestyle, with limited flexibility for change. This review discusses the role of technology, consumers and policies, and how they must all interact to create a sustainable and effective energy solution to this climate emergency. The next step is to reevaluate the design of home automation and energy management systems to consider the impacts of different lifestyles and routines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Energy Use in Buildings)

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26 pages, 1477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Circular Economy Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Italian Urban Systems: Comparison and Perspectives

by Patrizia Ghisellini, Ivana Quinto, Renato Passaro and Sergio Ulgiati

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 9054; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15119054 - 03 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1710

Abstract

This study evaluates the current collection and recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Italy by means of the analysis of national and regional data from EUROSTAT and the Italian WEEE Coordination Centre database, as well as through qualitative interviews with [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the current collection and recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Italy by means of the analysis of national and regional data from EUROSTAT and the Italian WEEE Coordination Centre database, as well as through qualitative interviews with key stakeholders of the WEEE management system of the Campania region (Southern Italy). Urban systems, among which the metropolitan city of Naples in the Campania region, are the main users of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and, as a consequence, the main generators of WEEE, which must be managed and recovered properly in order to prevent the loss of valuable resources and the associated environmental impacts. In addition to analysing the current state of WEEE collection and recycling in Italy and its regions and urban systems, the study aims to improve our understanding of the WEEE reverse supply chain and the main barriers and drivers to collection and recycling. The results reveal that the main barriers to the collection/delivery/recycling of WEEE resulted in the low awareness of the citizens about the importance of WEEE recovery, the lack of trust towards administrators, the lack of certified first treatment plants, the aversion of the citizens to the opening of new plants due to past inefficient solutions in solid waste management, the exploitation of high value materials only (so-called “cannibalization”, the illegal trade of WEEE, the influence of the market on the valorization of secondary materials), and, finally, the dominance of economic efficiency over the proximity advantage for the disposal of solid waste. On the other hand, the main drivers for collection emerged to be the adoption of education programmes in schools and constant communication campaigns directed to citizens in order to improve WEEE collection and recycling behaviour; the adoption of economic and non-economic incentives; the availability of municipal collection points (ecological islands) and other collection centres characterised by easy access by citizens for the delivery of their WEEE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards the Ecological Transition: Urban Regeneration Models in the Circular Economy Perspective)

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18 pages, 2747 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tracking the Transit Divide: A Multilevel Modelling Approach of Urban Inequalities and Train Ridership Disparities in Chicago

by Danial Owen, Daniel Arribas-Bel and Francisco Rowe

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8821; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118821 - 30 May 2023

Viewed by 1289

Abstract

Using a multilevel modelling approach, this study investigates the impact of urban inequalities on changes to rail ridership across Chicago’s “L” stations during the pandemic, the mass vaccination rollout, and the full reopening of the city. Initially believed to have an equal impact, [...] Read more.

Using a multilevel modelling approach, this study investigates the impact of urban inequalities on changes to rail ridership across Chicago’s “L” stations during the pandemic, the mass vaccination rollout, and the full reopening of the city. Initially believed to have an equal impact, COVID-19 disproportionally impacted the ability of lower socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods’ to adhere to non-pharmaceutical interventions: working-from-home and social distancing. We find that “L” stations in predominately Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino neighbourhoods with high industrial land-use recorded the smallest behavioural change. The maintenance of higher public transport use at these stations is likely to have exacerbated existing health inequalities, worsening disparities in users’ risk of exposure, infection rates, and mortality rates. This study also finds that the vaccination rollout and city reopening did not significantly increase the number of users at stations in higher vaccinated, higher private vehicle ownership neighbourhoods, even after a year into the pandemic. A better understanding of the spatial and socioeconomic determinants of changes in ridership behaviour is crucial for policymakers in adjusting service routes and frequencies that will sustain reliant neighbourhoods’ access to essential services, and to encourage trips at stations which are the most impacted to revert the trend of declining public transport use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Urban Inequalities: Spatial and Digital Dimensions)

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23 pages, 8012 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Schedule Setting Based on Clustering Algorithm and Pattern Recognition for Non-Residential Buildings Electricity Energy Consumption

by Yu Cui, Zishang Zhu, Xudong Zhao and Zhaomeng Li

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118750 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 857

Abstract

Building energy modelling (BEM) is crucial for achieving energy conservation in buildings, but occupant energy-related behaviour is often oversimplified in traditional engineering simulation methods and thus causes a significant deviation between energy prediction and actual consumption. Moreover, the conventional fixed schedule-setting method is [...] Read more.

Building energy modelling (BEM) is crucial for achieving energy conservation in buildings, but occupant energy-related behaviour is often oversimplified in traditional engineering simulation methods and thus causes a significant deviation between energy prediction and actual consumption. Moreover, the conventional fixed schedule-setting method is not applicable to the recently developed data-driven BEM which requires a more flexible and data-related multi-timescales schedule-setting method to boost its performance. In this paper, a data-based schedule setting method is developed by applying K-medoid clustering with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensional reduction and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance measurement to a comprehensive building energy historical dataset, partitioning the data into three different time scales to explore energy usage profile patterns. The Year–Month data were partitioned into two clusters; the Week–Day data were partitioned into three clusters; the Day–Hour data were partitioned into two clusters, and the schedule-setting matrix was developed based on the clustering result. We have compared the performance of the proposed data-driven schedule-setting matrix with default settings and calendar data using a single-layer neural network (NN) model. The findings show that for the data-driven predictive BEM, the clustering results-based data-driven schedule setting performs significantly better than the conventional fixed schedule setting (with a 25.7% improvement) and is more advantageous than the calendar data (with a 9.2% improvement). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a data-related multi-timescales schedule matrix setting method based on cluster results of building energy profiles can be more suitable for data-driven BEM establishment and can improve the data-driven BEMs performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Future-Proofing of Heating and Cooling in Buildings: Heat Pumps, Passive Measures, and Low-Carbon Interventions)

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19 pages, 24354 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring Urban Happiness through Interactive Chorems

by Pietro Battistoni, Marco Romano, Monica Sebillo and Giuliana Vitiello

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8733; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118733 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1454

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals laid out in the UN 2030 Agenda, particularly Goal 11, which seeks to create inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements, call on researchers, businesses, and public administrations to address the mounting challenges of urban planning and [...] Read more.

The Sustainable Development Goals laid out in the UN 2030 Agenda, particularly Goal 11, which seeks to create inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements, call on researchers, businesses, and public administrations to address the mounting challenges of urban planning and to leverage them with a tool to enhance the well-being of citizens. This study demonstrates how chorematic maps can facilitate the comprehension of urban planning objectives and their relationship with the mental well-being of residents. To this end, a fresh set of chorems is proposed, which aims to depict the features and components of the urban environment that can affect happiness and, consequently, mental well-being. This research presents various examples of the application of the suggested chorems in an urban setting, which illustrates how they can be employed by experts and citizens alike and thereby can serve as a means to motivate administrators, technicians, and the public to engage with and live in their city with greater mindfulness and involvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Cities in the Geospatial (Big) Data ERA)

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13 pages, 4030 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Technique for Monitoring High Nature Value Farmland (HNVF) in Basilicata

by Costanza Fiorentino, Paola D’Antonio, Francesco Toscano, Angelo Donvito and Felice Modugno

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8377; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108377 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1300

Abstract

The definition of High Nature Value Farmland Areas (HNVF) was provided by Andersen in 2003: “HNVF comprises those areas in Europe where agriculture is the major (usually the dominant) land use and where that agriculture supports or is associated with either a high [...] Read more.

The definition of High Nature Value Farmland Areas (HNVF) was provided by Andersen in 2003: “HNVF comprises those areas in Europe where agriculture is the major (usually the dominant) land use and where that agriculture supports or is associated with either a high species and habitat diversity, or the presence of species of European conservation concern or both”. The present work focuses on an overview of the techniques used to produce HNVF maps at different spatio-temporal resolutions. The proposed approach is based on the statistical approach. The study area is the Basilicata region (southern Italy) in 2012, mapped at municipal spatial resolution. The HNVF areas were identified by applying a threshold to the sum of the contributions of the main characterizing indicators. Three indicators contribute to the calculation of the HNVF areas: crop variability (CD Index), extensive practices (EP Index), and the presence of natural elements (Index Ne). Good agreement was found between our HNVF map and the results of the literature, although the analysis approaches were different. The main advantages of the proposed methodology derive from only free input data being used, and include remote sensing images and the adaptability to different spatial resolutions (local, regional, and national). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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13 pages, 2608 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Occurrence and Assessment of Organic Pollutants Residues in the Aquatic Environment of the Coastal Sediments

by Sadeq Abdullah Abdo Alkhadher, Suhaimi Suratman and Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8365; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108365 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1491

Abstract

The current study aimed to monitor organic pollution on island and coastal environments using linear alkylbenzene (LAB). The aquatic environment is affected by the hazardous chemicals discharged through domestic and industrial waste. The distribution, composition, and sources of LABs in the sediments of [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to monitor organic pollution on island and coastal environments using linear alkylbenzene (LAB). The aquatic environment is affected by the hazardous chemicals discharged through domestic and industrial waste. The distribution, composition, and sources of LABs in the sediments of Port Dickson coast and Pulau Merambong were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Chains ranging from long to short (L/S), C₁₃/C₁₂ homologs, and internal to external (I/E) congeners were used to define the degradation rate of LABs and the efficacy of wastewater treatment plants. The results of this study revealed that the concentration of LABs in the sites under investigation varied from 67.4 in Pulau Merambong to 255.8 ng g⁻¹dw, in Port Dickson. The LAB homologs had a significant difference and a significant percentage of sampling stations had C₁₃-LAB homologs. According to the determined LAB ratios (I/E), which ranged from 1.6 in Pulau Merambong to 4.1 in Port Dickson, treated effluents from primary and secondary inputs are being introduced into the aquatic ecosystem of these areas. The degradation of LABs was up to 64% in the interrogated locations. The conclusion is that the wastewater treatment system needs to be improved, and that LAB molecular markers are highly effective in tracing anthropogenic sewage contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Sustainable Reuse of Sediments in Crop Production: Agronomic, Environmental, and Legal Issues)

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17 pages, 9545 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Architectural Heritage Indoor Comfort after Retrofit Works: The Case Study of S. Vito Church in L’Aquila, Italy

by Mariangela De Vita, Marianna Rotilio, Chiara Marchionni and Pierluigi De Berardinis

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8239; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108239 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1070

Abstract

The performance redevelopment of Architectural Heritage is a current research topic, in particular for the impact on energy saving and, consequently, on the comfort management of historical buildings. In order to evaluate the energy performance of the built environment and to optimize it [...] Read more.

