Research

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12 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multicriteria Standard to Rank Plea Bargain Proposals

by Annibal Parracho Sant’Anna, Luiz Octávio Gavião and Tiago Lezan Sant’Anna

Standards 2023, 3(2), 198-209; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020016 - 06 Jun 2023

Viewed by 897

This article presents a model for the comparison of plea bargain proposals. The use of the model increases the possibility of the satisfactory development of the negotiation of rewarded collaboration agreements recently permitted under Brazilian law. A novelty in the model is the [...] Read more.

This article presents a model for the comparison of plea bargain proposals. The use of the model increases the possibility of the satisfactory development of the negotiation of rewarded collaboration agreements recently permitted under Brazilian law. A novelty in the model is the objective consideration of society’s interest in adequately punishing defendants whose guilt can be proven. To allow for the inclusion of this element, a multicriteria approach that adds the criteria representing the prosecution’s aims to the criteria regarding the accused’s positions is adopted. The importance of the criteria is derived without direct criteria weighting. A novel joint treatment to criteria collinearity and interaction is developed, which enables the model to accommodate any number of defendants, proposals, and criteria. The framework so developed enhances transparency and encourages collaboration. By assigning a new meaning to the plea bargain, it is able to bring about the necessary shift in cultural standards that can lead to the effective weakening of criminal organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

23 pages, 6246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Effectiveness of Robust Statistical Estimators of Proficiency Testing Schemes in Outlier Detection

by Dimitris Tsamatsoulis

Standards 2023, 3(2), 110-132; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020010 - 06 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1413

Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of robust estimators of location and dispersion, used in proficiency testing and listed in ISO 13528:2015, in outlier detection. The models utilize (a) kernel density plots, (b) Z-factors, (c) Monte Carlo simulations, and (d) distributions derived from at [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effectiveness of robust estimators of location and dispersion, used in proficiency testing and listed in ISO 13528:2015, in outlier detection. The models utilize (a) kernel density plots, (b) Z-factors, (c) Monte Carlo simulations, and (d) distributions derived from at most two contaminating distributions and one main Gaussian. The simulation parameters cover a wide range of those commonly encountered in proficiency testing (PT) schemes, so the results presented are of fairly general application. We chose a functional sub-optimal solution by grouping and classifying the model settings, resulting in five matrices readily usable for selecting the best robust estimator. Whenever at most half of the distribution of each contaminating population is outside the central distribution, there is only one optimal estimator. For all other cases, the five matrices provide the appropriate robust statistic. The proposed method applies to 95.1% of 144 results for an existing PT for cement. These actual datasets indicate that the Hampel estimator for the mean and the Q-method for the standard deviation provide the most appropriate performance statistic in 86.1% of the cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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18 pages, 837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Framework and Capability of Industrial IoT Infrastructure for Smart Manufacturing

by Keng Li, Yu Zhang, Yong Huang, Zhiwei Tian and Ziqin Sang

Standards 2023, 3(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3010001 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1886

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) and smart manufacturing (SM) are mutually reinforcing. The establishment of IoT-based common facilities for SM is the premise of building SM system. Industrial IoT (IIoT) infrastructure for SM refers to common facilities based on IoT that support SM [...] Read more.

The Internet of Things (IoT) and smart manufacturing (SM) are mutually reinforcing. The establishment of IoT-based common facilities for SM is the premise of building SM system. Industrial IoT (IIoT) infrastructure for SM refers to common facilities based on IoT that support SM in industries or sectors, and plays a dominant role and faces severe challenges in the intelligence of SM. The infrastructure is independent of the products and production process in a specific factory. This paper develops conceptual and capability frameworks of IIoT infrastructure from a unified perspective of IIoT-related SM industries. These frameworks reflect relationships between IIoT and SM with in-depth relationships among basic facilities of IIoT infrastructure and lay the foundation of SM. In this paper the common characteristics and high-level requirements with respect to the different IoT layers of IIoT infrastructure are analyzed, and the capability framework and relevant capabilities of IIoT infrastructure are summarized according to the characteristics and requirements. In order to help service providers implement their systems to meet the needs of SM, the existing and newly developed IIoT infrastructure are integrated partially or in whole according to the intelligence level, so as to provide technical guidance for stakeholders to apply emerging ICTs to SM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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19 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Combining Different Stakeholders’ Opinions in Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses Applying Partial Order Methodology

by Lars Carlsen and Rainer Bruggemann

Standards 2022, 2(4), 503-521; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2040035 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1347

Abstract

Multi-criteria decision analyses (MCDA) for prioritizations may be performed applying a variety of available software, e.g., methods such as Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Elimination Et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE III) as recently suggested by Kalifa et al. In addition to a data [...] Read more.