The performance redevelopment of Architectural Heritage is a current research topic, in particular for the impact on energy saving and, consequently, on the comfort management of historical buildings. In order to evaluate the energy performance of the built environment and to optimize it in the retrofit, the way of using the heritage structures is fundamental. In particular, the retrofit in religious buildings through the installation of a new heating system often modifies the original microclimate of the internal environment without guaranteeing adequate comfort conditions, due to the peculiarities of these artifacts way of use and to their geometric and construction features. This contribution illustrates analysis on the internal comfort of a church after the retrofit intervention, which has shown energetic and comfort critical issues in relation to the discontinuous use type of the structure. The results of the analysis on the case-study, the church of San Vito in L’Aquila, have shown that the use of systems that exploit the thermal mass is not always sustainable and that it is before essential to in-depth investigate the fruition mode of the environments in order to identify suitable retrofit strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Evaluation of Climate Responsive Design Solutions for Buildings and Cities)

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19 pages, 3520 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unexpected Challenges in the Modular Construction Implementation: Are UK Contractors Ready?

by Niraj Thurairajah, Akila Rathnasinghe, Mehvish Ali and Shashwat Shashwat

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8105; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108105 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3479

Abstract

Despite the growing attention given to modular construction in the UK, a lack of investigation into the practical challenges and limitations experienced by contractors has been noted. Hence, this study aims to critically assess the feasibility of volumetric modular construction from the perspective [...] Read more.

Despite the growing attention given to modular construction in the UK, a lack of investigation into the practical challenges and limitations experienced by contractors has been noted. Hence, this study aims to critically assess the feasibility of volumetric modular construction from the perspective of contractors who have applied this method in real-world projects. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using a case study technique and selected two modular construction projects in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, as case studies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine professionals from the contracting organisations involved in these projects in addition to project document reviews from the selected cases and data analysis using a content analysis approach. The study found that while modular construction can be costly, it is appreciated by contractors for its ability to reduce construction schedules and save costs. However, program delays, skill gaps, and reduced design flexibility pose significant challenges. This study offers unique insights into the practical challenges and limitations of volumetric modular construction and provides recommendations for improvement. Its contribution to the body of knowledge is significant as it sheds light on the trade-offs involved in using modular construction and highlights the need for further research to enhance its application in real-world projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shifting Construction: Advancing Sustainability through Prefabrication)

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12 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Farmer Adoption of Climate-Smart Practices Is Driven by Farm Characteristics, Information Sources, and Practice Benefits and Challenges

by Devon Johnson, Maya Almaraz, Jessica Rudnick, Lauren E. Parker, Steven M. Ostoja and Sat Darshan S. Khalsa

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8083; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108083 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2442

Abstract

Agriculture plays an important role in mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Yet, advances in climate-smart agriculture require a better understanding of farmer adoption. This exploratory paper uncovered differences that distinguish High, Moderate, and Low adopters of climate-smart practices. Our study utilized 952 [...] Read more.

Agriculture plays an important role in mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Yet, advances in climate-smart agriculture require a better understanding of farmer adoption. This exploratory paper uncovered differences that distinguish High, Moderate, and Low adopters of climate-smart practices. Our study utilized 952 in-person surveys of California farmers with a focus on mitigation and adaptation practices, along with farm characteristics, information sources, and practice benefits and challenges. Specifically, farmers with larger parcels were more likely to be High adopters, and farmers with access to only one water source were more likely to be Low adopters. There was no significant difference found between Moderate and High adopters’ use of any information sources. The ranking of different information sources changed between groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the rate of Moderate and High adopters’ consideration of practice benefits. All groups identified practice uncertainty as the greatest challenge, with a significant difference between Moderate and High adopters. Our results demonstrate where differences occur between farmer adopter groups and by extension provide insights into where to target outreach efforts to promote the adoption of climate-smart practices in California agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Sustainable Agriculture)

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22 pages, 4969 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Eight Traffic Calming “Easy Pieces” to Shape the Everyday Pedestrian Realm

by Giuseppe Cantisani, Maria Vittoria Corazza, Paola Di Mascio and Laura Moretti

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7880; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107880 - 11 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2012

Abstract

The need for safe pedestrian movement implies subtracting and modifying space dedicated to vehicles, especially in urban areas. Traffic control measures aim to reduce or modify the width of the carriageway and force the correct use of the space by pedestrians through two [...] Read more.

The need for safe pedestrian movement implies subtracting and modifying space dedicated to vehicles, especially in urban areas. Traffic control measures aim to reduce or modify the width of the carriageway and force the correct use of the space by pedestrians through two approaches: the former is hard and includes physical barriers and the latter is soft and induces psychological fashion effects on the drivers. This paper presents vertical and horizontal devices integrated by landscaping, planting, or other similar works to slow motor vehicle speed, narrow traffic lanes, and/or create smaller distances for pedestrian crossings. Mobility and boundary issues are considered to discuss their warrants and potential impacts. Indeed, the effects of speed or volume treatments should be investigated through a comprehensive multicriteria analysis without overlooking pedestrian level of service, access and connectivity to residents and emergency vehicles, drainage and snow issues, loss of on-street parking lots, and environmental goals in terms of noise and emissions to air reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Calming Measures as an Instrument for Revitalizing the Urban Environment)

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24 pages, 5157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Time-Series Generative Adversarial Networks to Synthesize Sensing Data for Pest Incidence Forecasting on Sustainable Agriculture

by Chen-Yu Tai, Wun-Jhe Wang and Yueh-Min Huang

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7834; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107834 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2466

Abstract

A sufficient amount of data is crucial for high-performance and accurate trend prediction. However, it is difficult and time-consuming to collect agricultural data over long periods of time; the consequence of such difficulty is datasets that are characterized by missing data. In this [...] Read more.

A sufficient amount of data is crucial for high-performance and accurate trend prediction. However, it is difficult and time-consuming to collect agricultural data over long periods of time; the consequence of such difficulty is datasets that are characterized by missing data. In this study we use a time-series generative adversarial network (TimeGAN) to synthesize multivariate agricultural sensing data and train RNN (Recurrent Neural Network), LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), and GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) neural network prediction models on the original and generated data to predict future pest populations. After our experiment, the data generated using TimeGAN and the original data have the smallest EC value in the GRU model, which is 9.86. The results show that the generative model effectively synthesizes multivariate agricultural sensing data and can be used to make up for the lack of actual data. The pest prediction model trained on synthetic data using time-series data generation yields results that are similar to that of the model trained on actual data. Accurate prediction of pest populations would represent a breakthrough in allowing for accurate and timely pest control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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12 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Almonds By-Product Microcrystalline Cellulose as Stucco for Wooden Artifacts

by Giulia D’Agostino, Rosalia Merra, Francesco Sottile, Giuseppe Lazzara and Maurizio Bruno

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7800; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107800 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1305

Abstract

Over the years in the field of conservation of cultural heritage, a wide use of traditional products for the plastic reintegration of wooden artifacts has been seen. However, they are usually not designed for this purpose. The present study also shows, in terms [...] Read more.

Over the years in the field of conservation of cultural heritage, a wide use of traditional products for the plastic reintegration of wooden artifacts has been seen. However, they are usually not designed for this purpose. The present study also shows, in terms of material compatibility, the material most suited for wood restoration, cellulose pulp, from the perspective of a new green approach of reusing waste. Indeed, microcellulose was obtained by simple alkaline treatment from softwood almond shells. In particular, Prunus dulcis Miller (D.A.) Webb. was considered an agro-industrial waste largely available in southern Italy. To value the possibility of using this material in a circular economy framework, a microcellulosic material was used, by adding different binders, to manufacture several stuccos to utilize as wood consolidants. Successively, in order to obtain stuccos with biocidal properties against fungal colonization or insect infestation, to which wooden artifacts are often exposed, cellulose pulp was combined with the essential oil of Thymus capitaus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link., whose biological properties have been largely reported. The physical flexion properties of all new materials were tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening the Circular Economy: The Reuse of Agri-Food Waste)

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15 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Environmental and Social Dimensions with Science-Based Knowledge for a Sustainable Pesticides Management—A Project of Lombardy Region in Italy

by Maura Calliera, Andrea Di Guardo, Alba L’Astorina, Maurizio Polli, Antonio Finizio and Ettore Capri

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7843; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107843 - 10 May 2023

Viewed by 1288

Abstract

Achieving a change towards the sustainable use and management of pesticides requires a multiple perspective approach that combines traditional knowledge, experience of different local stakeholders, scientific expertise, and context-specific data to provide useful and understandable information for the target farmers. In this paper, [...] Read more.

Achieving a change towards the sustainable use and management of pesticides requires a multiple perspective approach that combines traditional knowledge, experience of different local stakeholders, scientific expertise, and context-specific data to provide useful and understandable information for the target farmers. In this paper, the incorporation of the information on environmental and social dimensions into a “science-based” pesticide management practice is presented as an example of a replicable multidisciplinary approach. This approach depicts the importance of the context-specific scenario analysis and of the involvement of farmers starting from their practices and their knowledge. A diverse range of engagement initiatives have been adopted to consult, inform, and involve the community. Tools as target guidelines of good practices, self-evaluation checklists, and a user-friendly indicator that considers social, environmental, and territorial parameters of the specific area, gained a lot of interest and trust and have proven to be useful in disseminating the methodology of environmental risk assessment to farmers, supporting and assisting them in the comparison of different phytosanitary strategies at farm scale to identify weaknesses in their current pesticide management at farm level and to find corresponding corrective actions. The experience also highlighted the importance of the role of properly trained and informed advisors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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19 pages, 7586 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Predictive Modeling and Computer Vision-Based Decision Support to Optimize Resource Use in Vertical Farms

by KC Shasteen and Murat Kacira

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7812; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107812 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1725

Abstract

This study evaluated several decision-support tools that can be used to create a control system capable of taking advantage of fluctuations in the price of resources and improving the energy use efficiency of growing crops in vertical farms. A mechanistic model was updated [...] Read more.

This study evaluated several decision-support tools that can be used to create a control system capable of taking advantage of fluctuations in the price of resources and improving the energy use efficiency of growing crops in vertical farms. A mechanistic model was updated and calibrated for use in vertical farm environments. This model was also validated under changing environmental conditions with acceptable agreement with empirical observations for the scenarios considered in this study. It was also demonstrated that lettuce plants use carbon dioxide (CO₂) more efficiently later in their development, producing around 22% more biomass during high CO₂ conditions during the fourth-week post-transplant than in the first week. A feedback mechanism using top-projected canopy area (TPCA) was evaluated for its ability to correlate with and provide remote biomass estimations. It was shown that for a given set of constant environmental conditions, a scaling factor of 0.21 g cm⁻² allowed the TPCA to serve as a rough proxy for biomass in the period prior to canopy closure. The TPCA also was able to show deviation from expected growth under changing CO₂ concentrations, justifying its use as a feedback metric. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Production and Management: The Perspective of Controlled Environment Agriculture)

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17 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Interesting Relationship between the Insecticidal Potential of Simarouba sp. in the Biology of Diamondback Moth

by Silvana Aparecida de Souza, Isabella Maria Pompeu Monteiro Padial, Alberto Domingues, Juliana Rosa Carrijo Mauad, Anelise Samara Nazari Formagio, Jaqueline Ferreira Campos, José Bruno Malaquias and Rosilda Mara Mussury

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7759; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107759 - 09 May 2023

Viewed by 1504

Abstract

Alternative methods of insect management are an important field of study for agriculture. The current study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extracts from Simarouba sp. (AE-S) on the biology of Plutella xylostella and to determine the toxicity of the extract to [...] Read more.

Alternative methods of insect management are an important field of study for agriculture. The current study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extracts from Simarouba sp. (AE-S) on the biology of Plutella xylostella and to determine the toxicity of the extract to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (an important in vivo alternative assay system for toxicological study). Lyophilized AE-S was chemically investigated by Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). We evaluated the effect of the botanical extract on the life cycle of P. xylostella, from larval stage to adult stage, at concentrations of 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01% and a control. Subsequently, we analyzed the toxicity of the extract in an in vivo model. AE-S showed high amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Six compounds were identified based on UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, including flavanone, kaempferol, 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 11-acetylamarolide, ailanthinone, and glaucarubinone. The median lethal time for P. xylostella was estimated to be 96 h in all concentrations of AE-S, and at 120 h, 100% of the individuals were dead. Larvae exposed to AE-S at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% showed a reduction in leaf area consumption, underdevelopment, and reductions in movement and pupal biomass. The lowest concentrations of AE-S (0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01%) did not cause mortality in nematodes. Thus, the aqueous extract of Simarouba sp. could be an effective control tool because it mainly acts in the larval stage, the stage at which the insect causes damage to brassicaceae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Pest Control and Sustainable Agricultural Development)

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20 pages, 4933 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life Cycle Assessment for Geopolymer Concrete Bricks Using Brown Coal Fly Ash

by Jingxuan Zhang, Sarah Fernando, David W. Law, Chamila Gunasekara, Sujeeva Setunge, Malindu Sandanayake and Guomin Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7718; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097718 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2322

Abstract

Traditionally, the construction industry has predominantly used Portland cement (PC) to manufacture bricks, as it is one of the most-commonly available building materials. However, the employment of waste industrial material for brick production can lead to a significant improvement in terms of sustainability [...] Read more.

Traditionally, the construction industry has predominantly used Portland cement (PC) to manufacture bricks, as it is one of the most-commonly available building materials. However, the employment of waste industrial material for brick production can lead to a significant improvement in terms of sustainability within the construction sector. Geopolymer bricks made from brown coal fly ash, a promising industrial waste by-product, serve as a potential alternative. Conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA), this study thoroughly evaluated the entire manufacturing process’s environmental impact, from source material acquisition and transportation to brick manufacturing, distribution, usage, and end-of-life, for brown coal bricks as compared to PC bricks. The LCA of the brown coal bricks revealed that their primary environmental impacts stemmed from the raw material manufacturing and usage, while exhibiting substantial reductions in ozone depletion, water depletion, and metal depletion. These findings highlighted the environmental advantages of the brown coal bricks and their potential to revolutionize sustainable construction practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Construction Industry towards Sustainable Future: Implementation, Assessment and Opportunities)

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14 pages, 4176 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Urban Planning on Ecosystem Services: The Umbria Region Seismic Crater

by Chiara Cattani, Cristina Montaldi, Gianni Di Pietro and Francesco Zullo

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7674; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097674 - 07 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1504

Abstract

The earthquake in central Italy in 2016 led to a profound urban and natural landscape transformation. The role of territorial planning in this kind of situation is extremely important because it allows the orientation of future settlement choices through appropriate interpretative keys of [...] Read more.

The earthquake in central Italy in 2016 led to a profound urban and natural landscape transformation. The role of territorial planning in this kind of situation is extremely important because it allows the orientation of future settlement choices through appropriate interpretative keys of the existing territorial dynamics. This work aims to analyze the effects of the planning choices made in the post-earthquake period in the seismic crater municipalities of the Umbria region. Using the InVEST models, these studies regard the comparison of the effects of in-force plans on ecosystem services such as habitat quality and carbon storage. The data about the mosaic of the municipal urban planning tools are derived from specific actions produced under two LIFE projects (SUNLIFE and IMAGINE). The comparison makes it possible to identify how and to what extent the transformative scenarios, linked to the new condition, change the spatial planning compared to the previous one and the effects on the provision of ecosystem services. The knowledge of the latter aspect allows optimization of the methods of urban transformation that will be implemented. Moreover, this process of optimizing the provision of essential ecosystem services could certainly play a key role in the enhancement and economic recovery of these areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Spatial Planning Based on Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions)

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18 pages, 20863 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Resolution Greening Scenarios for Urban Climate Regulation Based on Physical and Socio-Economical Factors

by Daniele La Rosa and Junxiang Li

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7678; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097678 - 07 May 2023

Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Urban ecosystems represent the main providers of ecosystem services in cities and play a relevant role, among the many services, in the regulation of the urban microclimate and mitigation of the urban heat island effect. The amount, localization, and spatial configuration of vegetation [...] Read more.

Urban ecosystems represent the main providers of ecosystem services in cities and play a relevant role, among the many services, in the regulation of the urban microclimate and mitigation of the urban heat island effect. The amount, localization, and spatial configuration of vegetation (i.e., urban trees) are key elements for planners and designers aiming at maximizing the climate regulation potential and therefore extending the related benefits to a higher number of residents and city users. Different factors and constraints related to urban morphology and socio-economical characteristics of the urban environment influence the localization of new greening scenarios, therefore impacting the potential benefits that can be obtained by residents. This paper investigates these factors by identifying high-resolution greening scenarios that are able to maximize the cooling benefits for people and local residents. For the case study of metropolitan areas of Catania (Italy) with a hot Mediterranean climate, scenarios are derived by modelling physical and socio-economic factors as spatial constraints with the UMEP model and GIS spatial analysis. Results show that new greenery should be mostly located in public areas that are mostly used by residents. Built on the results obtained in the case study analyzed, the paper also proposes some general planning criteria for the localization of new urban greenery, which should be extended to other geographical urban contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Spatial Planning Based on Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions)

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19 pages, 27763 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of the Design of Ecological Buildings Using the Matrix of Eco-Efficiency in Residential Sectors of Ecuador

by Adriana Soledad Mejia, Marcelo Moya and Javier Martínez-Gómez

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7585; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097585 - 05 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1868

Abstract

The research aims to study the influence of eco-efficient buildings by comparing their designs according to energy efficiency criteria and optimization considering scenarios with traditional construction systems. The proposed methodology shows that eco-efficient building projects comply with environmental and sustainable strategies for the [...] Read more.

The research aims to study the influence of eco-efficient buildings by comparing their designs according to energy efficiency criteria and optimization considering scenarios with traditional construction systems. The proposed methodology shows that eco-efficient building projects comply with environmental and sustainable strategies for the expansion of height with floors. Previous technical characteristics and parameters are considered, and these are divided into three main areas: water, energy, and inputs, in addition to a secondary area: housing density. The evaluation that was carried out showed that the water consumption parameter is the most expensive to manage for any construction company and tends to be very irregular in its percentage of compliance, since it depends on the customs of the inhabitants. The energy parameter is considered a complex aspect, since the use of private transport is expected to decrease. However, due to the customs and structures of cities, this is difficult to change without comprehensive public policies. This implies that apartment sales decrease when there are no available parking spaces. On the other hand, the contribution parameter, regardless of the construction company, always remains constant due to the economic investment required and international regulations. Finally, the housing density is always met with the same percentage due to the amount of user occupancy in the buildings. The planning of the cities in Ecuador is currently part of a sustainable development, and the instruments and policies involved are shaped by the real estate sector and, with it, urban development. Thus, by starting from a definition of nature and going through a description of the regulations and public policies until specific cases in architecture are reached, the application of sustainable development in the real estate sector is shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Energy Consumption and Climate Adaptation)

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23 pages, 6286 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Passenger Car Banning Policies on Modal Shifts: Rotterdam’s Case Study

by Maha Attia, Taslim Alade and Shady Attia

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7443; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097443 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1885

Abstract

Low-emission zones (LEZs), incentivizing electric cars, park-and-ride systems, and other traffic reduction schemes, are all single measures aimed at achieving low-/zero-emission mobility. This paper aims to investigate the impact of LEZs’ passenger car banning and argues that such single measures cannot achieve significant [...] Read more.