Multi-criteria decision analyses (MCDA) for prioritizations may be performed applying a variety of available software, e.g., methods such as Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Elimination Et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE III) as recently suggested by Kalifa et al. In addition to a data matrix, usually based on indicators and designed for describing the parts of the framework intended for the MCDA, these methods require input of a variety of other parameters that are not necessarily immediately obtainable. Often the indicators are simply combined by a weighted sum to obtain a ranking score, which is supposed to reflect the opinion of a multitude of stakeholders. A single ranking score facilitates the decision as a unique ordering is obtained; however, such a ranking score masks potential conflicts that are expressed by the values of the single indicators. Beyond hiding the inherent conflicts, the problem arises that the weights, needed for summing up the indicator values are difficult to obtain or are even controversially discussed. Here we show a procedure, which takes care of potential different weighting schemes but nevertheless does not mask any inherent conflicts. Two examples are given, one with a small (traffic) system and one with a pretty large data matrix (food sustainability). The results show how decisions can be facilitated even taking a multitude of stakeholder opinions into account although conflicts are not necessarily completely eliminated as demonstrated in the second case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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6 pages, 1702 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Updating Mothers within an Hour of Newborn’s Admission to Neonatal ICU

by Shabih Manzar

Standards 2022, 2(4), 484-489; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2040033 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1288

Abstract

Background: Patient satisfaction is tightly linked with healthcare quality and high-value care. Timely communication is important in attaining patient satisfaction. The aim of the study was to provide all delivering mothers an update within an hour of their newborn’s admission to the neonatal [...] Read more.

Background: Patient satisfaction is tightly linked with healthcare quality and high-value care. Timely communication is important in attaining patient satisfaction. The aim of the study was to provide all delivering mothers an update within an hour of their newborn’s admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: An educational module was developed with a PowerPoint presentation on the role of a timely update. The team, consisting of the neonatal nurse practitioners (NNP) and residents, were provided access to the presentation. After completing the presentation, they completed a questionnaire showing understanding. The principal investigator met with the mother after admissions to assess if she was updated within an hour of the admission of her baby to the NICU. Results: A total of 22 mothers participated in the study. Thirty-six percent of the mothers were updated within an hour of admission of their neonates to the NICU. The average time taken from admission to updating mothers was 5.75 ± 6.7 h. All mothers were satisfied with the explanation of the NICU staff. Conclusions: We noted a 100% satisfaction rate; however, we observed a low percentage of communication with the mother. The study provided the baseline data for the next PDSA cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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10 pages, 1282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observation of a Signal Suppressing Effect in a Binary Mixture of Glycol-Water Contamination in Engine Oil with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

by Torrey Holland, Robinson Karunanithy, Christopher Mandrell, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Dennis G. Watson and Poopalasingam Sivakumar

Standards 2022, 2(4), 474-483; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2040032 - 01 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1400

Abstract

An in-depth experimental study of the matrix effect of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) and water contamination of engine oil through FT-IR spectroscopy. With a comparison of the percent by volume concentration of contaminated fresh 15W-40 engine oil, there appeared to be a noticeable reduction [...] Read more.