Low-emission zones (LEZs), incentivizing electric cars, park-and-ride systems, and other traffic reduction schemes, are all single measures aimed at achieving low-/zero-emission mobility. This paper aims to investigate the impact of LEZs’ passenger car banning and argues that such single measures cannot achieve significant traffic or emission reduction levels without being integrated into a well-designed policy package that ensures the sufficient provision of mobility alternatives. Featuring Rotterdam as a single case study, this paper follows a mixed methodology consisting of (1) quantitative real-time data on transport usage that mirror the users’ behavior and (2) qualitative data acquired from in-depth interviews and documents that explain the government’s intention and the users’ behavior. The results show that between 2016 and 2020, after applying the LEZ policy for restricting passenger cars and vans of Euro 3 and lower, there was a 50% decrease in the number of polluting passenger cars and vans entering Rotterdam. However, this decrease is insignificant, since the number of vehicles targeted by the policy was less than 2% of the overall vehicles that entered the LEZ area. The results also shed light on the role of systematic policy packaging in ensuring a change in user behavior. Among other initiatives, a successful LEZ implantation should be supported by inner-city parking reduction, electric vehicle charging facilities, incentive schemes, and alternative sustainable mobility options. Above all, the number of restricted vehicles must be significant. The conclusion and discussion develop a well-structured, educational, evaluative framework and recommend a comprehensive package of policy measures for cities seeking low-emission mobility. The research, however, did not consider the impact of different land-use distributions on the application of the LEZ, which can be an interesting angle for future researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Urban Mobility)

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22 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Economic Potential Gain, Income Uncertainty, and Rural Migrants’ Urban Homeownership: Evidence from China

by Jie Chen, Wei Wang and Yan Song

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7407; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097407 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1484

Abstract

Citizenization of rural migrants is considered as a labeling urbanization goal in developing countries. Homeownership has always been regarded as the most important cornerstone of citizenization for individuals and families in China. Despite the existence of plenty of literature on migrants’ homeownership, some [...] Read more.

Citizenization of rural migrants is considered as a labeling urbanization goal in developing countries. Homeownership has always been regarded as the most important cornerstone of citizenization for individuals and families in China. Despite the existence of plenty of literature on migrants’ homeownership, some critical influencing factors are still under-investigated. On the basis of the large nation-wide micro data of the China Migrant Dynamic Survey (CMDS), this study investigates the correlations among economic potential gain, income uncertainty, and rural migrants’ homeownership propensity in their host cities. The empirical results suggest that economic potential gain is positively correlated with the likelihood of rural migrants’ homeownership in their host cities, whereas there is negative association between income uncertainty and urban homeownership propensity among rural migrant households. In addition, we found that larger income uncertainty lowers the positive association between economic potential gain and rural migrants’ homeownership propensity in their host cities. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of these correlations across demographic characteristics and regions were investigated. We conclude this paper by making several suggestions, including offering a level playing field for rewarding migrants’ human capital endowment reasonably in terms of income, accelerating the hukou system reform, and eliminating institutional discrimination imposed on rural migrants to increase income stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interactions between Urban Populations and Their Environments)

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24 pages, 4170 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heat vs. Health: Home Office under a Changing Climate

by Sophie Kathrin Schaffernicht, Andreas Türk, Martha Kogler, Andreas Berger, Bernhard Scharf, Lukas Clementschitsch, Renate Hammer, Peter Holzer, Herbert Formayer, Barbara König and Daniela Haluza

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7333; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097333 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3486

Abstract

Stressors are especially widespread in urban agglomerations. Common themes of built environment interventions that support health and well-being are blue and green infrastructure, indoor and outdoor air quality, thermal comfort, access to natural lighting, and acoustics. Given the current megatrends of increasing summer [...] Read more.

Stressors are especially widespread in urban agglomerations. Common themes of built environment interventions that support health and well-being are blue and green infrastructure, indoor and outdoor air quality, thermal comfort, access to natural lighting, and acoustics. Given the current megatrends of increasing summer temperatures and the high popularity of home offices, we aimed at modeling thermal comfort changes of people working at home in three Austrian cities (Vienna, Innsbruck, and Graz) during the next decades until 2090. We present findings based on (I) an inter-disciplinary literature search and (II) indoor and outdoor climate simulations for actual and future climate scenarios. Based on the results, we discuss the potential impacts for work and human health and well-being, and we suggest a framework for the home office in “post-COVID-19 Austria” that integrates social, ecological, and economic aspects. The results of our study indicate that, in future climate scenarios, overheating of the interior can no longer be prevented without active cooling measures and nature-based solutions. Recommendations on the adjustment of behavior under climate change, including greening, adequate ventilation, and cooling techniques, are thus urgently needed for employees who are working from home in order to maintain physical and mental health and wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Urban Green Infrastructure for Climate-Proof and Healthy Cities)

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20 pages, 28614 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Emergency Shelter Service Functions and Optimisation Suggestions—Case Study in the Songyuan City Central Area

by Siqi Tang, Jianguo Wang, Yuanhao Xu, Shengbo Chen, Jiawang Zhang, Wutao Zhao and Guojian Wang

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7283; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097283 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Reasonable planning and construction of emergency shelters is of great significance in improving the ability of cities to prevent and mitigate disasters and ensuring urban public safety. From the perspective of the needs of the evacuees, this paper constructs an evaluation index system [...] Read more.

Reasonable planning and construction of emergency shelters is of great significance in improving the ability of cities to prevent and mitigate disasters and ensuring urban public safety. From the perspective of the needs of the evacuees, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the service function of emergency evacuation places in four aspects: effectiveness, accessibility, safety and rescue responsiveness. This paper takes the central city of Songyuan as the case study area. We apply the entropy weight–TOPSIS–grey correlation method to evaluate the service functions of emergency shelters in the central city of Songyuan and determine their service function levels. An interactive analysis using the bivariate Moran index is used to determine the current state of supply and demand for places of refuge, in terms of their service functions and population distribution. It also makes recommendations for optimisation, based on the extent to which the service function of the emergency shelter is coordinated with the distribution of the population. The results show that of the 54 emergency shelters in the central city of Songyuan, the low and medium service function levels are divided into 33 and 15, with problems such as unreasonable spatial layout and inadequate emergency supplies and medical resources. The future construction of emergency shelters should focus not only on increasing the number and improving the scale, but also on considering the characteristics of population distribution, optimising the spatial distribution pattern and making full use of existing resources such as parks, squares and schools. The establishment of composite spatial resources for disaster preparedness and the promotion of a government-led model of interconnected shelter and emergency infrastructure can effectively enhance the spatial resilience of cities in response to natural hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Safety and Security Assessment)

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37 pages, 4910 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Progress by Research to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in the EU: A Systematic Literature Review

by Matteo Trane, Luisa Marelli, Alice Siragusa, Riccardo Pollo and Patrizia Lombardi

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7055; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097055 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 10893

Abstract

Scientific research has been acknowledged to play a pivotal role in achieving the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda. Vice-versa, since its adoption, the 2030 Agenda has been reinvigorating the academic production on sustainable development. This study provides a systematic literature review of the most [...] Read more.

Scientific research has been acknowledged to play a pivotal role in achieving the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda. Vice-versa, since its adoption, the 2030 Agenda has been reinvigorating the academic production on sustainable development. This study provides a systematic literature review of the most used and newly developed approaches by academic research to support the achievement of the SDGs in the EU. The results are presented by descriptive, bibliometric, and content analysis. The descriptive analysis highlights a rising interest of scholars in operationalizing the 2030 Agenda, with a growing interest at the urban level. A text-mining tool was employed to scan the most investigated SDGs in the selected papers. Major interest by scholars is devoted to environmental concerns (especially linked to SDG 13, 7, 6, 12, and 15), while social issues (e.g., SDG 4, 5, and 10) still deserve more research. The bibliometric analysis unveiled poor intra-cluster connections, highlighting the need for more transdisciplinary research. The most recurrent research fields on the SDGs in the EU are governance, circular economy, ecosystem services, urban localization, and decision making. We advise future studies to focus on gaps highlighted and adopt a system perspective, boosting Policy Coherence across governance levels and scales of implementation by looking at trade-offs and assessing context-specific priorities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Governance for Sustainable Development)

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23 pages, 3448 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Smart Cities and Households’ Recyclable Waste Management: The Case of Jeddah

by Kawther Saeedi, Anna Visvizi, Dimah Alahmadi and Amal Babour

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6776; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086776 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2321

Abstract

Over the past 30 years, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has recorded rapid economic growth and development rates matched by corresponding levels of consumption. This has led to an exponential increase in the volume of municipal solid waste. Even if the bulk [...] Read more.

Over the past 30 years, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has recorded rapid economic growth and development rates matched by corresponding levels of consumption. This has led to an exponential increase in the volume of municipal solid waste. Even if the bulk share of this waste is recyclable, the propensity of households to engage in the recycling of waste has so far produced a negligible effect. Arguably, in the context of the pervasive digitalization of public and private spaces, accompanied by the developments in information and communication technology (ICT), best conceptualized by reference to the concepts of smart cities and circular economy, it is natural to expect ICT and policy objectives to converge in order to encourage and enable greater engagement with waste segregation and recycling amongst households. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the feasibility and ways of increasing households’ participation in recyclable waste collection, segregation, and disposal in a context devoid of a top-down city-level waste management policy. To this end, the design thinking approach was employed to identify factors inhibiting/facilitating households’ engaging in recycling. A variety of ideation techniques were adopted in subsequent stages of the design thinking process, including interviews with stakeholders from the government and industry sectors, surveys with Jeddah households (N = 446), an eight week-long recyclable waste collection experiment, and feedback surveys (N = 46). The results suggest that applying relatively simple and resource-savvy tools aimed at promoting household recyclable waste collection has substantial potential. This, in turn, not only feeds into the debate on smart cities but also into the research of public policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities and Smart Villages and the Global Digital Transformation: Strategy and Community Engagement)

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21 pages, 1341 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Implementing Smart Sustainable Cities in Saudi Arabia: A Framework for Citizens’ Participation towards SAUDI VISION 2030

by Abood Khaled Alamoudi, Rotimi Boluwatife Abidoye and Terence Y. M. Lam

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6648; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086648 - 14 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4446

Abstract

Cities in Saudi Arabia need to expand rapidly due to the rapidly growing urban population. To develop smart sustainable cities (SSC), human, social, and environmental capital investments must be expanded beyond just focusing on technology. There have been several cities that have adopted [...] Read more.

Cities in Saudi Arabia need to expand rapidly due to the rapidly growing urban population. To develop smart sustainable cities (SSC), human, social, and environmental capital investments must be expanded beyond just focusing on technology. There have been several cities that have adopted smart city labels as recognition of the advantages of smart cities. Many countries acknowledge the value of citizens’ involvement in public urban planning and decision making, but it is difficult to evaluate their impact and compare it to other factors. This study aims to develop a citizens’ participation framework, identify any additional stakeholder’s management measures (SMM) (in addition to the ones previously developed by the authors), and explain the relationship with citizens’ participation level (CPL) for driving SSC. Three rounds of the Delphi method were conducted to structure and validate the framework by the decision maker in the field of urban planning and reach a consensus of understanding the drivers of SSC. The study group was limited to 25 participants because this study focuses on the perspective of decision makers toward CP. Mean score (MS) ranking and Kendall Coefficient were used to confirm the importance of these additional stakeholders’ management measures. The results suggest three main component structures of the conceptual framework, which are SMM, CPL, and Citizens’ Participation Recruitment (CPR), which are all necessary for smart sustainable city outcomes (SSCO) for achieving the Future Sustainable Cities Plan (FSCP) within the context of Vision 2030 and government policy in Saudi Arabia. Using the proposed framework will enable all the stakeholders to gain a deeper understanding of SSC and their complex natures from a conceptual and practical standpoint. The contribution to knowledge of this study is by developing a conceptual framework that can support the implementation of SSC, and by providing an understanding the CPR standards and the involvement of citizens in urban development, which eliminates any debate regarding SSC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Technologies for Sustainable Urban and Regional Development)

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16 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Socioeconomic Urban Environment in Latin America: Towards a Typology of Cities

by Gervásio F. dos Santos, Alejandra Vives Vergara, Mauricio Fuentes-Alburquenque, José Firmino de Sousa Filho, Aureliano Sancho Paiva, Andres Felipe Useche, Goro Yamada, Tania Alfaro, Amélia A. Lima Friche, Roberto F. S. Andrade, Maurício L. Barreto, Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa and Ana V. Diez-Roux

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6380; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086380 - 07 Apr 2023

Viewed by 2080

Abstract

This paper aims to identify typologies of Latin American cities based on socioeconomic urban environment patterns. We used census data from 371 urban agglomerations in 11 countries included in the SALURBAL project to identify socioeconomic typologies of cities in Latin America. Exploratory factor [...] Read more.

This paper aims to identify typologies of Latin American cities based on socioeconomic urban environment patterns. We used census data from 371 urban agglomerations in 11 countries included in the SALURBAL project to identify socioeconomic typologies of cities in Latin America. Exploratory factor analysis was used to select a set of variables, and finite mixture modelling (FMM) was applied to identify clusters to define the typology of cities. Despite the heterogeneities among the Latin American cities, we also found similarities. By exploring intersections and contrasts among these clusters, it was possible to define five socioeconomic regional typology patterns. The main features of each one are low-education cities in Northeast Brazil; low-unemployment cities in Peru and Panama; high-education cities in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico; high female labor participation, with high primary education in Argentina and low primary education in Brazil; and low female labor participation and low education in Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Identifying clusters of cities with similar features underscores understanding of the urban social and economic development dynamics and assists in studying how urban features affect health, the environment, and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Social Space and Sustainable Development)

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23 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Improving Communication of the UK Sustainable Healthy Dietary Guidelines the Eatwell Guide: A Rapid Review

by Amy E. Culliford, Jane Bradbury and Elphee B. Medici

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 6149; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076149 - 03 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5031

Abstract

Background: Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) are a key public health tool, providing evidence-based recommendations for a healthy and more environmentally sustainable diet. Current adherence to national FBDG in the UK is poor with only 0.1% of the population meeting all of the recommendations [...] Read more.

Background: Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) are a key public health tool, providing evidence-based recommendations for a healthy and more environmentally sustainable diet. Current adherence to national FBDG in the UK is poor with only 0.1% of the population meeting all of the recommendations set out in the Eatwell Guide. Communication of the Eatwell Guide is one of the many essential strategies needed to improve adherence and to support the necessary shift towards sustainable diets in the UK. An effective strategy is needed to communicate this information to policy makers, the food industry, health professionals and the public in order to drive dietary behaviour change. Methods: The authors conducted a rapid review of the scientific literature available in the SCOPUS database published between 2012 and 2022 (inclusive). Keywords searched related to the communication and implementation of FBDG. Additionally, examples of communication strategies for national FBDG globally are presented to demonstrate examples of good practice in this field. Results: The review highlighted several key themes relating to effective communication of FBDG. As a result, five recommendations are made for how communication of the Eatwell Guide could be improved to drive better adherence to these sustainable healthy guidelines. The recommendations are (1) review of language and tone of nutrition and sustainability related messages; (2) targeting of FBDG and communications to specific population segments; (3) addressing barriers to and benefits of adopting the Eatwell Guide recommendations; (4) development of practical tools and resources to support implementation of the guidelines; and (5) leveraging social media and social marketing techniques to increase public engagement. Conclusions: This research summarises the current scientific literature on the effective communication of FBDG. The recommendations may be used to improve future communication strategies for the Eatwell Guide as well as other national and international sustainable healthy FBDG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Diets, Food, and Nutrition)

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14 pages, 3109 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Analysis-Based Cyber Attack Detection by IoT with Artificial Intelligence in a Sustainable Smart City

by D. Prabakar, M. Sundarrajan, R. Manikandan, N. Z. Jhanjhi, Mehedi Masud and Abdulmajeed Alqhatani

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 6031; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076031 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1819

Abstract

Cybersecurity continues to be a major issue for all industries engaged in digital activity given the cyclical surge in security incidents. Since more Internet of Things (IoT) devices are being used in homes, offices, transportation, healthcare, and other venues, malicious attacks are happening [...] Read more.

Cybersecurity continues to be a major issue for all industries engaged in digital activity given the cyclical surge in security incidents. Since more Internet of Things (IoT) devices are being used in homes, offices, transportation, healthcare, and other venues, malicious attacks are happening more frequently. Since distance between IoT as well as fog devices is closer than distance between IoT devices as well as the cloud, attacks can be quickly detected by integrating fog computing into IoT. Due to the vast amount of data produced by IoT devices, ML is commonly employed for attack detection. This research proposes novel technique in cybersecurity-based network traffic analysis and malicious attack detection using IoT artificial intelligence techniques for a sustainable smart city. A traffic analysis has been carried out using a kernel quadratic vector discriminant machine which enhances the data transmission by reducing network traffic. This enhances energy efficiency with reduced traffic. Then, the malicious attack detection is carried out using adversarial Bayesian belief networks. The experimental analysis has been carried out in terms of throughput, data traffic analysis, end-end delay, packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency, and QoS. The proposed technique attained a throughput of 98%, data traffic analysis of 74%, end-end delay of 45%, packet delivery ratio of 92%, energy efficiency of 92%, and QoS of 79%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Smart Cities and Societies Using Emerging Technologies)

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17 pages, 2710 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Urban Green System Planning Insights for a Spatialized Balance between PM₁₀ Dust Retention Capacity of Trees and Urban Vehicular PM₁₀ Emissions

by MariaElena Menconi, Rosaria Abbate, Luca Simone and David Grohmann

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 5888; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075888 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2079

Abstract

Reducing air pollution is a crucial challenge in urban areas. In this regard, urban green infrastructures could play a pivotal role. In the literature, scholars analyzed both the ability of species-specific and layout-specific green infrastructures to reduce air pollution and the best location [...] Read more.

Reducing air pollution is a crucial challenge in urban areas. In this regard, urban green infrastructures could play a pivotal role. In the literature, scholars analyzed both the ability of species-specific and layout-specific green infrastructures to reduce air pollution and the best location sites of new green infrastructures to increase the provision of overall ecosystem services. There is a lack of studies helping green urban planners and designers choose where and which green infrastructure to implement based on vegetation species-specific performance and differentiated demand for the ecosystem services of city areas. This paper uses tree cadastre data from a medium-sized city in central Italy (Perugia) and the traffic open-layers of Gmaps to develop a spatial analysis of the urban trees’ performance in PM₁₀ dust retention, and the PM₁₀ produced by vehicular emissions, respectively. The method generates a spatialized balance between demand (air-polluted sites by traffic) and supply (PM₁₀ dust retention by trees) to support local decisions about the best locations for new green infrastructures and the choice between species. The paper analyzed 6710 urban trees in an area of 42.62 km² with a linear road density of 15 km/km². Platanus hybrida Mill. ex Münchh, Celtis australis L., Ulmus carpinifolia L., Pinus pinaster Aiton, Quercus ilex L., Quercus robur L., and Tilia cordata Mill. are the resulting optimal species to reduce PM₁₀, with median values of 219.62, 181.47, 166.67, 154.66, 143.90, 118.61, and 118.04 g tree⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. The paper is a first contribution in developing GIS-based tools that vary the recommended location sites and species for new green infrastructures based on the demanded ecosystem service. Urban planners are called to dynamically use and integrate numerous tools, such as the one developed here, to seek complex solutions capable of increasing the sustainability of urban systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Green Infrastructures on Air Quality in Urban Spaces)

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21 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Examining the Role of Innovative Streets in Enhancing Urban Mobility and Livability for Sustainable Urban Transition: A Review

by Jin Rui and Frank Othengrafen

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 5709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075709 - 24 Mar 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4733

Abstract

As an essential component of urban public spaces, urban streets play a crucial role in shaping cities and promoting urban sustainability. This article focuses on innovative streets as a catalyst for sustainable urban transition. It reviews the theoretical discussions, and empirical evidence on [...] Read more.