An in-depth experimental study of the matrix effect of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) and water contamination of engine oil through FT-IR spectroscopy. With a comparison of the percent by volume concentration of contaminated fresh 15W-40 engine oil, there appeared to be a noticeable reduction in the O–H stretching signal in the infrared spectrum when ethylene glycol based antifreeze was included as a contaminant. The contaminants of distilled water, a 50/50 mixture of water and commercial ethylene glycol antifreeze, and straight ethylene glycol antifreeze were compared and a signal reduction in the O–H stretch was clearly evident when glycol was present. Doubling the volume of the 50/50 mixture as compared to water alone still resulted in a weaker O–H stretching signal. The possibility that this signal reduction was due to the larger ethylene glycol molecule having fewer O–H bonds in a given sample size was eliminated by comparing samples with the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume. The strong hydrogen bonding between that of water and glycol appeared to reduce the O–H stretching signal, even after comparing the different sample types at concentrations with the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume. Tukey’s highly significant difference was used to show that samples of the 50/50 mixture and straight glycol were not reliably distinguishable from one another when comparing the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume but readily distinguishable from that of water as the lone contaminant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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15 pages, 2640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Video Quality Analysis: Steps towards Unifying Full and No Reference Cases

by Pankaj Topiwala, Wei Dai, Jiangfeng Pian, Katalina Biondi and Arvind Krovvidi

Standards 2022, 2(3), 402-416; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2030027 - 01 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1919

Abstract

Video quality assessment (VQA) is now a fast-growing field, maturing in the full reference (FR) case, yet challenging in the exploding no reference (NR) case. In this paper, we investigate some variants of the popular FR VMAF video quality assessment algorithm, using both [...] Read more.

Video quality assessment (VQA) is now a fast-growing field, maturing in the full reference (FR) case, yet challenging in the exploding no reference (NR) case. In this paper, we investigate some variants of the popular FR VMAF video quality assessment algorithm, using both support vector regression and feedforward neural networks. We also extend it to the NR case, using different features but similar learning, to develop a partially unified framework for VQA. When fully trained, FR algorithms such as VMAF perform very well on test datasets, reaching a 90%+ match in the popular correlation coefficients PCC and SRCC. However, for predicting performance in the wild, we train/test them individually for each dataset. With an 80/20 train/test split, we still achieve about 90% performance on average in both PCC and SRCC, with up to 7–9% gains over VMAF, using an improved motion feature and better regression. Moreover, we even obtain good performance (about 75%) if we ignore the reference, treating FR as NR, partly justifying our attempts at unification. In the true NR case, typically with amateur user-generated data, we avail of many more features, but still reduce complexity vs. recent algorithms VIDEVAL and RAPIQUE, while achieving performance within 3–5% of them. Moreover, we develop a method to analyze the saliency of features, and conclude that for both VIDEVAL and RAPIQUE, a small subset of their features provide the bulk of the performance. We also touch upon the current best NR methods: MDT-VSFA, and PVQ which reach above 80% performance. In short, we identify encouraging improvements in trainability in FR, while constraining training complexity against leading methods in NR, elucidating the saliency of features for feature selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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17 pages, 2307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting the Competition of International Standardization Preoccupation

by Bongju Kang and Yangkee Lee

Standards 2022, 2(3), 385-401; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2030026 - 22 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1795

Abstract

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the establishment of a TBT system that utilizes the knowledge-based view as a means of overcoming the problems of scarcity of human resources and lack of technological capabilities faced by export companies that produce and [...] Read more.

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the establishment of a TBT system that utilizes the knowledge-based view as a means of overcoming the problems of scarcity of human resources and lack of technological capabilities faced by export companies that produce and supply products and services is being emphasized. The WTO TBT Agreement, which is based on the multilateral agreement of the GATT 7th Tokyo Round, consists of 15 articles and 3 annexes to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment systems do not act as technical barriers to trade. The transition to the digital economy (EDT) has been accelerating, and currently the EDT presents both a challenge and an opportunity. The US, which is at the center of the international standards competition, has accelerated standards competition by invoking supply chain executive order decoupling, and as China looks to implement the policy set out in the China Standards 2035 Plan, the relationship between the US and China is worsening in relation to the preoccupation with standards. Dreaming of a Chinese version of this US strategy, China, which is connected from 12.5 to 14.5 units, is accelerating its standardization strategy through the Made in China 2035 program. The “double cycle development strategy” and “technological innovation” are key mid- to long-term policy directions. Korea should develop a Korean-style conformity assessment development model based on the TBT system, which is a major element of non-tariff barriers, under the WTO/FTA system that promotes the flow of the KBV along with the establishment of a digital transformation system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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19 pages, 3114 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Wearable Biosensor Standardization: How to Make Them Smarter

by Giada Giorgi and Sarah Tonello

Standards 2022, 2(3), 366-384; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2030025 - 02 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

The availability of low-cost plug-and-play devices may contribute to the diffusion of methods and technologies for the personalized monitoring of physiological parameters by wearable devices. This paper is focused on biosensors, which represent an interesting enabling technology for the real-time continuous acquisition of [...] Read more.