As an essential component of urban public spaces, urban streets play a crucial role in shaping cities and promoting urban sustainability. This article focuses on innovative streets as a catalyst for sustainable urban transition. It reviews the theoretical discussions, and empirical evidence on innovative planning approaches for urban streets. For that purpose, measures related to innovative streets are divided into two broad categories: urban mobility and urban livability. The results indicate that integrating smart street facilities with the Internet of Things (IoT), adopting a combination of grid and radial street networks, and fostering a safe street environment are vital in promoting urban mobility. Conversely, a walkable, rideable, and human-oriented street environment enhances social interaction and urban livability. The street’s dual function as a commuting and social space highlights the interplay between rising mobility and intensive street usage, leading to competition for street space. To mitigate these conflicts and advance sustainable urban transitions, enhancing street safety, reducing disparities in planning and user behavior, and accommodating the needs of all street users is crucial. Overall, the evidence supports the contribution of streets to sustainable urban transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning for Urban Sustainability Transitions)

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16 pages, 4803 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Urban Flooding Risk Assessment in the Rural-Urban Fringe Based on a Bayesian Classifier

by Mo Wang, Xiaoping Fu, Dongqing Zhang, Furong Chen, Jin Su, Shiqi Zhou, Jianjun Li, Yongming Zhong and Soon Keat Tan

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 5740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075740 - 24 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

Urban flooding disasters have become increasingly frequent in rural-urban fringes due to rapid urbanization, posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment, life security, and social economy. To address this issue, this study proposes a flood disaster risk assessment framework that integrates a [...] Read more.

Urban flooding disasters have become increasingly frequent in rural-urban fringes due to rapid urbanization, posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment, life security, and social economy. To address this issue, this study proposes a flood disaster risk assessment framework that integrates a Weighted Naive Bayesian (WNB) classifier and a Complex Network Model (CNM). The WNB is employed to predict risk distribution according to the risk factors and flooding events data, while the CNM is used to analyze the composition and correlation of the risk attributes according to its network topology. The rural-urban fringe in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is used as a case study. The results indicate that approximately half of the rural-urban fringe is at medium flooding risk, while 25.7% of the investigated areas are at high flooding risk. Through driving-factor analysis, the rural-urban fringe of GBA is divided into 12 clusters driven by multiple factors and 3 clusters driven by a single factor. Two types of cluster influenced by multiple factors were identified: one caused by artificial factors such as road density, fractional vegetation cover, and impervious surface percentage, and the other driven by topographic factors, such as elevation, slope, and distance to waterways. Single factor clusters were mainly based on slope and road density. The proposed flood disaster risk assessment framework integrating WNB and CNM provides a valuable tool to identify high-risk areas and driving factors, facilitating better decision-making and planning for disaster prevention and mitigation in rural-urban fringes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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25 pages, 18724 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Future Streetscape of Rimini Harbor Docks with Virtual Reality

by Rachid Belaroussi, Margherita Pazzini, Israa Issa, Corinne Dionisio, Claudio Lantieri, Elena Díaz González, Valeria Vignali and Sonia Adelé

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065547 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1927

Abstract

The human factor plays an important role in the successful design of infrastructure to support sustainable mobility. By engaging users early in the design process, information can be obtained before physical environments are built, making designed spaces more attractive and safer for users. [...] Read more.

The human factor plays an important role in the successful design of infrastructure to support sustainable mobility. By engaging users early in the design process, information can be obtained before physical environments are built, making designed spaces more attractive and safer for users. This study presents the collected data of a virtual reality (VR) application in which user perception has been evaluated within an urban redevelopment context. The area under consideration is the Canal of the Port of Rimini (Italy), a degraded area not connected to the city center. The redevelopment of degraded urban areas is the first step towards achieving the sustainability aims set out in the Sustainable Development Goals. Prior to this work, evaluation methods were developed in the decision-making process, considering different social, economic, and environmental aspects in order to obtain a priority scale of interventions for urban regeneration. Architectural solutions were proposed to represent targeted and specific interventions that are designed precisely for the context to which they are dedicated in order to make the Canal Port area a continuum with its urban context and to improve its perception by tourists and inhabitants. To assess these proposed infrastructure modifications, two models of VR were created, one relevant to the current condition and one representing the future condition after redevelopment of the area. Virtual visits to the Canal of the Port of Rimini were created under two scenarios, namely, the current situation and the future situation after redevelopment of the infrastructure. Then, human participants were involved through two different questionnaires. The first allowed participants validate the VR model created by comparing it with the real context, while the second served to evaluate the perceptions of users by comparing the two VR models of the canal before and after the intervention. The results of this empirical research highlight the benefits of engaging users early in the design process and improving the user experience before implementing renovation of the infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Calming Measures as an Instrument for Revitalizing the Urban Environment)

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17 pages, 1909 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vulnerability Assessment of Ecological–Economic–Social Systems in Urban Agglomerations in Arid Regions—A Case Study of Urumqi–Changji–Shihezi Urban Agglomeration

by Xiaofen Zhang, Zibibula Simayi, Shengtian Yang, Yusuyunjiang Mamitimin, Fang Shen and Yunyi Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5414; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065414 - 18 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1238

Abstract

This study aims to clarify the vulnerability characteristics of the ecological–economic–social system of oasis city clusters in arid zones, promote the deepening of research on the sustainable development of urban clusters, and provide crucial practical reference significance for solving the series of problems [...] Read more.

This study aims to clarify the vulnerability characteristics of the ecological–economic–social system of oasis city clusters in arid zones, promote the deepening of research on the sustainable development of urban clusters, and provide crucial practical reference significance for solving the series of problems brought about by urbanization. This article takes the arid zone oasis city cluster, the Urumqi–Changji–Shihezi urban agglomeration, as the research object and constructs an indicator system from three dimensions of ecological environment, regional economic, and social development, and adopts the comprehensive index method, GeoDetector, the GM(1, 1) gray prediction model, and other methods to study the vulnerability pattern and spatial and temporal changes of the urban cluster from 2009 to 2018. The results show that (1) from 2009 to 2018, the change in the integrated ecological–economic–social system vulnerability index of the Urumqi–Changji–Shihezi urban agglomeration shows a general downward trend, followed by significant differences in the vulnerability of each dimension, with an average vulnerability index of 1.8846, 1.6377, and 0.9831 for the social vulnerability, regional economic, and ecological environment dimensions, respectively; (2) the evolution of the spatial pattern of changes in the vulnerability index of different systems in each region of the Urumqi–Changji–Shihezi urban agglomeration tends to change from large to slight spatial differences, in which the social and ecological environmental vulnerability changes are more prominent in addition to the vulnerability changes of the regional economy; (3) parkland area per capita, arable land area per capita, GDP per capita, social fixed asset investment, population density, and urban road area per capita are the main drivers of decreasing vulnerability of ecological–economic–social systems in urban agglomerations; (4) by predicting and calculating the vulnerability index of each region of the ecological–economic–social system of urban agglomerations, it is found that the vulnerability index of urban agglomerations will show a decreasing trend from 2009 to 2018, and the difference of the vulnerability index between systems will narrow; (5) finally, targeted countermeasures and suggestions to reduce the vulnerability of ecological–economic–social systems are proposed to provide scientific references for the sustainable development of arid oasis cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Green Development and Resilient Cities)

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28 pages, 2231 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Smart, Sustainable, Green Cities: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Vahid Javidroozi, Claudia Carter, Michael Grace and Hanifa Shah

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5353; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065353 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5707

Abstract

This state-of-the-art review paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on three categories of liveable cities, Smart, Sustainable, and Green (SSG). It explores how the discussions about these three categories have been brought together in the literature and identifies an [...] Read more.

This state-of-the-art review paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on three categories of liveable cities, Smart, Sustainable, and Green (SSG). It explores how the discussions about these three categories have been brought together in the literature and identifies an integrated approach to developing more liveable cities of the future. The paper begins by introducing the research topic and methodology, setting out a broad definition for SSG cities as a starting point. Then, the review focuses on recent publications and research trends, with an emphasis on the most significant contributions to the convergence of the SSG categories. Special attention is paid to identifying gaps in current knowledge and suggesting areas for future research. Reviewing recent resources based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria in depth, using 11 relevant themes within the three aforementioned categories, provides a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of the current state of research in developing more liveable cities. Moreover, a summary of the main findings, providing a holistic view of the liveable future cities and implications for further research, policy, and practice offers a helpful resource for scholars, practitioners, policymakers, city authorities, consultants, and solution providers for SSG cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable and Inclusive Smart Cities: Challenges and Opportunities)

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24 pages, 1404 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Barriers to, and Enablers for, Stakeholder Collaboration in Risk-Sensitive Urban Planning: A Systematised Literature Review

by Pavithra Ganeshu, Terrence Fernando and Kaushal Keraminiyage

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4600; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054600 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3249

Abstract

The lack of stakeholder collaboration has been recognised as a prominent hindrance in implementing risk-sensitive urban planning for creating resilient environments for communities against climate-induced risks. This study presents the outcome of a systematised literature review that was conducted to identify the barriers [...] Read more.

The lack of stakeholder collaboration has been recognised as a prominent hindrance in implementing risk-sensitive urban planning for creating resilient environments for communities against climate-induced risks. This study presents the outcome of a systematised literature review that was conducted to identify the barriers to stakeholder collaboration, as well as the enablers that assist stakeholder collaboration in risk-sensitive urban planning. The study identified thirty-three barriers which were classified under thirteen themes and four major categories (external barriers, inter-organisational barriers, intra-organisational barriers, and personal barriers). The review also identified forty-five enablers which can be used in surmounting the identified barriers. The dependency analysis of the barriers, conducted by adopting the interpretive structural modelling approach, shows that the barriers with a high driving power are external barriers, which are political barriers, policies and legislation-related barriers, and governance-related barriers that are beyond the organisational boundary and control. The research found that the enablers to overcome those high driving barriers are gaining political support for implementing inter-organisational collaboration or adapting the apolitical approach for the collaboration process, strengthening the laws and forming adaptive policies to support collaboration, and establishing transparent and accountable collaborative governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Regeneration: Issues and Challenges for Buildings and Cities)

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27 pages, 5390 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Cross-Industry Synergy of Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Key Industries in the City in Jiangsu Province, China

by Feng Dong, Guoqing Li, Yajie Liu, Qing Xu and Caixia Li

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 3881; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053881 - 21 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1439

Abstract

Cross-industry synergistic emission reduction has become a new strategy for achieving a carbon emissions peak and carbon neutrality. To explore the typical spatial distribution and cross-industry synergy effect of carbon emissions in key industries, this paper analyzes the carbon emissions of coal and [...] Read more.

Cross-industry synergistic emission reduction has become a new strategy for achieving a carbon emissions peak and carbon neutrality. To explore the typical spatial distribution and cross-industry synergy effect of carbon emissions in key industries, this paper analyzes the carbon emissions of coal and power industries in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2020 using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model. The results show that: (1) The distribution of coal resources determines the distribution of carbon emissions in the coal industry. Carbon emissions in the power industry have two typical distributions: consistent changes in cities and a “south-north” inverse phase, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 86.74%. (2) The impulse response of carbon emissions from the coal industry to the power industry is >0 in the first period. There is a synergistic relationship of carbon emissions from the energy consumption side to the energy production side. (3) The shock effect of carbon emissions on economic development is >0. In resource-based cities, economic development explains about 2% of carbon emission fluctuations in the coal industry and 9.9% in the power industry, which is only 2% in non-resource-based cities. Carbon emissions would promote economic development. However, the impact of economic development on them varies significantly by industry and region. These findings can provide scientific support for developing differentiated measures to carbon emissions reduction and serve as an important reference role for other regions to promote collaborative carbon emission reduction in key industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Carbon Dioxide Emission Market)

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32 pages, 2350 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Urban Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities: Recent Advances, Taxonomy, and Open Research Challenges

by Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem, Raja Sher Afgun Usmani, Mubarak S. Almutairi, Ashraf Osman Ibrahim, Abubakar Zakari, Faiz Alotaibi, Saadat Mehmood Alhashmi and Haruna Chiroma

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 3916; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053916 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5835

Abstract

The recent proliferation of ubiquitous computing technologies has led to the emergence of urban computing that aims to provide intelligent services to inhabitants of smart cities. Urban computing deals with enormous amounts of data collected from sensors and other sources in a smart [...] Read more.

The recent proliferation of ubiquitous computing technologies has led to the emergence of urban computing that aims to provide intelligent services to inhabitants of smart cities. Urban computing deals with enormous amounts of data collected from sensors and other sources in a smart city. In this article, we investigated and highlighted the role of urban computing in sustainable smart cities. In addition, a taxonomy was conceived that categorized the existing studies based on urban data, approaches, applications, enabling technologies, and implications. In this context, recent developments were elucidated. To cope with the engendered challenges of smart cities, we outlined some crucial use cases of urban computing. Furthermore, prominent use cases of urban computing in sustainable smart cities (e.g., planning in smart cities, the environment in smart cities, energy consumption in smart cities, transportation in smart cities, government policy in smart cities, and business processes in smart cities) for smart urbanization were also elaborated. Finally, several research challenges (such as cognitive cybersecurity, air quality, the data sparsity problem, data movement, 5G technologies, scaling via the analysis and harvesting of energy, and knowledge versus privacy) and their possible solutions in a new perspective were discussed explicitly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data, Information and AI for Smart Urban)

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13 pages, 2837 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Coupling a Distributed Time Variant Gain Model into a Storm Water Management Model to Simulate Runoffs in a Sponge City

by Yuanyuan Yang, Wenhui Zhang, Zhe Liu, Dengfeng Liu, Qiang Huang and Jun Xia

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3804; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043804 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1622

Abstract

The storm water management model (SWMM) has been used extensively to plan, implement, control, and evaluate low impact development facilities and other drainage systems to solve storm-related problems in sponge cities. However, the calibration of SWMM involves a variety of sensitive parameters and [...] Read more.

The storm water management model (SWMM) has been used extensively to plan, implement, control, and evaluate low impact development facilities and other drainage systems to solve storm-related problems in sponge cities. However, the calibration of SWMM involves a variety of sensitive parameters and may bring significant uncertainties. Here we incorporated the distributed time variant gain model (DTVGM), a model with a simple structure and few parameters, into the SWMM (called DTVGM-SWMM) to reduce the complexity but keep the mechanistic representation of the hydrological process. The DTVGM runoff module parameters were calibrated and validated using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), based on measured data and the results of SWMM. It was then coupled with the SWMM routing module to estimate catchment runoffs and outflows. Finally, the performance was evaluated using NSE (0.57~0.94), relative errors of the flow depth (−7.59~19.79%), and peak flow rate (−33.68~54.37%) under different storm events. These implied that the DTVGM-SWMM simulations were generally consistent with those of the control group, but underperformed in simulating peak flows. Overall, the proposed framework could reasonably estimate the runoff, especially the outflow process in the urban catchment. This study provides a simple and reliable method for urban stormwater simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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17 pages, 8697 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Shaping Public Space in Informal Settlements: A Case Study

by Hesam Kamalipour

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3781; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043781 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4536

Abstract

Informal settlement has become one of the critical ways of producing space and accessing affordable housing, particularly in the context of the global South. Much of the established literature on the shaping of public space focuses on cities of the global North, and [...] Read more.

Informal settlement has become one of the critical ways of producing space and accessing affordable housing, particularly in the context of the global South. Much of the established literature on the shaping of public space focuses on cities of the global North, and little is known about how public spaces are being shaped in more congested and less formal cities of the global South. This paper engages with the challenge of understanding the shaping of public space in informal settlements with a focus on exploring the spatial structures and increments of change in a case study in Medellin (Colombia). This is primarily an urban design exploration, which deploys direct observation, extensive urban photography, and field notes as key research methods. This paper contributes a critical case study, which has experienced forms of informal and formal transformations. The spatial structures and increments of change are explored in the selected case study and further discussed in the context of the relevant literature. This paper argues that much of the shaping of public space in informal settlements can be considered as “unfinished” in the sense that their “incompleteness” enables a degree of flexibility for possible adaptations in relation to individual/collective needs and desires. The article also reflects on how producing mixed morphologies can be considered as an attempt that may possibly facilitate future forms of formalisation and/or upgrading by enabling a degree of visual resemblance with what is considered as the formal city. The findings of this study can inform the related upgrading practices by providing a better understanding of how public spaces are being shaped in informal settlements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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18 pages, 577 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dealing with Cross-Sectoral Uncertainty: A Case Study on Governing Uncertainty for Infrastructures in Transition

by Oddrun P. Røsok, Mark L. C. de Bruijne and Wijnand W. Veeneman

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043750 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1387

Abstract

The interdependencies between infrastructures are growing. Engineering decision making that earlier was largely confined to a specific sector now requires more and more understanding of how systems interact: a system-of-systems perspective. The article analyzes the effect of that added complexity in a single [...] Read more.

The interdependencies between infrastructures are growing. Engineering decision making that earlier was largely confined to a specific sector now requires more and more understanding of how systems interact: a system-of-systems perspective. The article analyzes the effect of that added complexity in a single case study in de Zuid-As, Amsterdam, in the Netherlands, and relates the findings to the literature on engineering decision making and project management in complex projects. The article concludes that cross-sectoral engineering decision making has an additional level of complexity that requires governance of uncertainty. Despite this challenge being a well-known challenge among infrastructure operators, it is still not recognized for its importance, and it seems to be a neglected element in collaboration. Key is an open approach in the early stages that goes beyond classic cooperative decision making in engineering and project management environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure for the Next Generation)

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34 pages, 7002 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Comprehensive Review on the Integration of Antimicrobial Technologies onto Various Surfaces of the Built Environment

by Ling Xin Yong and John Kaiser Calautit

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3394; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043394 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3339

Abstract

With the recent surge in interest in microbial prevention, this review paper looks at the different antimicrobial technologies for surfaces in the built environment. Every year, more than 4 million people are at risk of dying due to acquiring a microbial infection. As [...] Read more.

With the recent surge in interest in microbial prevention, this review paper looks at the different antimicrobial technologies for surfaces in the built environment. Every year, more than 4 million people are at risk of dying due to acquiring a microbial infection. As per the recent COVID-19 pandemic, such infections alone increase the cost and burden to the healthcare system. Therefore, mitigating the risk of microbial infection in the built environment is one of the essential considerations in our preparedness for future pandemic situations. This is especially important for a dense population within urban cities and for indoor environments with higher concentrations of indoor contaminants due to poorer ventilation. The review assesses antimicrobial technologies developed in the last two years and their potential and suitability for implementation on surfaces within a building, and it also suggests key considerations when developing these technologies for a built environment. The keywords in the main search include “antimicrobial”, “coating”, and “surfaces”. The work found various studies describing the potential use of antimicrobial technologies for different material surfaces. Still, a more thorough investigation and upscaling of work are required to assess their suitability for built environment applications. The widely diverse types of built environments in public areas with their varying purpose, design, and surfaces also mean that there is no “one-size-fits-all” solution for every space. In order to improve the adoption and consideration of antimicrobial surfaces, the built environment industry and stakeholders could benefit from more in-depth and long-term evaluation of these antimicrobial technologies, which demonstrate their real-time impact on various built environment spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post COVID-19 Pandemic: A Reconsideration for the Built Environment)

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24 pages, 3708 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Kerbside Parking Assessment Using a Simulation Modelling Approach for Infrastructure Planning—A Metropolitan City Case Study

by Premaratne Samaranayake, Upul Gunawardana and Michael Stokoe

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3301; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043301 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1175