The availability of low-cost plug-and-play devices may contribute to the diffusion of methods and technologies for the personalized monitoring of physiological parameters by wearable devices. This paper is focused on biosensors, which represent an interesting enabling technology for the real-time continuous acquisition of biological or chemical analytes of physio-pathological interest, e.g., metabolites, protein biomarkers, and electrolytes in biofluids. Currently available commercial biosensors are usually referred to as customized and proprietary solutions. However, the efficient and robust development of e-health applications based on wearable biosensors can be eased from device interoperability. In this way, even if the different modules belong to different manufacturers, they can be added, upgraded, changed or removed without affecting the whole data acquisition system. A great effort in this direction has already been made by the ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 standard that introduces the concept of smart sensors by defining the main and essential characteristics that these devices should have. Following the guidelines provided by this standard, here we propose a set of characteristics that should be considered in the development of a smart biosensor and how they could be integrated into the existing standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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14 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Rating Scale Paradox: Semantics Instability versus Information Loss

by Jacopo Giacomelli

Standards 2022, 2(3), 352-365; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2030024 - 01 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Rating systems are applied to a wide variety of different contexts as a tool to map a large amount of information to a symbol, or notch, chosen from a finite, ordered set. Such a set is commonly known as the rating scale, and [...] Read more.

Rating systems are applied to a wide variety of different contexts as a tool to map a large amount of information to a symbol, or notch, chosen from a finite, ordered set. Such a set is commonly known as the rating scale, and its elements represent all the different degrees of quality—in some sense—that a given rating system aims to express. This work investigates a simple yet nontrivial paradox in constructing that scale. When the considered quality parameter is continuous, a bijection must exist between a specific partition of its domain and the rating scale. The number of notches and their meanings are commonly defined a priori based on the convenience of the rating system users. However, regarding the partition, the number of subsets and their amplitudes should be chosen a posteriori to minimize the unavoidable information loss due to discretization. Considering the typical case of a creditworthiness rating system based on a logistic regression model, we discuss to what extent this contrast may impact a realistic framework and how a proper rating scale definition may handle it. Indeed, we show that choosing between a priori methods, which privilege the meaning of the rating scale, and a posteriori methods, which minimize information loss, is not strictly necessary. It is possible to mix the two approaches instead, choosing a hybrid criterion tunable according to the rating model’s user needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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14 pages, 4626 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Effect of Dust Storm on Sea Surface Temperature in the Western Basin of Persian Gulf

by Masoud Torabi Azad, Kamran Lari, Rana Oudi, Tayeb Sadeghifar and Ozgur Kisi

Standards 2022, 2(3), 246-259; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2030018 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2192

Abstract

A dust storm is one of the costliest and most destructive events in many desert regions. This research investigates the effect of dust storm on sea surface temperature (SST) in the western zone of the Persian Gulf, especially Bushehr Province and its beaches [...] Read more.

A dust storm is one of the costliest and most destructive events in many desert regions. This research investigates the effect of dust storm on sea surface temperature (SST) in the western zone of the Persian Gulf, especially Bushehr Province and its beaches in the years 2008 and 2009. Therefore, some climate and sea parameters such as SST, salinity, air temperature, wind velocity and direction, evaporation, horizontal visibility, sunshine hours and radiation, simultaneously measured in a specific period of time, were analyzed by comparing each of them with satellite data. Sea surface temperature analysis in summer shows that the maximum SST in Persian Gulf along neighbor waters to Bushehr County and central regions in northern section of Persian Gulf is about 34–36 °C. The SST amplitude variation in these places in summer ranges from 28 to 34 °C and when there are dust phenomena, it is from 29.5 to 31 °C. The outcome of this study shows that the SST increases during dusting phenomena and this causes an increase in vapor and as a result a decrease in temperature occurs. On the other hand, vapor increase leads to a growth in the amount and layer of earth’s cloud cover and finally it causes an effective decrease in short-wave sunshine and the temperature and the vapor on surface decrease. As a result, the decrease in sea surface temperature terminates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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Review