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of kerbside parking demand and provision on short-term parking (STP) and freight activity space (FAS) as a benchmark for infrastructure planning, considering the impacts of expected future growth and capacity changes. In [...] Read more.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of kerbside parking demand and provision on short-term parking (STP) and freight activity space (FAS) as a benchmark for infrastructure planning, considering the impacts of expected future growth and capacity changes. In this study, we adopted a mixed-methods approach of quantitative analysis including a spatial view of parking using manual and video-captured camera data from the majority of STP and FAS parking bays covering a diverse range of loads/tasks with different levels of elasticity and substitutes, as well as simulation of current demand influenced by various factors, as a basis for the development of strategies and prioritisation of the allocation of limited kerbside spaces in Parramatta, a rapidly transforming/growing CBD city centre environment. Parking demand consisted of a diverse range of FAS and STP categories. Spatial analysis showed a non-homogeneous distribution of parking demand and loads across several sections of the city. A large proportion of short-term parking spaces is attributed to two peak periods during the day and increased traffic volumes at peak times. Comparatively lower average parking times in the northern and western regions compared to those in the city centre indicate the potential to reduce peak parking periods and therefore traffic congestion in the city centre by changing parking limits. The presented simulation model can be used as a reliable benchmarking model for the simulation of future impact scenarios and to make recommendations with respect to infrastructure planning and to develop travel demand management strategies. This research is based on a case study and is therefore subject to limitations in its applications in other contexts. Extension of the baseline simulation with future impact scenarios is planned for the next stage of this research. A simulation model is presented and illustrated as a reliable benchmarking tool for the simulation of future impact scenarios through a case study of a rapidly changing city environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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19 pages, 2495 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heuristic Surface Path Planning Method for AMV-Assisted Internet of Underwater Things

by Jie Zhang, Zhengxin Wang, Guangjie Han and Yujie Qian

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3137; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043137 - 08 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1382

Abstract

Ocean exploration is one of the fundamental issues for the sustainable development of human society, which is also the basis for realizing the concept of the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) applications, such as the smart ocean city. The collaboration of heterogeneous autonomous [...] Read more.

Ocean exploration is one of the fundamental issues for the sustainable development of human society, which is also the basis for realizing the concept of the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) applications, such as the smart ocean city. The collaboration of heterogeneous autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs) based on underwater wireless communication is known as a practical approach to ocean exploration, typically with the autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) and the autonomous underwater glider (AUG). However, the difference in their specifications and movements makes the following problems for collaborative work. First, when an AUG floats to a certain depth, and an ASV interacts via underwater wireless communication, the interaction has a certain time limit and their movements to an interaction position have to be synchronized; secondly, in the case where multiple AUGs are exploring underwater, the ASV needs to plan the sequence of surface interactions to ensure timely and efficient data collection. Accordingly, this paper proposes a heuristic surface path planning method for data collection with heterogeneous AMVs (HSPP-HA). The HSPP-HA optimizes the interaction schedule between ASV and multiple AUGs through a modified shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA). It applies a spatial-temporal k-means clustering in initializing the memeplex group of SFLA to adapt time-sensitive interactions by weighting their spatial and temporal proximities and adopts an adaptive convergence factor which varies by algorithm iterations to balance the local and global searches and to minimize the potential local optimum problem in each local search. Through simulations, the proposed HSPP-HA shows advantages in terms of access rate, path length and data collection rate compared to recent and classic path planning methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Urban and IoT: Advances, Opportunities and Challenges)

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21 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Performance of the Construction of a Water Ecological Civilization City: International Assessment and Comparison

by Qimeng Yue, Kate Heal, Jingshan Yu, Qianyang Wang, Yuexin Zheng, Zhanliang Zhu, Yuan Liu, Shugao Xu and Xiaolei Yao

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3071; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043071 - 08 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1614

Abstract

The water ecological environment problems brought about by rapid urbanization have prompted the proposal and implementation of different approaches to urban water ecological construction, such as eco-cities, best management practices (BMPs), and low-impact development (LID). As one of the most representative urban water [...] Read more.

The water ecological environment problems brought about by rapid urbanization have prompted the proposal and implementation of different approaches to urban water ecological construction, such as eco-cities, best management practices (BMPs), and low-impact development (LID). As one of the most representative urban water ecological management policies in China, the Water Ecological Civilization City (WECC) was proposed in 2013, and 105 cities were selected for pilot construction. Many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of WECC construction, but international quantitative comparison is lacking. To address this, an urban Water-Human-Health (WHH) Assessment Model, considering water resources, ecological environment, economic and social development level, and water resources utilization, was developed and applied to five WECC pilot cities in China and 10 other cities worldwide, in which mainstream urban water ecological construction modes have been used. Principal component analysis of the index values in the assessment system was used to evaluate the current status of water ecosystem health in the 15 cities, showing that Sydney, Cleveland, and Hamburg were the most advanced in urban water ecological management. The two cities with the best evaluation results (Sydney and Cleveland), and the WECC city with the highest score (Wuhan) were selected for documentary analysis of their water ecological construction documents to identify similarities and differences to inform best practice internationally for urban water ecological construction. The results showed that Sydney and Cleveland attach similar emphasis across most constituents of urban water ecological construction, while, for Wuhan, greater importance is attached to water resource management and water culture. The advantages and disadvantages of WECC construction and international experience are discussed. The WHH assessment model proposed in this study provides a new quantitative evaluation method for international urban water ecological health evaluation, which could be further improved by including an urban flood risk indicator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Urban Water Management)

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24 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainability Assessment in Social Housing Environments: An Inclusive Indicators Selection in Colombian Post-Pandemic Cities

by Jhon Ricardo Escorcia Hernández, Sara Torabi Moghadam and Patrizia Lombardi

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032830 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

The use of indicators for sustainability assessment in the urban planning process is a widely used approach. With the definition of the Agenda 2030 and the role of cities in achieving sustainable development goals, much work has been devoted to the definition of [...] Read more.

The use of indicators for sustainability assessment in the urban planning process is a widely used approach. With the definition of the Agenda 2030 and the role of cities in achieving sustainable development goals, much work has been devoted to the definition of evaluation frameworks and indicators to assess policies and plans and support decision-making in the transition to sustainable urban environments. Therefore, there is currently a wide range of indicator frameworks for the sustainability assessment of human settlements. However, considering the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the urban sustainability paradigm, the need to reassess the relevance of existing assessment frameworks in the post-pandemic context has been highlighted. Thus, this article aims to illustrate a selection of indicators to evaluate urban sustainability in developing countries’ post-pandemic contexts, using Colombia as a case study. This work comprises the characterization of the post-pandemic relevance of a set of sustainability indicators through the participation of stakeholders associated with the development process of social housing in urban environments in Colombia. Within a Delphi process, the initial indicators were taken from local and international sustainability frameworks validated before the pandemic. Further, a final selection was made through the evaluation of a survey from a sample of 45 stakeholders, and different participatory mechanisms with experts. These results acknowledged the relevance of factors, such as atmospheric conditions, risk management, the performance of public transport systems, and the availability and accessibility to key services, in the achievement of urban sustainability. These results will support the sustainability assessment of the development of post-pandemic recovery policies in Colombia and serve as a reference for other contexts in developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mainstreaming Recommendations to Future Sustainable Urban Planning in Developing and Emerging Economies)

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19 pages, 4352 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Global Megacities and Frequent Floods: Correlation between Urban Expansion Patterns and Urban Flood Hazards

by Dorcas Idowu and Wendy Zhou

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2514; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032514 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2285

Abstract

With climate change causing increased extreme weather events, megacities worldwide are experiencing unprecedentedly devastating floods and recurring flood damage. Investigating global megacities’ increased disposition to flooding will aid in developing sustainable flood-risk-management frameworks. Many studies have been conducted on the association between land-cover [...] Read more.

With climate change causing increased extreme weather events, megacities worldwide are experiencing unprecedentedly devastating floods and recurring flood damage. Investigating global megacities’ increased disposition to flooding will aid in developing sustainable flood-risk-management frameworks. Many studies have been conducted on the association between land-cover types and flood consequences, but few on investigating urban expansion patterns’ correlation with flood hazard and risk. This study examines the correlation between urban expansion patterns and increased flood hazards. Twelve megacities throughout the world were selected for this study. After exploring the possibility of the megacities having experienced flooding, we qualified their patterns of urban expansion and their potential to influence the elements of flood risk. Our results revealed that edge expansion and leapfrogging patterns had a strong positive correlation with statistical significance with flood hazard, while infilling had a weak positive correlation that showed no statistical significance with flood hazard. Further, we found that the megacities have all experienced devastating floods in the past two decades. Flood risk frameworks need to account for the impact of these patterns, and future urban planning designs and policies need to incorporate flood risk frameworks that account for patterns of urban expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Sustainable Cities: Applications of Geospatial Data in Urban Hazards)

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15 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a Benefit Assessment Matrix for Nanomaterials and Nano-enabled Products—Toward Safe and Sustainable by Design

by Hyunjoo Hong, Claudia Som and Bernd Nowack

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2321; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032321 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1310

Abstract

Industry and scientists develop new nanomaterials and nano-enabled products to make use of the specific properties that the nanoscale can bring. However, the benefit of a nano-enabled product over a conventional product is not always a given. This paper describes our development of [...] Read more.

Industry and scientists develop new nanomaterials and nano-enabled products to make use of the specific properties that the nanoscale can bring. However, the benefit of a nano-enabled product over a conventional product is not always a given. This paper describes our development of a Benefit Assessment Matrix (BAM) that focuses on the functional, health and environmental benefits of nanomaterials, nano-enabled manufacturing and nano-enabled products. The BAM is an Excel spreadsheet-based tool to help researchers and small and medium-sized enterprises assess these potential benefits throughout their product’s life cycle while they are still in the early phase of the innovation process. Benefit indicators were developed based on a review of the literature on the life cycles and intrinsic properties of nanomaterials, nano-enabled manufacturing and nano-enabled products. Assessing the benefits of a nano-enabled product involves a comparative approach, contrasting them against the benefits of a conventional reference product. To help users understand the reliability of the benefits, the BAM identifies the evidence of the benefit claimed. The BAM provides a different action plan for each phase of the stage–gate product innovation process. The tool’s applications and potential are presented using three case studies, focusing at different phases of the innovation process: nano-clays used in internal automobile body-panels, nano-TiO₂ used in outdoor facade coatings and nano-Ag used in T-shirts. Using these cases studied, we highlight how the results from the BAM can be used to give recommendations for moving towards the concept of safe and sustainable by design in nanotechnology development. Full article

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