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 1796 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications in Construction Management: 2016–2021

by Andres Acero Molina, Yilei Huang and Yuhan Jiang

Standards 2023, 3(2), 95-109; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020009 - 03 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3528

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies in recent years, their uses have been increasingly adopted in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries. To satisfy the needs of various types of construction projects, a considerable amount of research work has [...] Read more.

With the rapid advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies in recent years, their uses have been increasingly adopted in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries. To satisfy the needs of various types of construction projects, a considerable amount of research work has been performed to implement and refine the operations, safety, and accuracy of UAVs. This paper presents the findings of a comprehensive literature review that focuses on UAV research in construction management during the timeframe of 2016 to 2021. A total of 95 papers were identified and collected from a list of 21 relevant journals and conference proceedings, and were then categorized by their research topic, sensor types, and targeted structures. The results of 47 exemplary studies were reported in two categories, namely UAV uses and construction uses. The research topics identified for UAV uses include algorithm, applications, operations, framework, and training, while research topics identified for construction use include inspection, surveying, safety, and monitoring. The connection between the research topics, sensor types, targeted structures, and other advanced technologies were also discussed. This paper summarizes the current results of UAV research in construction management, reviews the methodology, benefits, and limitations of the reviewed literature, and provides valuable knowledge for the future trend of UAV applications in the civil, infrastructure, and construction industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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21 pages, 4471 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photovoltaic Qualification and Approval Tests

by Andrés Firman, Manuel Cáceres, Alexis Raúl González Mayans and Luis Horacio Vera

Standards 2022, 2(2), 136-156; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2020011 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3881

Abstract

This paper presents the main aspects of implementing a laboratory for testing qualification and approval related to crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic devices. In this aspect, a simplified review-based IEC 61215 standard methodology for mechanical and electrical tests is presented from a practical-experimental view. [...] Read more.

This paper presents the main aspects of implementing a laboratory for testing qualification and approval related to crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic devices. In this aspect, a simplified review-based IEC 61215 standard methodology for mechanical and electrical tests is presented from a practical-experimental view. The instrumental requirements and uncertainties are discussed. Specially focused on the nowadays high-size PV modules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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16 pages, 1149 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Framework for Developing Environmental Justice Indicators

by Geoffrey R. Browne, Lucy Dubrelle Gunn and Melanie Davern

Standards 2022, 2(1), 90-105; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2010008 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5577

Abstract

Environmental justice (EJ) is a broad discipline that attempts to understand and redress unfair exposure to unhealthy environmental conditions. EJ is often made measurable with indicators, however the capabilities and the limitations of EJ indicators can be difficult for policy makers to understand. [...] Read more.

Environmental justice (EJ) is a broad discipline that attempts to understand and redress unfair exposure to unhealthy environmental conditions. EJ is often made measurable with indicators, however the capabilities and the limitations of EJ indicators can be difficult for policy makers to understand. Using an exploratory review of EJ literature, this paper performs a research translation role by clarifying the key terms used to describe EJ indicators and by providing conceptual frameworks for developing locally valid EJ indicators for government and community. Issues such as the position of EJ in the context of the social determinants of health, indicator development, and definitions are explored. The exploratory literature review highlighted the potential and limitations of EJ indicators for measuring the extent and impact of EJ issues on human health and the environment. We found that EJ indicators are invariably (1) composed of two or more measures, and (2) developed iteratively, in consultation with those affected. To aid governments and communities, we present both a top-down and a bottom-up framework for developing EJ indicators, with the bottom-up framework guiding the combination of measures from four different core elements; environment, demography, epidemiology and procedures. A list of evidence-based example measures, from the literature, for developing EJ indicators is also provided. It is anticipated that the frameworks and list of EJ example measures will provide guidance for efficiently developing locally relevant EJ indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Standards)

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